INTRODUCTION
Problems of personality and society have always influenced the thoughts of outstanding scientists of different eras, who tried to determine the place of man in human society and perceive the personality of man as an individual outside of society, since each person is a separate spiritual world.
When considering these issues, it always meets the interests of the individual and society. Society, like a giant machine, consists of tiny human elements. The more society develops, the more acute personal and social problems become, which are increasingly being solved on the pages of books and magazines.
Personality is the personality of a person from the point of view of social qualities that are formed in the process of the historical specifics of activity and social relations. The essence of a “special person” is not in his appearance, not in his blood, not in abstractness, but in his social qualities. The human personality is the only representative of humanity, an individual, without taking into account its true anthropological and social characteristics. A child is born as a personality, but this is not yet a person’s personality, because a person’s personality is a unique way of a specific person as a subject of independent activity, it is an individual form of social life.
An individual becomes a person as soon as he ceases to be a “unit” of a person and gains relative independence of his existence in society, becoming a person.
Personality has a social nature and personality in the way of its existence, personality expresses the individual’s own world, his special life path, which is determined by social conditions in its content and has an individual character in its origin, structure and form. The essence of personality is manifested in the independence of the individual, his identity, the ability to become himself in the social system.
Individuality is the unity of unique and universal properties of a person, an integral system that arises in the process of dynamic interaction of his qualities, general, typical, universal, natural and social characteristics, special - specific historical and individual.
The object of the work is the essence of the concepts of individual, personality.
The subject of the work is the theory of memory.
Based on this, the purpose of the work is to study the individual-typological characteristics of personality.
To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:
1. Define personality.
2. Consider the main individual-typological characteristics of personality.
3.Analyze the theory of memory.
In the process of writing the test, the works of the following authors were used: G.S. Abramova, A.K. Bolotova and others.
When writing the work, the following methods were used: analysis, synthesis.
Structurally, the work consists of introduction, main part, conclusion and list of references.
The reason for dividing people into types
The question of why in the same situation people behave differently, sometimes in sharply opposite ways, has arisen before everyone at least once in their life. In the modern world, which is developing at an accelerated pace, more and more attention is being paid to the study of psychotypes, both by specialists and individual citizens.
In psychology, with the help of typology, an individual psychological portrait of a person is compiled, which includes such qualities as:
- temperament;
- character;
- capabilities;
- inclinations;
- emotionality;
- motivation;
- personal values.
Despite the fact that the identified psychotypes according to any of the theories are practically never found in their pure form, everyone can identify the predominant features of one of the types. Based on the compiled psychological portrait, experts can predict the behavioral model of an individual in a given situation.
- Knowing the prevailing psychotype in oneself helps a person quickly find his purpose in life and increase self-esteem. A personal psychological portrait will tell you how to put your best qualities into practice and hide your shortcomings.
- Data from psychological tests and questionnaires are increasingly used by HR specialists when hiring. The same tests allow you to determine which assignment is best given to which employee. It is also important to select team members whose interaction will be aimed at optimally performing tasks accurately.
- Psychoanalysis allows you to identify weaknesses and predict the actions of a criminal or enemy. Used in law enforcement and military operations.
- Many people use personality typology when choosing a suitable partner for starting a family. Knowing the psychotypes of relatives and understanding their actions helps resolve or smooth out family conflicts.
- Drawing up a psychological portrait is of great importance for teenagers, as well as for their parents. Sometimes we have to admit that the goal chosen by parents is not suitable for the temperament and character of their child. Personality typology is an important component of choosing a professional direction.
Basic individual-typological personality traits
As an object of study, personality is unique in its complexity. This complexity lies, first of all, in the fact that the personality combines various planes of existence of a particular person - from his bodily existence to the spiritual - as a living body, as a conscious and active subject, as a member of society[1].
Personality is a social individual, object and subject of the historical process. Thus, the characteristics of a person most fully reveal the social essence of a person, which determines all phenomena of human development, including natural features.
Personality in psychology is defined as a systemic (social) quality acquired by an individual in objective activity and communication, characterized by the degree of representativeness of the individual’s social relations.
The individuality of each person is endowed only with his inherent psychological characteristics and a combination of traits that form his personality, constitute the uniqueness of a person, his difference from others. Personality is manifested in the characteristics of temperament, character, habits, general interests, qualities of cognitive processes (perception, memory, thinking, imagination), skills, styles of personal activity, etc.
Thus, the general objective basis of personality is a system of social relations. In this sense, society creates the individual. The individual and society do not oppose each other as two different interacting forces. The person is a member of the company and its product. The relationship “personality-society” is the relationship between generation and the formation of personality by society. But generation, the formation and development of personality is a necessary component of the process of development of society, since without individuals neither this process nor society itself can exist.
When can a person be considered human?
A person can be considered human if his motives are hierarchical in some sense, that is, if he is able to overcome his direct motives for the sake of something else. In this case, the subject is considered capable of mediating behavior. It is shown that overcoming the grounds for direct appeal has social significance. They are the source and meaning of society, that is, they are built by society and brought up in a person. This is the first criterion of personality.
The second necessary criterion for a person is the ability to consciously direct his actions. This leadership is based on conscious motives, goals and principles. The second criterion differs from the first in that it implies conscious submission to the motive. Merely indirect behavior (the first criterion) can be based on and spontaneously build a hierarchy of motives or even "natural morality": it cannot be understood that this should be done in any way, but completely morally. Therefore, although the second property also refers to indirect behavior, it emphasizes conscious mediation. It presupposes the existence of self-consciousness as a special instance of personality.
So, what is personality, given these limitations? An individual is a person taken in the system of his psychological characteristics, which are socially conditioned, manifest themselves in social connections by nature and relationships are stable, determine the moral actions of a person of significant importance for himself and those around him.
Thus, individuality is the narrow content of the concept. It contains only those individual and personal human qualities, such a combination that it distinguishes a person from other people.
Let's consider the personality structure. It usually includes abilities, temperament, character, volitional qualities, emotions, motivation, and social attitudes.
A set of traits that, according to R. Meili[2], quite fully characterize a personality:
- Self-confidence is uncertainty.
- Intellectuality (analyticity) – limitation (lack of developed imagination).
- Maturity of mind – inconsistency, illogicality.
- Prudence, restraint, steadfastness - vanity, susceptibility to influence.
- Calmness (self-control) – neuroticism (nervousness).
- Softness – callousness, cynicism.
- Kindness, tolerance, unobtrusiveness - selfishness, self-will.
- Friendliness, complaisance, flexibility - rigidity, tyranny, vindictiveness.
- Kindness, gentleness - malice, callousness.
- Realism is autism.
- Willpower - lack of will.
- Conscientiousness, decency - dishonesty, dishonesty.
- Consistency, discipline of the mind - inconsistency, scatteredness.
- Confidence - uncertainty.
- Adulthood is infantilism.
- Tactfulness is tactlessness.
- Openness (contact) – closedness (solitude).
- Cheerfulness - sadness.
- Fascination - disappointment.
- Sociability - unsociability.
- Activity - passivity.
- Independence – conformity.
- Aggression is kindness.
- Cheerfulness - cheerfulness.
- Optimism - pessimism.
- Courage is cowardice.
- Generosity is stinginess.
- Independence is dependence.
The psychological characteristics of a self-actualizing personality include:
- spontaneity in actions and spontaneity in expressing one’s thoughts and feelings;
- focus on what is happening outside, as opposed to focusing only on the inner world, focusing consciousness on one’s own feelings and experiences;
- having a sense of humor;
- developed creative abilities;
- rejection of conventions;
- concern for the well-being of other people, rather than ensuring only one's own happiness;
- the ability to deeply understand life;
- establishing quite friendly personal relationships with the people around you, although not with everyone;
- open and honest behavior in all situations;
- the ability to take responsibility rather than shy away from it;
- making every effort to achieve your goals.
Scientists most often refer to individual-typological characteristics of a personality as: abilities, temperament, character, will, emotions [3].
In the most general form, abilities are the personal and psychological characteristics of a person that ensure their success in activity, communication and ease of learning. Abilities cannot be reduced to knowledge, skills and abilities available to a person, but can ensure their quick access, consolidation and effective practical application. The success of activity and communication is determined not by one person, but by a system of various abilities that can compensate for each other.
Temperament is a set of personal characteristics that characterize the dynamic and emotional aspects of human behavior, activity and communication. Only conditionally can temperament be classified as a personality component, since its traits are usually determined biologically and are innate. Temperament is closely related to character, and it is difficult to separate them from adults.
In its most general form, character can be defined as a system of stable personal qualities that manifest themselves in a person’s relationships with himself, with people, work, leisure, etc.
In character, one can distinguish some subsystems or attributes (traits) that simply express the individual’s different attitude towards certain aspects of reality. The first contains characteristics that are manifested in activity (initiative, efficiency, hard work or, conversely, lack of initiative, laziness, etc.). The second includes personality traits that manifest themselves in interpersonal relationships with other people, that is, in communication (wit, rudeness, politeness-rudeness, sensitivity-coldness, etc.). The third consists of traits that manifest themselves in a person’s attitude towards himself (self-criticism - exaggerated ego, modesty-arrogance, etc.). The fourth is the totality of a person’s relationship with things (neatness-negligence, generosity-greed, etc.).
Will is a person’s conscious regulation of his behavior (activity and communication), associated with overcoming internal and external obstacles. This is a human ability, which manifests itself in self-determination and self-regulation of his behavior and mental phenomena.
Emotions are understood, on the one hand, as a peculiar expression of a person’s subjective attitude to objects and phenomena of the surrounding reality in the form of direct experiences of pleasant or unpleasant (emotions in the broad sense of the word), and on the other hand, only the reaction of humans and animals to the influence of internal and external stimuli, associated with the satisfaction or dissatisfaction of biologically significant needs (emotions in the narrow sense of the word).
Through emotions as a signaling system, a person understands the meaning of what is happening based on needs. Emotions can be positive, associated with an experience that is pleasant, while negative, when experienced, is unpleasant. Positive emotions such as satisfaction with your job, sense of responsibility, competition. On the other hand, there may be negative emotions. This is especially true when people are working but don't like it. They do this out of a sense of duty and perhaps out of goodwill.
What is temperament in psychology?
Temperament is translated from Latin as “proper proportion of parts.” This term refers to the totality of a person’s individual characteristics, which determines his activity throughout his life. First of all, temperament manifests itself in emotionality, in the degree of manifestation of experiences, features of adaptation to the world around us. Temperament is manifested by the power of impulsiveness.
Temperament and character are concepts, although related, but they mean completely different categories. If temperament is determined already at the birth of a child and is a biologically determined parameter, then character is formed under the influence of the social environment and acquired experience.
Temperament does not change throughout a person's life; character traits can develop and change over time.
Memory theory
People have different impressions of the world around them. They leave traces, remain, are recorded, and if necessary and possible, these impressions are copied. These processes are called memory. S. Rubinstein said that without memory a person will become a moment of the future with a dead past. Without memory, the functioning of society and humans is impossible. Experts believe that the most developed part of psychology is memory, but further study of its patterns makes memory one of the key problems of science. Today there is no single and complete theory of memory.
1. Psychological theories of memory are represented by a number of different directions:
— Associative direction, the central concept of which is association. The essence of this principle is as follows: if certain spiritual forms appear in consciousness simultaneously or one after another, then associative connections are formed between them. Thus the representation of all the elements comes to mind when any element of this compound appears again;
- Gestaltism. The main concept of this direction is the concept of gestalt. This concept denotes an entire structure that cannot be reduced to the sum of its constituent parts. The basis for the formation of connections is the organization of material according to the principle of isomorphism - similarity in form and can only be realized as a result of the activity of the subject;
— Personal activity. This direction is gaining recognition and considers activity as a factor determining the formation of all its mental processes, including the memory process. The process of memorization, preservation and reproduction is determined by the significance of the material in the subject’s activity;
— Physiological theories of memory. They have a close connection with the teachings of I.P. Pavlova on the laws of higher nervous activity. This is the theory of “memory at the physiological level.” This physiological basis of memorization is a conditioned reflex as an act of forming a connection between new and already fixed content. The concept of reinforcement here becomes of great importance for understanding the causality of this act. Reinforcement is the achievement of an immediate goal by an individual’s actions;
— Physical theory of memory. The authors of this direction believe that any nerve impulse, passing through a certain group of neurons, leaves a physical trace, the materialization of which is expressed in electrical and mechanical changes in synapses;
— Biochemical theories of memory. At the present stage of studying the mechanisms of memory, there is an increasing convergence of the neurophysiological with the biochemical level, which is confirmed by the research conducted. As a result of the research, a hypothesis was put forward that the memorization process is two-stage in nature. In the first stage, short-term electrochemical reactions occur in the brain, which cause reversible physiological changes in cells. The first stage is based on the second stage, namely the actual biochemical reactions associated with the formation of new protein substances. According to supporters of this theory, these specific chemical changes are the basis of the mechanism for fixation, preservation and reproduction of trace processes [4].
Thus, we can say that various theories considered the development of memory from different points of view - from the point of view of associations, structuring of material during memorization, from the point of view of reinforcement, the formation of semantic connections.
