Abstract: Personality and its formation

INTRODUCTION

The relevance of the problem of personality is one of the central ones in psychology; according to one of the psychologists, the origins of man can only partially be understood and rationalized. The secret of personality, its uniqueness, is not fully understood by anyone. The human personality is more mysterious than the world. She is the whole world. It is important to understand and accept the peculiar principle of “unknowability to the end,” and this provision is especially significant in the practice of psychological assistance.

No one, not even the person himself, can fully understand and understand his personality. This state of uncertainty is the beginning of psychological help.

The purpose of this work is to study personality and its formation.

To achieve the goal, it is necessary to consider the following concepts in more depth:

— Personality

— Individual

— Individuality

— Criteria for a mature personality

— Personality structure and its orientation

— Personality formation

Structure in major psychological theories

In psychology, there are several approaches, each of which examines personality from different angles.

Platonov's theory

Factors in the development of human personality - what they include
This concept is one of the most famous in Russian psychology. The author identified four personality substructures:

Directionality.
Substructure of experience. This includes all the knowledge, skills, abilities and habits that a person has acquired in the process of life.
Personality characteristics. This includes temperament, characteristics of memory, emotions, thinking, perception and other mental processes.
Biological characteristics: temperament, character accentuations, abilities, etc.

Important! The presence of certain biological characteristics does not mean that it is impossible to develop and develop positive character traits. The remaining substructures have no less influence on the formation of personality.

Personality structure according to A.N. Leontiev

A. Leontyev identified the following components of the personality structure:

The individual's connections with the world;
Motivational coloring of connections with the world;
Internal connections between personal motives.

Personality structure according to Freud

Freud identified the following components of personality structure:

Super-Ego. Social norms and rules designed to control the ego.
ID. Primitive instincts and desires that constantly ask to come out.
Ego. A kind of intermediary between the two previous components.

Personality structure according to Rubinstein

The personality structure according to Rubinstein is in many ways reminiscent of the model compiled by Platonov , and includes:

Personality orientation;
Individual knowledge, skills and abilities;
Individual characteristics.

Personality structure according to Jung

According to Jung, the personality structure includes the ego, the personal unconscious and the collective unconscious.

Thus, there are many classifications that describe personality structure. It is important to understand that this is an integrated education, where each component influences the others. It is impossible to single out more or less important ones.

The concept of “personality”, “individual”, “individuality”

The concept of a person is closely related to the concepts of “personality,” “individual,” and “individuality.”

Man is a general concept that reflects the integrity of the human being, the unity of its most diverse life functions and manifestations and is used to characterize the universal qualities and abilities inherent in all people.

Personality is a multifaceted concept that includes the following general provisions:

- the concept of “personality” includes a set of individual, specific characteristics of a person that distinguish him from other people, i.e. a person is always characterized by individuality;

- personality is a unique form of human social existence - individual personality traits are socially significant and are formed in the processes of socialization and interaction with other people;

— a personality is a single whole that has a stable structure consisting of hierarchically related individual personality traits; personality is a dynamic structure, capable of developing and self-organizing, constantly interacting with the social environment.

Personality is the connecting link of all mental activity, determining its continuity, continuity and expediency.

Thus, a personality is a person in the totality of his stable socially conditioned individual mental characteristics, which constitute a single system capable of developing and self-organizing in interaction with other individuals and society.

The word “personality” in English comes from the Latin “persona”. The word originally referred to the masks worn by actors during theatrical performances in ancient Greek drama. A slave was not considered as a person; for this you had to be a free person.

The expression “losing face,” which is found in many languages, means losing one’s place and status in a certain hierarchy. In Russian, the term “lik” has long been used to describe the image of a face on an icon.

At the end of the 20th century, this became a real problem for hundreds of millions of people, due to the severity of social conflicts and global problems of humanity, which could wipe out a person from the face of the earth.

Thus, from the very beginning, the concept of “personality” included an external, superficial social image that an individual takes on when he plays certain life roles - a certain “mask”, a public face addressed to others.

The important role of natural inclinations and innate characteristics in the development of an individual is mediated by social factors. The way of existence of individual life is a manifestation, more specific or more general, of the generic life of a person.

Consequently, even the etymological personal characteristics of a person carry different meanings depending on a particular culture and civilization.

An individual is a specific representative of the human race, a bearer of all the psychophysical and social traits of humanity. An individual is both a newborn and an adult, who is also a person. An individual has both general characteristics, such as the integrity of the psychophysical organization, stability in interaction with the outside world and activity, and individual qualities and their totality that distinguish him from other individuals (emotionality, sensitivity, rationality, etc.).

Another term “individuality” is much more meaningful, denoting the uniqueness and originality of a person in all the richness of his personal qualities and properties. A person appears first as an individual, a “random individual,” then as a social individual, a personalized social group, and then as a personality. The more significant a personality is, the more universal, universal characteristics it represents.

Individuality is the unique originality of any phenomenon that separates beings, humans. In the most general sense, individuality, as something special, characterizing a given individuality in its qualitative differences, is contrasted with the typical as something general, inherent in all elements of a given class or a significant part of them. Individuality not only has different abilities, but also represents a certain integrity of them. If the concept of individuality brings human activity to the level of originality and uniqueness, versatility and harmony, naturalness and ease, then the concept of personality supports the conscious-volitional principle in it. A person as an individual expresses himself in productive actions, and his actions interest us only to the extent that they receive an organic objective embodiment. The opposite can be said about personality; it is actions that are interesting in it.

If you take a newborn child, he will not be a person. This is a biological creature that has the abilities of the genus Homo sapiens: a body configuration that allows for upright posture, a brain structure that allows for the development of intelligence, a hand structure that provides the possibility of using tools in the future, and other natural prerequisites for the development of human qualities. In the process of development and assimilation of the social experience of humanity, the child individualizes, becomes an individual. The formation of personality occurs through the acquisition of a special social quality, inclusion in the system of social relationships and processes in which the individual acts as a subject - the bearer of consciousness, which is formed and developed in the process of activity. An individual who has reached the level of personality is able to act indirectly, that is, to subordinate lower motives to higher ones, to overcome immediate impulses. He is relatively independent of external influences and behaves in accordance with his own goals and intentions.

The problem of personality in domestic and foreign psychology

On the one hand, man is a biological being, an animal endowed with consciousness, language and the ability to work; on the other hand, man is a social being, he must communicate and interact with other people.

Man is one and the same person, but is considered only a social being. When we talk about the individual, we are distracted from his biological-natural side. Not every person is a person.

Individuality is the personality of a particular person as a unique combination of certain mental characteristics.

A person is a person as a unit of society.

Some scientists believe that the human psyche is biologically determined, that all aspects of personality are innate. For example: character, abilities are inherited like eye and hair color.

Other scientists believe that every person always has certain relationships with other people. These social relationships form the human personality, i.e. a person learns the rules of behavior, customs and moral standards accepted in this society.

But natural biological characteristics are also absolutely necessary for human spiritual development. The human brain and nervous system are necessary so that on this basis it is possible to form the mental characteristics of a person.

If a living being that has a human brain develops outside of human society, it will never even become one of its species.

Most psychologists believe that a person is not born as a person, but becomes one. However, in modern psychology there is no unified theory of the origin and development of man. Let's take a quick look at some of them, e.g.

Biogenetic approach - (S. Hall, 3 Freud et al.) considers the biological processes of maturation of the organism as the basis for personality development,

Sociogenetic - (E. Thorndick, B. Skinner, etc.) the structure of society, methods of socialization, relationships with other people, etc.

Psychogenetic - (J. Piaget, J. Kelly, etc.), without denying biological or social factors, the development of current mental phenomena comes to the fore.

The national general psychological theory of personality is developing under the influence of scientific work: K.A. Abulchanova-Slavskaya, B.G. Ananyev, L.I. Antsiferova, L.S. Vygotsky, A. G. Kovalev, A. N. Lontev, B. F. Lomov, V. S. Merlin, V. N. Myasishchev, A. V. Petrovsky, K. K. Platonov, B. M. Teplov, S. L. Rubinstein and others.

This theory is based on an understanding of personality psychology as a unity of activity, consciousness of the individual and determining external conditions that act through internal causes.

Criteria for a mature personality (according to L.I. Bozhovich)

Thus, L.I. Bozhovich considered the consistent transformation of needs from natural forms into higher, human ones as a mechanism for the development of a child’s personality. As a result of the mediation of needs by consciousness, an integral motivational system is built. L.I. Bozhovich introduced the concept of “internal position” as a special personal neoplasm, which is the driving force for the development of new mental qualities in a person. The factors determining the internal position were the correlation of the child’s needs and aspirations with his capabilities and the requirements of the environment. The mechanism of development of the child’s psyche in the personality theory of L.I. Bozhovich is the child’s awareness of his needs and capabilities, correlating them with personal aspirations and social attitudes.

L.I. Bozhovich also expressed some ideas about the possible content of the internal position during periods of maturity. Lidia Ilyinichna paid much attention to the subjective side of motivation, feelings and experiences as a reflection of the dynamics of a person’s relationship with the reality around him.

An adult actively builds his own life as an integral system of life relationships and activities over time, uniting the past, present and future. As a result, mechanisms that carry out this holistic regulation arise in the “internal position” of the individual. The study of the personality of an adult as a subject of life allowed N.R. Salikhova to name one of the mechanisms for the development of the personality of an adult the functional mechanism of barrier-realizability of personal values. This mechanism operates in the mode of coordination and mismatch of the importance and availability of values.

Coordination is expressed in the desire to reduce the distance between the parameters of importance and availability of value through external or internal activity of the individual. The activity of the individual can be adequate to achieving the set goal, and then the person realizes what he can realize in life and appreciates what he has. Also, activity can be compensatory, in which case a person reduces the value of what is not available. Metaphorically, compensatory activity can be expressed in the words of well-known proverbs: “Better is a bird in the hand than a pie in the sky,” “If you chase two hares, you won’t catch either.” An indicator of the coordination mode is the degree of realizability - the relationship between the importance and accessibility of the value.

The discrepancy is expressed in multidirectional changes in the parameters of importance and availability of value. An increase in one of them leads to a decrease in the other. Thus, the inaccessibility of a value increases its importance; what is inaccessible seems even more valuable and important. The availability of value reduces its importance; accordingly, what is realizable and accessible depreciates. In this case, the “pie in the sky” will be much more valuable than the “bird in the hand,” precisely because it is not caught. What is available in the accessible zone loses value: it is difficult to value sand in the Sahara and ice in Antarctica. This trend is also reflected in Russian folk proverbs: “It’s good where we are not,” “What we have, we don’t keep; when we lose, we cry.” In this case, the factor motivating development is precisely inaccessibility. Its indicators can be problematic, as a discrepancy between the importance and accessibility of a value (importance is high, accessibility is low) and barrier, as a direct proportional correspondence of importance with the difference “importance-availability”. The described mechanism of feasibility-barrierness of personal values illustrates the processes of mental development of an adult personality, in the context of the personality theory of L.I. Bozhovich.

So, what are the necessary and sufficient criteria for a mature personality?

Let us use the considerations in this regard by the same author of the monograph on personality development in children, L. I. Bozhovich. Essentially, she identifies two main criteria. First criterion: a person can be considered a person if there is a hierarchy in his motives in one specific sense, namely, if he is able to overcome his own immediate motives for the sake of something else. In such cases, they say that the subject is capable of indirect behavior. It is assumed that the motives by which immediate impulses are overcome are socially significant. They are social in origin and meaning, that is, they are given by society, brought up in a person.

The second necessary criterion of personality is the ability to consciously manage one’s own behavior. This leadership is carried out on the basis of conscious motives, goals and principles. The second criterion differs from the first criterion in that it presupposes a conscious subordination of motives. Simply mediated behavior (the first criterion) may be based on a spontaneously formed hierarchy of motives, and even “spontaneous morality”: a person may not be aware of what exactly made him act in a certain way, nevertheless, he may act quite morally . So, although the second feature also refers to mediated behavior, it is conscious mediation that is emphasized. It presupposes the presence of self-awareness as a special instance of personality.

Personality structure and its orientation

The structure of any complex phenomena, and the human personality certainly belongs to them, is a collection, hierarchy and a certain interaction of various elements. Any structure has a certain stability and at the same time is subject to various changes - progress and regression - up to collapse, which is characterized by the concept of destruction. Destructive phenomena in the personality structure lead to various kinds of deviations, called deviant behavior.

To a first approximation, personality can be considered as the structural value of biogenic, psychogenic and sociogenic components, which gives grounds for identifying the biological, psychological and social structures of personality, studied respectively by biology, psychology and sociology.

The biological structure of personality cannot, of course, be taken into account by sociology, not only in the aspect of deformation of this structure, since this disrupts normal interactions between people. A sick or disabled person cannot perform all the functions that a healthy person can perform.

More related to the social is the psychological structure of the individual, including the totality of emotions, experiences, volitional aspirations, memory, abilities, etc. What is important here is not only various types of deviations, but also the normal mental field that accompanies the individual’s activity.

But the sociological structure of personality is not reduced to a set of mental, essentially subjective, qualities. Consequently, when determining the social structure of an individual, the matter cannot be reduced only to the subjective side. After all, the main thing in a person is his social quality.

The sociological structure of the individual includes a set of objective and subjective properties of the individual that arise and function in the process of his various activities, under the influence of those communities and associations to which the person belongs. Hence, the most important characteristic of the social structure of a person is his activity as independence and as interaction with other people, which is fixed by the concept of the subject of activity.

In addition, if we consider personality as a system, then we can distinguish two main subsystems, or two worlds of personality:

one is the internal, world of consciousness, hidden from others and often incomprehensible and unconsciously “living” for the individual himself;

the second is active, open to people, allowing them not only to observe external manifestations of personality, but also to penetrate into its inner life, to guess what passions and their struggles take possession of a person.

The inner and outer worlds are closely connected. However, in each specific case this relationship turns out to be ambiguous. One of its poles is the correspondence, the “coincidence” of acts of consciousness and behavior, while the other, on the contrary, is their complete inconsistency with each other, opposition.

Psychological structure of personality: the relationship between biological and social.

There are no two identical personalities on earth; each personality has its own structure. However, there is a lot in common, which allows us to highlight the personality structure in general, which consists of four sides:

1. Block of mental phenomena (motivational) - orientation (stable system of motives):

drives, desires, aspirations, interests, ideals, worldview, beliefs, needs);

2. Personal experience - a person’s acquisition of social experience (socialization). This experience includes the knowledge, skills and abilities necessary for his life:

knowledge - a system of scientific concepts about the laws of nature, society, the formation and development of man and his consciousness;
skills - a person’s ability, based on knowledge and skills, to perform work productively, efficiently and in a timely manner in new conditions;
skills - automated components of purposeful conscious activity;

3. The block for regulating personal behavior (self-control system) includes forms of mental cognitive processes, in particular: individual characteristics of sensations, perception, attention, memory, observation, imagination, thinking, speech;

4. Biologically determined properties and qualities of personality:

anthropological characteristics - race, gender, age, etc.;
physical features - body size and its structural and mechanical properties;
external anatomy of the body;
functional and anatomical features;
biochemical characteristics and pathologies of isolated elements;
properties and types of temperament.

The derivatives of these basic substructures are:

Character is:

1. a set of basic, distinctive properties of a person, manifested in the peculiarities of his behavior and attitude to the surrounding reality;

2. holistic formation of the individual, which determines the characteristics of his activities and behavior.

Abilities are a mental property of a person, which is a condition for the successful performance of certain types of activities.

FEDERAL AGENCY FOR EDUCATION

State educational institution of higher professional education

STATE UNIVERSITY OF MANAGEMENT

Institute of Psychology and Sociology of Management Department of Sociology and Psychology of Management

Essay

in the discipline: “Personality Psychology”

on the topic: “Personality structure”

Content

Introduction

General idea of personality
Psychological structure of personality. “Elements” included in its structure
Ideas about personality structure in Russian psychology

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

Of essential importance for psychology is, first of all, an understanding of the very concept of personality. In fact, what is personality and what is the relationship between this concept and the related concept of man. Let's try to approach these questions genetically.

In general human development, two interconnected lines are usually observed - biological and social. These two lines can be clearly traced if we look at the process of human development from the moment of his birth. When a child is born, they say that a person was born as a biological being, but it is by no means possible to say that a personality was born. The development of biological inclinations and properties characterizes the process of functional maturation and formation of a person in the future. He develops a skeleton, muscles, as well as internal organs and systems. The process of biological maturation and change in a person is manifested in the age stages of his development and behavior and finds its expression in the specific biological features of childhood, adolescence, adulthood and old age.

However, the process of human biological development is thus combined with the acquisition of a significant number of social properties and qualities that characterize him as a social being. For example, from the age of one and a half months, a child begins to smile at the sight of loved ones, then masters speech, acquires the ability to walk upright, acquires skills and habits of handling things and objects, as well as behavior in the family and on the street, and begins to perform certain work duties. In the future, he enriches himself with knowledge, learns moral norms and rules, learns to follow fashion, develops the ability to more successfully perform a particular job, etc. At the same time, it is characteristic that speech and various skills and habits of behavior and work activity that are developed in children of the same nationality, but living in different social and living conditions, are different. This shows that the named social properties and qualities are not innate, but are formed in a person during his lifetime.

Thus, being a biological being, a person in the process of his life produces and develops in himself many social properties and qualities that characterize his social essence. That is why he is considered in science as a biosocial being, as a subject, i.e. protagonist of historical activity and knowledge. Consequently, the concept of man synthesizes (combines) both his biological and social (public) properties and qualities. psychological personality social

The concept of personality includes only the social properties and qualities of a person, which, as shown above, include speech, consciousness, various habits, etc. and which make him a social being. The biological characteristics of a person are not included in this concept. That is why philosophy notes that the essence of a person is not her beard, not her blood, not her abstract physical nature as such, but her social quality. The property of being a person is associated not with the physical existence of a person, but with his social qualities. This allows us to conclude: the concept of “personality” characterizes the social essence of a person and denotes the totality of his social properties and qualities that he develops during his lifetime.

Since personal qualities are formed during life, it is quite understandable that in some people they can be expressed more clearly, in others - weaker. The question arises: by what criteria can one judge the degree of personal development of a person?

Psychologist S.L. Rubinstein wrote that a personality is characterized by a level of mental development that allows it to consciously manage its own behavior and activities. That is why the ability to think about one’s actions and be responsible for them, the ability to act autonomously, is an essential sign of personality.

1. General idea of personality

The concept of personality is one of the most vague and controversial terms in psychology. In 1937, American psychologist Gordon Allport wrote a monograph “Personality: A Psychological Interpretation,” in which he cited more than 50 different definitions of personality that he found among his English-speaking colleagues. None of them suited him, so he proposed his own. Other scientists did the same, claiming to create their own theory of personality. [2]. B.G. Ananyev considered a person as a contemporary of a certain era, which endows him with many socio-psychological properties. He included among them the individual’s belonging to a certain class, nationality, profession, etc. [5].

A.V. Petrovsky characterized personality in the system of interpersonal relations, in connection with which he identified three aspects of personality: intra-individual, which reflects the properties inherent in the subject himself; interindividual, considering the characteristics of the individual’s interaction with other people; and meta-individual, which describes the impact of a given personality on other people. [5].

L.I. Antsyferova defines personality as a person’s way of being in society, in specific historical conditions; it is an individual form of existence and development of social connections and relationships. [5]. Many other definitions of personality are given in the book by I.B. Kotova Personality psychology in Russia, which analyzed ideas about personality among domestic philosophers and psychologists, from the end of the last century to the present time. [6].

All psychologists agree that a person is not born, but rather becomes, and for this a person must make considerable efforts. He must master speech, and then with its help many motor, intellectual and socio-cultural skills. Personality is considered as a result of the socialization of the individual, during which he assimilates the traditions and system of value orientations developed by humanity. The more a person was able to perceive and assimilate in the process of socialization, the more developed a person he is. [2]. Is it possible for a person not to be a person? Is a one-year-old child, a mentally disabled person, or a sophisticated criminal a person?

These questions have repeatedly become the subject of discussions among psychologists, philosophers, doctors and lawyers. It is difficult to answer them unambiguously, since each case requires specific consideration, but most scientists are inclined to recognize all of the listed categories of people as having the right to be called a person with certain reservations. Thus, it is more correct to call a child, teenager and young man an emerging personality, because they still have only the makings of a mature personality, which must further develop and form into an integral system of properties. As for mentally disabled people, the degree of preservation of their personality can be very different: from small deviations from the norm in neuroses to significant personality destruction in severe cases of schizophrenia.

Their worldview, behavioral motivation, and thinking characteristics are qualitatively different from similar characteristics of a healthy person, therefore, in such cases, it is more correct to use the concept of a pathological or abnormal personality. Criminals recognized as mentally healthy are asocial individuals, since they have turned all the knowledge, skills and abilities they have accumulated against the society that formed them. Personality can be lost by a person due to serious illness or extreme old age, which is manifested in the lack of the ability to recognize oneself as a subject of activity, orientate in space and time, etc.

In this case, we can talk about a degraded personality [2]. L.I. Antsyferova considers the main way of existence of an individual to be constant development aimed at realizing one’s capabilities in activity and communication. As soon as a person stops efforts to develop his mental functions, social and professional skills and abilities, personality regression immediately begins [5]. What are the criteria for determining the level of maturity of an individual? When answering this question, it is better to rely on the ideas of I.M. Paley and V.S. Maguna about three sides of personality.

The first side describes the internal structure of the personality through such characteristics as hierarchy and integrity. Hierarchy is understood as the subordination of lower functions (processes, properties) to higher ones in the process of development. For example, the satisfaction of vital needs in a mature person is subordinated to higher needs. Integrity means the uniformity of human behavior in changing conditions and circumstances. Consequently, a mature person acts not under the influence of momentary factors, but on the basis of his value system, which has developed over the years [4].

The second side of the personality reveals the features of its interaction with the objective world through the characteristics of its activity and independence. A mature person always takes an active life position in any activity in which she is engaged. She determines for herself the meaning, goals and objectives of the activity and looks for optimal ways to carry it out. Sometimes she does not even expect remuneration for her work if this work brought her pleasure. This distinguishes her from an immature personality who waits for instructions, encouragement and does not go beyond the boundaries set from the outside in the process of doing work.

A mature person is able to carry out activities even under the threat of punishment from the authorities and the possibility of losing many life benefits. There are many examples of self-denial in the name of one’s life’s work in the history of Russia, starting with the Decembrists and ending with the dissidents of the 60-80s. The third side of personality characterizes the characteristics of its relationships with other people. Among the many features of M.M. Paley and V.S. Magun singles out only one, but very significant, criterion of maturity - the ability of an individual to contribute to the growth and development of the personalities of other people. Personality, according to S.L. Rubinstein, with the certainty of his attitude to life, forces others to determine themselves. To influence the worldview of other people, a person must accumulate a large store of wisdom and acquire power over them (spiritual, religious, political, etc.).

The spatiotemporal breadth of this influence ultimately determines the scale of the individual. Most often, this influence extends only to the person’s immediate environment, which is also not small. In other cases, a personality influences the minds of people for a certain period of time in a certain country. But there are personalities on a planetary scale who influence humanity with the example of their extraordinary lives and deeds across the thickness of centuries and the vastness of geographical distances. These people can serve as an example for us of the maximum development of what is called Personality. [2, 84]

2. Psychological structure of personality. “Elements” included in its structure

The elements of the psychological structure of a personality are its psychological properties and characteristics, usually called “personality traits.” There are a lot of them. But psychologists are trying to conditionally fit all this difficult-to-see number of personality traits into a certain number of substructures. The lowest level of personality is a biologically determined substructure, which includes age, gender properties of the psyche, innate properties such as the nervous system and temperament. The next substructure includes the individual characteristics of a person’s mental processes, i.e. individual manifestations of memory, perception, sensations, thinking, abilities, depending both on innate factors and on training, development, and improvement of these qualities. Further, the level of personality is also its individual social experience, which includes the knowledge, skills, abilities and habits acquired by a person. This substructure is formed primarily during the learning process and is of a social nature. The highest level of personality is its orientation, including drives, desires, interests, inclinations, ideals, views, beliefs of a person, his worldview, character traits, self-esteem. The substructure of personality orientation is the most socially conditioned, formed under the influence of upbringing in society, and most fully reflects the ideology of the community in which the person is included. [2]

The differences between people are multifaceted: in each of the substructures there are differences in beliefs and interests, experience and knowledge, abilities and skills, temperament and character. That is why it is not easy to understand another person, it is not easy to avoid discrepancies, contradictions, even conflicts with other people. To understand yourself and others more deeply, you need certain psychological knowledge combined with observation.

In psychology, there are two main directions of personality research: the first is based on the identification of certain personality traits, the second is based on the determination of personality types. Personality traits combine groups of closely related psychological characteristics. [6]

Table 1. Hierarchical structure of personality (according to K.K. Platonov)

Brief name of the substructure This substructure includes Correlation of biological and social Substructure of orientation Beliefs, worldview, personal meanings; interests Social level (almost no biological) Substructure of experience Abilities, knowledge, skills, habits Socio-biological level (much more social than biological) Substructure of forms of reflection Features of cognitive processes (thinking, memory, perception, sensation, attention); features of emotional processes (emotions, feelings) Biosocial level (more biological than social) Substructure of biological, constitutional properties Speed of nervous processes, balance of processes of excitation and inhibition, etc.; gender, age properties Biological level (social is practically absent)

Trying to determine the necessary and sufficient number of substructures into which all known personality traits can be included, scientists, having tried numerous options, identified four. One of the criteria for distinguishing substructures from each other is the relationship between the biological and the social—not their share, but their significance for a given substructure. Man is a social being, so consideration of personality structure begins with substructures in which the social side is more important, and at the end - the more biologically determined parts of the personality.

-i substructure is called the orientation of the personality. These include: drives, desires, interests, inclinations, ideals, worldviews, beliefs. The personality elements (traits) included in this substructure do not have innate inclinations, but are completely socially conditioned and formed through upbringing. The most active and stable form of orientation is beliefs. The totality of them constitutes a person’s worldview, which can be passive - it is simply available. But the substructure of orientation also includes will - it is this that can give beliefs an active character, contributing to their implementation.

-I substructure is called experience. It combines knowledge, skills, abilities and habits acquired in society through education, but with a noticeable influence of biologically and even genetically determined human properties. Not all properties included here can be considered as personality properties. A skill that is just beginning to form or a one-time action is not yet a personality trait. But typical manifestations for a given individual, as well as consolidated knowledge, skill, and even more so ability and habit, are already indisputably a property of the individual. Experience can also be passive dead weight. But thanks to individual volitional skills, he can become active when knowledge and skills are not just “known”, but also used.

The -th substructure combines the individual characteristics of individual mental processes (functions): memory, emotions, sensations, thinking, perception, feelings, will. After all, we all have different memories, emotions, perceptions, etc. These individual characteristics, when consolidated, become personality traits. Some have a “fine perception of art,” another has a “leaky” memory, and a third has “a flurry of emotions over a trifle.” All components of this substructure are formed through exercise, that is, the frequency and method of using a given function. Since emotions and sensations are also characteristic of animals, we can say that in the personality traits of the 3rd substructure, the biological component begins to prevail over the social one.

The -th substructure combines the properties of temperament or typological properties of a person (as belonging to a certain type). They almost completely depend on the physiological properties of the brain: the speed of neural processes, the balance of excitation and inhibition processes, etc. This also includes gender and age characteristics, as well as personality characteristics caused by some pathology (disease). These biologically determined traits are difficult to change, but sometimes it is possible to shape (or rather, “remake”) the desired trait through training. But compensation plays a greater role here than in previous substructures - the ability to replace an insufficient or “out of order” function with some other one. For example, after watching an incendiary action movie before bed, your nervous system is overexcited, and you can’t fall asleep. Then you can “deceive” her with various tricks: “counting sheep,” imagining yourself on a hot beach, lying in your favorite “sleep” position, eating something, etc. The activity of the temperament substructure is determined by the strength of nervous processes; if you have a weakness of nervous processes, then you will have a “weak” type of nervous system and a type of temperament with more passive behavior. [4]

. Ideas about personality structure in Russian psychology

The structural approach is a method of analysis in which an object is considered as a certain integrity that has a certain structure, i.e. a set of elements that have certain relationships with each other. It is used in various sciences to analyze complex objects; in psychology, such an object is the personality. Consideration of personality in terms of its structure and constituent components is a traditional and at the same time relevant approach to its study. If we turn to the history of the study of personality, we can be convinced that almost every researcher who tried to penetrate into the essence of this complex mental formation and understand the mechanism of its functioning came to the idea of the need to isolate individual elements and analyze the relationships between them. The criteria for dividing personality into separate blocks, as well as the conceptual positions of the authors, were extremely different and gave rise to fierce discussions, but the very idea of considering personality through the prism of its structure remained unchanged. Its vitality is explained, first of all, by the characteristics of the object of study itself - the individual, the most obvious and noticeable characteristics of which are integrity, complexity, secondaryity in relation to simpler mental functions. It is no coincidence that psychologists began to talk about personality structure long before the structural approach took shape as a research method in philosophy.

Structural ideas in psychology arose as a reaction to atomism and excessive dismemberment in the analysis of the human psyche. According to M.S. Rogovin, one of the first attempts at a structural approach to the analysis of personality can be considered the concept of S. Freud, who considered a person as a structural unity of three parts: the Id, the Ego and the Super-Ego. The development of the structural approach in psychology was greatly facilitated by the work of Gestalt psychologists, in particular K. Lewin, devoted to the relationship between the part and the whole. With the development of philosophical concepts related to the concepts of structure and system, ideas about structure in psychology received reliable support. The greatest flowering of the structural approach to personality analysis in Russian psychology occurred in the 70s. But this was not a tribute to fashion; it was simply that domestic psychological science had by this time entered a new scientific stage of its development. The emergence of structural concepts in psychology indicates that it has reached a certain stage in the development of scientific knowledge.

Philosopher V.F. Sergeantov believes that each science goes through three levels of development: 1. phenomenological, in which the idea of an object is of an undifferentiated holistic nature; 2. substrate-phenomenological, characterized by an analytical approach to the object; 3. system-structural, in which, thanks to synthesis, the specific nature of an object is theoretically reproduced. [6]

In the philosophical encyclopedic dictionary, structure (from the Latin structura - structure, arrangement, order) is defined as a set of stable connections of an object that ensure its integrity and identity, i.e. preservation of basic properties under various external and internal changes. To conduct a structural analysis of any complex object, three basic conditions must be met: to identify the elements of which it consists, to study the nature of the connection between them; identify the mechanism of structure integrity that allows it not to change when the environment changes. When selecting elements, you must follow some rules. Elements must contain the main characteristics of the whole, and not be simply its parts. Their number should be sufficient to fully describe the personality, but not excessive.

There are two main ways to build a personality structure: empirical and theoretical. The empirical method is based on identifying the elements of the structure using the methods of mathematical statistics (most often factor analysis) to a large array of empirical data. The clusters or factors identified during processing serve as elements of the personality structure (as, for example, 16 factors in the personality structure proposed by R. Cattell).

The theoretical method of constructing a personality structure is based on putting forward a theoretical principle that connects individual levels and elements. In Russian psychology, both methods of constructing a personality structure are presented. The empirical method is implemented in the works of V.S. Merlin, who, based on empirical research, came to a three-level personality structure. The theoretical approach to building a personality structure was implemented by K.K. Platonov, who chose the principle of the relationship between the social and the biological in their determination as the basis for identifying the levels of structure. K.K. Platonov not only proposed his concept of the dynamic functional structure of personality, but also paid great attention to the history of this issue in Russian psychology, which he outlined in detail in his work Structure and Development of Personality. The main criterion for identifying the elements of personality structure was the relationship between the biological and social in their origin.

On this basis, four personality substructures were identified:

personality orientation (beliefs, worldview, ideals, aspirations, interests, desires);

experience (knowledge, skills, abilities and habits);

personality traits that depend on the individual characteristics of mental processes (will, feelings, perception, etc.);

biopsychic properties (temperament, gender, age properties).

The substructure of orientation is the result of exclusively social determination, the substructure of experience is determined primarily by social factors, but also has an innate basis, the substructure of mental processes is formed under the predominant influence of innate factors with the participation of social ones, the substructure of biopsychic properties is determined only by biological factors. [3]

Along with the main criterion for identifying substructures of K.K. Platonov cites additional ones: the internal similarity of personality traits included in each of the substructures; type of formation of substructures; hierarchical dependence of substructures, in which each overlying substructure is determined by the underlying ones. According to K.K. Platonov, all known personality traits can be placed into these four substructures. The only exceptions are character and abilities, to which he assigns a special role. Character is not an independent substructure, but a general quality of personality superimposed on them. He looked at abilities similarly, arguing that any personality property included in any of the four personality substructures can and should be considered as an elementary ability if this personality property is professionally positively or negatively significant.

A fundamentally different approach to the analysis of personality structure is contained in the concept of V. S. Merlin. In his opinion, personality structure should be understood as the mutual connection and organization of personality properties. Personality properties are its components that cannot be further decomposed. At the same time, each personality trait is an expression of its orientation, character and abilities. It is formed in activity and at the same time, to one degree or another, depends on hereditary factors. Each personality trait is based on an attitude towards some aspect of reality. It is customary to distinguish such groups of relationships as relationships to other people, to work, to material objects, to oneself, to ideological and spiritual phenomena, to nature, etc.

Personality properties form the lower level of the personality structure. Based on the generality of relationships, a probabilistic connection can arise between personality properties, due to which the properties form groups, which he calls symptom complexes, which constitute the second level of the personality structure. Symptom complexes are characterized by volume, activity and stability. Volume is determined by the number of properties included in it, activity - by the strength of influence of these properties on human behavior, and stability - by the constancy of properties throughout a person’s life. There is a relationship between these characteristics: volumetric symptom complexes, as a rule, have greater activity and stability. The third level consists of three secondary factors that absorb all symptom complexes: ideological orientation, the desire for self-expression and the desire to satisfy material needs and organic drives. According to V.S. Merlin, they can form different hierarchical relationships among themselves, which determines the direction of the personality. It should be noted that the peak of research and discussions on the structure of personality occurred in the 70s, when structural and systemic analysis was popular in other sciences, and even the interdisciplinary yearbook System Research was published [6].

Conclusion

Attempts to determine the structure of personality and its components have been made for a long time. Since this subject of study, being one of the manifestations of the psyche, is intangible and cannot be touched with hands, different authors, in different psychological directions, have different concepts of personality structure. It depends on what you mean by personality. Psychology has gone through a number of stages, starting with an understanding of personality as a soul, ending with an understanding of personality as a person.

In Russian psychology much attention was paid to theoretical aspects, in Western psychology - to practical ones. Therefore, in the works of our psychologists, the question of personality and its structure is better worked out, theoretically substantiated, and a harmonious scientific system is created.

In conclusion, it is worth noting that neither individual personality traits nor the personality as a whole remain unchanged throughout a person’s life. But personality changes can be associated not only with its development as a result of growing up, but also with social decay, with senile degradation and with pathological development. A person can change for the better or for the worse. In addition, the variability of personality traits depends on the compensation of some underdeveloped personality traits by others, and on changes in the methods and extent of this compensation. For example, a memory defect in the same person in one case can be compensated by attention, and in another by intelligence. Thus, the personality structure is dynamic - changing, and not static (unchanging). In works on psychology they write: “dynamic structure of personality.”

Bibliography

1. Asmolov A. Psychology of personality. Principles of general psychological analysis. - M., 2002.

2. Personality psychology. Lecture notes. //Guseva T.I., Karatyan T.V. — 2008.

. Psychology of Personality. //Guseva T.I. 2008.

. Psychology of Personality. (Tutorial) //Ed. Ermakova P.N., Labunskoy V.A. 2007.

. Robert Nemov. General psychology in 3 volumes - M., 2008.

.
I.B. Kotova Personality psychology in Russia. — M., 2002. Tags: Personality structure Abstract Psychology

Personality formation

The main factors in personality formation include:

The environment is the most important factor in a person’s socialization and development. Environment is the environment, conditions, circumstances in which a person grows, lives and works.

Highlight:

- Microenvironment - contact, i.e. a person’s immediate environment (parents, educators, relatives, school, “street”, etc.);

- social environment - specific social relations, traditions, moral and legal principles under which a person is born and lives;

- natural environment - certain climatic, geographical conditions that form the ethnopsychological characteristics of the individual.

Heredity is the genetic transmission of certain qualities and personality traits from generation to generation;

Training, upbringing, education;

The degree of adequacy of a person’s inclusion in work activity.

You can have good heredity, be in a favorable environment, get qualified teachers, but still remain an intelligent useless person. Only in the process of work does the formation and development of personality occur.

The process of personality formation can be represented as the development of will, and this is not accidental. A weak-willed, impulsive action is an impersonal action, although the loss of will can only be spoken of in relation to the individual (after all, you cannot lose what you do not have). Therefore, authors who consider will to be the most important personality trait are right from an empirical point of view. Will, however, is neither the beginning nor even the “core” of personality; it is only one of its expressions. The real basis of personality is that special structure of the subject’s total activities that arises at a certain stage in the development of his human connections with the world.

The question of the mechanisms of personality formation, which is extremely important for the theory of personality and for the practice of education, has not been sufficiently developed.

The spontaneous mechanisms of personality formation include the general mechanism of shifting the motive to the goal, as well as more special identification mechanisms and the mechanism of accepting and mastering social roles. These are spontaneous mechanisms, because the subject, exposed to their action, is not fully aware of them, and in any case, does not consciously control them. They dominate until adolescence, but even after that they continue to participate in personality development along with conscious forms of self-construction.

The named mechanisms, to the extent that they relate to the development of the individual, act in line with the general, general process of objectifying the need for communication. This need is being given increasing importance in psychology. In terms of fundamentality, it is equal to organic needs: it is just as vital, for its dissatisfaction leads to a deterioration in the physical condition of infants and cubs of higher animals, and even to their death. It turns out to be the main driving force behind the formation and development of personality.

The mechanism of motive shift operates at all stages of personality development, only with age those main motives of communication that direct this shift to mastered actions change and become more complex - after all, as one grows, the circle of social contacts and connections becomes wider and wider.

The mechanism begins to operate from an early age: children imitate their parents in everything - in manners, speech, clothing, activities. All this is reproduced purely externally, but at the same time the internal traits of the parents are also absorbed. This is very clearly manifested in role-playing games, especially when playing family games. A characteristic feature of identification is that it occurs, especially at first, regardless of the child’s consciousness, and is not completely controlled by the parents. This places a special responsibility on educators for the quality of their own personality. At later age stages, the circle of persons from whom a sample is selected—the object of identification—extremely expands. Among these may be not only real people, acquaintances or strangers, but also literary heroes. But usually there comes a time when the “sample” loses its attractiveness and subjective significance, and this is natural: the person has received something important and necessary from the model, but she has her own path. De-actualization of a model marks the completion of a certain stage in the development of a personality, its rise to a new level: it turns out that new relationships have developed, new motives have appeared, and this forces one to set new goals and look for new ideals.

The mechanism of accepting and mastering social roles also operates from an early, preschool age: an older preschooler dreams of becoming a schoolchild, etc. This mechanism is in many ways similar to the identification mechanism, but is much more generalized. There is often no personalization of the mastered standard - a social role or social position. At a more advanced phase, the individual often merges with the role, it becomes part of his personality, and the loss of the usual role is experienced as the loss of part of the personality.

Mastering social roles is directly related to the formation and life of the individual, because in the course of it:

1) new motives appear;

2) there is a subordination of motives;

3) systems of views, values, ethical standards and relationships are modified.

All of the named mechanisms of personality formation can also take conscious forms, but awareness is not necessary for their action, and is often impossible. As a rule, all these mechanisms act together, intertwining and mutually reinforcing, and only mental abstraction allows us to consider them separately .

Psychological structure

Psychologists do not consider the structure of personality in isolation from the fundamental knowledge of science.

Mental properties

Psychology of human personality
Mental properties are the basis of personality structure in psychology. This includes such personality components as:

Directionality. This is what a person strives for and what goals he has. This includes his needs, motives and interests.
Temperament is a biologically determined feature of the functioning of the nervous system. It affects the dynamics of mental processes. At the moment, scientists distinguish the following criteria by which it is possible to systematize types of temperament: sensitivity (sensitivity), reactivity (the degree of emotional reaction to certain stimuli), resistance - the ability to withstand unfavorable conditions, plasticity/rigidity - a person’s ability/inability to adapt to changes in the environment world, extroversion, introversion and excitability.
Character. Denotes the ways of human behavior and his attitude to the world around him. This includes individual characteristics such as responsibility, envy, frugality, kindness and others.
Capabilities. This is a characteristic that affects how good prospects a person has in mastering some type of activity or how much time he will spend on it. A talented person grasps it on the fly, but a worker without abilities in this area is able to achieve only average results with a lot of effort. In any case, abilities are the main condition for building a career in any organization or when creating your own.

Important! Each of these characteristics, with the exception of temperament, can change throughout life. Even the lack of abilities that are partly innate can be compensated for by other personality traits. Thus, a person who has reached a certain level of competence learns much faster than a complete beginner. That is, as a skill develops, abilities also improve. In addition, it is possible to use skills from related areas.

Mental processes

The process is what happens. Accordingly, mental processes are everything that happens in the human psyche. The identification of individual ones is quite arbitrary; there is a close relationship between them. For example, memory is closely related to thinking, which, in turn, helps to remember information. It is impossible to think without the ability to remember.

Personality is a product of society

The group of mental processes includes:

Feeling. The ability to reflect individual elements of the surrounding world: color, sound tone, volume, etc.
Perception. The ability to select individual sensations and create a holistic image based on them. This also includes self-awareness as a person’s ability to perceive himself in the context of social norms, values and correlate his beliefs with those of others. He may feel personal freedom or dependence, self-confidence or fearfulness, and so on.
Attention. Direction of perception towards a specific object.
Thinking. A process that helps to compose a holistic logical model from several axiomatic components. This mental process is very important in teaching and designing scientific research methods. As a result of thinking, a theory is formed, which can be expressed in the form of a diagram: what prerequisite led to what mental construct. Thinking is the main tool of understanding - comprehending the structure of connections of a cognizable object. The main operations of this process are abstraction and concretization. The first is a derivation from the particular of the general, and the second is the opposite. Any typology in textbooks on philosophy and psychology is compiled on the basis of thinking.
Imagination is a person’s ability to construct images, ideas and objects that were not previously familiar to him. How many cool ideas were invented thanks to this mental process! Imagination is the basis of a person’s ability to dream, for example, to imagine himself as having a higher status in society, a true professional in his field, and to build a plan to achieve this goal.
Mental states. This group was formed by emotions, feelings, affects and stress.
Speech. A form of communication between people using words, sentences and other linguistic structures.

Important! A characteristic feature of any mental processes is a continuous, fast-flowing nature, closely related to ongoing events.

Psychic formations

A brief definition of mental formations says that these are specific characteristics of a person, consisting of social experience and influencing the characteristics of his behavior and ways of interpreting the surrounding reality. For example, school social studies lessons are aimed at developing in a child the correct values, beliefs, and knowledge of legal norms. If you follow them, behavior patterns will be formed that will help him become a full-fledged member of society. They are mental formations.

To become an individual, you need to find your uniqueness

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Conclusion

Personality is the most important among metapsychological categories. It integrates all the main categories: individuality, image, action, motive, attitude, experience.

Personality is a fundamental category and subject of study of personality psychology. Personality is a set of formed habits and preferences, mental mood and tone, sociocultural experience and acquired knowledge, a set of psychophysical traits and characteristics of a person, his archetype that determines everyday behavior and connection with society and nature. Personality is also observed as a manifestation of "behavioral masks" developed for different situations and groups of social interaction. As a person develops, he can remove not only his character traits.

Man, apparently, is not a conglomerate of scattered characteristics, mental elements. In the practice of communication, people see themselves in a more or less holistic way, which makes it possible to distinguish one subject from another not only by appearance, but also by internal appearance.