Perceptual actions are... Formation and development of perceptual actions

One of the most important sources of knowledge of the world around us is its study with the help of the senses. The scientific name for this phenomenon is perception. It is known that the foundations of perception, that is, sensory perception, are laid in a person even while he is in the mother’s womb. With age, perception begins to play an increasingly important role in the worldview and the formation of a picture of the world.

Sensory perception of the world helps people correctly assess the situation

Perception in psychology

Perception in psychology is a person’s attitude to the world, which is formed under the influence of information received from the outside through the main sense organs. Translated from Latin, this word means “perception.” The opposite concept is apperception. A person needs to perceive the world correctly, because perception:

• helps to develop the right attitude towards people;
• promotes activation of cognitive function of the brain;
• promotes effective communication;
• makes it possible to correctly evaluate yourself and those around you.

This concept is one of the most studied in theoretical and practical psychology. Perception skills are formed from early childhood, so parents should give their child as much information as possible that can be learned through the senses. This could be music and various sounds, beautiful images, toys for the development of tactile skills.

Definition, Pros and Cons

Reflection - what is it in psychology, definition
A perceptive person is a keenly feeling person. This state of mind has its advantages and disadvantages. Like the noun, the word perceptive comes from the Latin perceptio, meaning perception. The main disadvantage of a person with heightened senses is that even the slightest sound, visual or tactile stimulus can throw him off balance. The advantages are that such an individual can easily find a common language with any person, and is also very receptive to different types and genres of art. Parents and teachers should make the most of these qualities of the child and develop them. Typically, such individuals from childhood are distinguished by giftedness and talent in any particular field of activity.

The nature of the perception process

The external environment and its individual objects and phenomena influence the senses through analyzers. Their complex interaction ensures the flow of information into the brain centers and its processing.

Complex analysis and synthesis of external data ensure the creation of a holistic image: external and hidden, internal properties and qualities of the object are determined. That is, a number of its characteristics are formed.

The process of perceiving the same object is unique, as is its mental image, since they depend on the individual mental and physiological characteristics of a person. Life principles, views, motives, interests, preferences as the results of upbringing and lifestyle certainly determine the assessment of the properties and qualities of an object. For example, the same work of art can be emotionally assessed by different observers as “strikingly beautiful” and… “disgusting.”

Types of perception

In psychology, perceptual is associated with perception. Perceptual actions are actions aimed at sensory knowledge of the surrounding world. They can have a different character, depending on the type of perception. Experts distinguish three types of sensory knowledge of the surrounding world:

• cognition through vision;
• cognition through hearing;
• formation of a picture of the world using tactile sensations.

Self-control - what is it in psychology, definition
Knowing the leading type of sensory perception of the patient, the psychologist can easily find an individual approach to him. To do this, it is necessary to make maximum use of exactly that perceptual sphere to which a particular person is most sensitive, using exclusively auditory, visual or tactile stimuli and stimuli. This is not difficult to do; in modern practical psychology there are many ways to activate the work of various senses.

Interesting. People who are equally well developed in all types of sensory perception are extremely rare. Most often, one type is in the lead (for example, visual), other types fade into the background. A person who has no developed perception at all is also a very rare phenomenon.

Visual

A person who has a heightened visual perception of the world reacts especially vividly to any visual stimuli and irritants. As a rule, such people are interested in painting, love to look at pictures, have an excellent visual memory and remember people by their faces.

Auditory

A person who has the most developed auditory method of cognition of the world around him often has absolute pitch and easily reproduces any intonation he hears. Such people often connect their lives with music. The main disadvantage is increased sensitivity to loud and disharmonious sounds.

The perception of sounds plays an important role in the formation of a picture of the world

Tactile

There are people who, in order to remember information, must touch an object with their hands, feel it and remember their tactile sensations. In this case, we can talk about a heightened sense of touch. This type of perception develops especially strongly in early childhood, so exercises with children to improve fine motor skills have the most beneficial effect on memory and intelligence.

Note to parents

Forming a system of perceptual actions in a child is primarily the concern of parents. Firstly, they need to closely monitor the health of the baby’s sensory organs, otherwise their insufficient functioning will make it difficult to perceive the features of objects of cognition. Secondly, one should not rely only on educators and teachers: the development of perceptual actions is one of the goals of family education in the early stages of a child’s life. To do this, we need to help him thoroughly examine objects (what they sound like, how they are structured, what parts they are made of, what they feel, taste and smell), teach him how to operate them, and enrich his vocabulary with nouns (what is this?), adjectives (which one? ), verbs (what does it do?).

Children should be shown pictures and techniques of drawing, modeling, design, and practice comparing objects according to different parameters.

The main method of teaching toddlers and young children is play. Children love playing and doing activities together with their parents. Emotional substantive communication with them stimulates the child’s development of perceptual actions.

Social perception

Social perceptivity is the perception of another person through the prism of specific social attitudes and stereotypes. It is not always adequate. Perceptual actions are a broad concept, which, in particular, includes the assessment of others, focusing on existing norms in society.

Perceptual skills in social terms are skills that allow you to correctly perceive others. They will be useful for teachers, social workers, and psychological service workers. Mastering the essence of these skills is very important. To do this you need:

• be attentive to others;
• try to notice important details;
• perceive the external and internal world of a person as one whole.

All this will help create a correct understanding of other people and the composition of their psyche.

Intensive communication will help you understand another person.

Mechanisms of social perception

The main mechanisms of social perception are:

• thinking using stereotypes:
• reflexive mechanisms;
• empathy (projective ability to transfer the feelings of others);
• identification of a person with any type of personality.

With the help of these mechanisms, the individual sees others in one light or another.

Effects of social perception

Social perception, unlike physical perception, can be characterized by a person’s attitude towards the world around him and other people. The significance of this effect cannot be underestimated, since the simple or complex social adaptation of an individual largely depends on correct perception. Also, this phenomenon directly affects a person’s character and his level of sociability and openness.

Perceptual component

The presented element makes it possible to correctly interpret the appearance and behavior of the interlocutor.

Based on the acquired information, a conclusion is made about the distinctive personality traits and factors of actions.

Without perception, communications would be rather ineffective and superficial. A person would perceive only the “external picture” - the image of the opponent and his words.

Real thoughts, behavioral motives, hidden experiences and much more could simply not be noticed. It is precisely thanks to social perception that the possibility of correct perception of surrounding objects and building successful interaction with them arises.

This element fully takes place when a person is freed from stereotypes, previously formed beliefs and attitudes. They interfere with an objective assessment of a partner and form a certain image in the mind, which is often far from reality.

It is also important not to rush to a conclusion and give yourself time to form a reliable assessment of your interlocutor. Often people make false conclusions about an interlocutor with whom they have not built up long-term communication.

An adequate assessment of a person’s personality is possible only by obtaining complete information about him and observing him in various situations of everyday life.

Note 1

The perceptual component makes it possible to change an already formed opinion about an individual.

This opportunity to refuse the initial assessment arises as a result of accepting and understanding those traits of the interlocutor that are noted in him at a given moment in time.

Manifestations in relationships with others

All people have different perceptual abilities. This depends, in part, on genetics and culture. This quality can also be developed, which is especially important for people whose work is related to communication and teaching. For example, the perceptual abilities of a teacher are the skills of observation, to find an individual approach to each student, regardless of his academic performance, character, or nationality. In relationships with others, perceptive individuals demonstrate a high level of empathy - emotional empathy for the interlocutor.

A person with a high level of development of sensory perception easily finds a common language with others

Gender characteristics of perception

There are more perceptive personalities among women than among men. Therefore, women are more successful in teaching. This feature must be kept in mind when creating a favorable psychological climate in the team. Men, compared to women, have better developed tactile perception of the world and cognition through tactile experience.

Interesting. In Russia there is a saying that a woman loves with her ears, and a man loves with her eyes. This, in a nutshell, means that representatives of the stronger sex perceive verbal information (for example, compliments) best, while gentlemen are typical visual learners.

It is known that internal perception, useful in interpersonal relationships, as well as intuition, can be developed with the help of special training and spiritual practices, as well as a teacher-psychologist. During some psychological exercises, especially at a young or childhood age, for example, in preschoolers, the main senses begin to perceive the world around them more acutely. At such moments of learning, perception becomes the leading source of knowledge.

InterpretationTranslationPerceptual activity

Human psychology from birth to death. — SPb.: PRIME-EUROZNAK. Under the general editorship of A.A. Reana. 2002.

See what “Perceptual activity” is in other dictionaries:

• perception is a holistic reflection of objects, situations and events that arises from the direct impact of physical stimuli on the receptor surfaces (see receptor) of the sense organs. Together with the processes of sensation... Great Psychological Encyclopedia
• perception - PERCEPTION is a form of sensory cognition that subjectively appears to be immediate and relates to objects (physical things, living beings, people) and objective situations (the relationships of objects, movements, events). For... ... Encyclopedia of Epistemology and Philosophy of Science
• Interpersonal cognition: methods - Skills, abilities and methods of interpersonal cognition (IK) have been studied for a long time as cognitive structural formations. So, in the 1940s. J. Bruner proposed the concept of perception, the central place in which is occupied by the concept ... ... Psychology of communication. encyclopedic Dictionary
• Perception - - 1) a subjective image of an object, phenomenon or process that directly affects the analyzer or system of analyzers (the terms “image of perception”, “perceptual image” are also used); 2) the process of forming this image... ... Dictionary-reference book for social work
• Perception is the ability to synthesize visual images from individual sensations (A.N. Leontiev). The process of perception itself presumably proceeds in several stages and with the participation of such processes. The latter are: 1. focusing on the sensory... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Psychology and Pedagogy
• Perception - (from Latin perceptio perception), the process of direct active reflection by the cognitive sphere of a person of external and internal objects (objects), situations, events, phenomena, etc. * * * (Latin perceptio - perception) - perception (as opposed to ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Psychology and Pedagogy
• PSYCHOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF THE METHOD - abstraction, automation, automatism, agrammatism, adaptation, sensory adaptation, social adaptation, adaptability, adequacy of perception, adequacy of sensations, acculturation, acmeology, acceleration, act of activity, activation,... ... New dictionary of methodological terms and concepts (theory and language teaching practice)
• PERCEPTION is a continuous sequence of internal figurative representations that arise in the cognitive system of living beings, reproducing sensory recognizable objects, events, states, etc. Initially, human knowledge is of a sensual nature.… … Philosophical Encyclopedia
• communication is a complex, multifaceted process of establishing and developing contacts between people (interpersonal communication) and groups (intergroup communication), generated by the needs of joint activities and including at least three different processes: communication... ... Great Psychological Encyclopedia
• REPRESENTATION - an image of an earlier perceived object or phenomenon (P. memory, recollection), as well as an image created by the productive imagination; form of feelings. reflection in the form of visual knowledge. In contrast to perception, P. rises above the immediate means... Philosophical Encyclopedia

Interpretation: Perceptual actions are structural units of the human perception process.
P. d. provide the conscious selection of one or another aspect of a sensory given situation, as well as the transformation of sensory information, leading to the construction of an image adequate to the objective world and the tasks of activity. Brief psychological dictionary. — Rostov-on-Don: “PHOENIX”. L.A. Karpenko, A.V. Petrovsky, M. G. Yaroshevsky. 1998.

perceptual actions
Etymology. Comes from Lat. pertertio - perception. Category. The main structural units of the perception process, ensuring the construction of an object image. Specificity. They are implemented using various sets of perceptual operations.
Psychological Dictionary. THEM. Kondakov. 2000.

PERCEPTUAL ACTIONS are the basic structural units of the human perception process.
P. d. are associated with the conscious identification of one or another aspect of a sensory given situation, as well as various kinds of transformations of sensory information, leading to the creation of an image adequate to the tasks of the activity and the objective world. The concept of P. d. was first put forward by A. V. Zaporozhets, in whose school they were most fully studied (see Theory of the development of perception through the formation of perceptual actions). Currently, the understanding of perception as a system of physical activity is widespread in Russian psychology. Close to it are the statements of such prominent foreign psychologists as J. Piaget, J. Gibson, R. Held, W. Neisser. Studies of the ontogenetic (see Ontogenesis) development of perception processes show that at first they are included in the external practical actions of the child. As the activity becomes more complex and the demands it places on the objective reflection of the situation, the process itself is distinguished, carried out in terms of a sensory image. The genetic connection of physical activity with practical actions is manifested in their extensive, external motor nature. In the movements of the hand, feeling an object (see Touch), in the movements of the eyes, tracing the visible contour, in the movements of the larynx, reproducing an audible sound, there is a continuous comparison of the image with the original, its verification and correction is carried out. Further development of activity is accompanied by a significant reduction in the motor components of P etc., as a result of which the process of perception externally takes the form of a one-time (simultaneous) act of “discretion.” These changes are determined by the development in the child of a whole system of operational units of perception and sensory standards that mediate perception and transform it from a process of image construction into a more elementary process of recognition. It is important to note that sensory standards correspond to such socially developed systems of sensory qualities as the generally accepted pitch scale of musical sounds, the “grid” of phonemes of the native language, or a system of geometric shapes. Having mastered systems of sensory standards throughout childhood, the child learns to use them as a kind of sensory standards for systematizing the properties of the surrounding reality. Any sensory action can be realized with the help of a significant number of different perceptual operations.
Of great practical importance is the study of the operational and technical side of specific perceptual (observational) types of labor activity of radar station operators, decipherers of traces of elementary particles and aerial photographs. Among them, such functions were identified and studied as signal detection, identification of information features and familiarization with them, identification, recognition (categorization), i.e., assigning a perceived object to a particular class. The process of coordinating various P.D. and their component operations in micro- and macro-intervals of time has been studied relatively little (see Method of microstructural analysis). It also seems relevant to study the semantic relationships that connect P. d. with the activity in the context of which they are carried out. Solving these problems will allow us to get closer to understanding the psychological mechanisms of aesthetic perception and visual thinking. Large psychological dictionary. — M.: Prime-EUROZNAK. Ed. B.G. Meshcheryakova, acad. V.P. Zinchenko. 2003.

Other books on request “perceptual actions” >> —>

Congruence is the correspondence of the client’s experiences with his physiological reaction and the expression of these experiences in the external plane.

Incongruence is a lack of unity in experience, lack of sincerity. The information a person conveys is ambiguous and inaccurate. Causes tension and protection.

Rogers developed client-centered therapy.

The goal of therapy is to eliminate the dissonance between real experience and self-concepts.

Conditions – phenomenological approach. An important concept in therapy is the internal locus of assessment (the personality’s ability to attribute one’s successes or failures to internal factors), which ensures the client’s autonomy. If the internal locus of assessment is formulated, then the leading locus of assessment becomes the motive for personal growth.

The motive of personal growth sets the vector of direction of all the vital forces of the individual. Rogers defines the motive of personal growth as self-realization (self-actualization).

Self-realization is possible with the ability to live in the present, here and now. A person whose self is actualized is able to live here and now. The concept of self denotes an actualized personality striving for self-actualization and integrity.

Rogers believed that therapy based on the phenomenological theory of personality should be instructive. The psychotherapist should not impose his opinion on the patient, but lead him to the right decision, which the patient makes independently. During the therapy process, the patient learns to trust himself more, his intuition, his feelings and impulses. He begins to understand himself better, and then others. As a result, that “illumination” (insight) occurs, which helps to rebuild one’s self-esteem, “restructure the gestalt,” as Rogers said after Wertheimer and Koehler. This increases congruence and enables a person to accept himself and others, improves his communication with them, reduces anxiety and tension.

Rogers's work has had a significant impact on the general understanding of the potential of the human person. He can rightfully be considered one of the founders of the movement for the general humanization of psychology.

In the 80s of the 20th century, the work of C. Rogers “Freedom to Learn” appeared, in which for the first time a person-centered approach to education was psychologically substantiated. K. Rogers, noting the underestimation of the student himself and his activity as one of the shortcomings of the traditional teaching system, proposes to organize teaching itself as activation, facilitation of the learning process.

Three universal conditions (according to C. Rogers) that form a climate that ensures growth and development:

The first element is sincerity or congruence. The more the therapist is himself in relation to the client, the less he is separated from the client by his professional or personal facade, the more likely it is that the client will change and move forward in a constructive way. Authenticity means that the therapist openly experiences the feelings and attitudes that are occurring in the moment. There is a correspondence or congruence between what is experienced at the somatic level, what is presented in consciousness, and what is expressed to the client.

The second most important attitude is acceptance, caring or recognition - an unconditional positive view of the client. When the therapist experiences a positive, nonjudgmental, accepting attitude toward the client regardless of who the client is at the moment, therapeutic progress or change is more likely. The therapist's acceptance involves allowing the client to be in whatever his immediate experience is - confusion, hurt, outrage, fear, anger, courage, love or pride. This is selfless concern. When the therapist acknowledges the client holistically rather than conditionally, progress is more likely.

The third facilitative aspect of relationship is empathic understanding. This means that the therapist accurately perceives the feelings, personal meanings experienced by the client, and communicates this perceived understanding to the client. Ideally, the therapist penetrates so deeply into the inner world of another that he can clarify not only those meanings that he is aware of, but even those that lie just below the level of awareness. This special, active brand of listening is one of the most powerful forces known to bring about change.

InterpretationTranslationperceptual fieldAviation medicine: perceptual field

Universal Russian-English dictionary. Akademik.ru. 2011.

See what a “perceptual field” is in other dictionaries:

• SENSORY FIELD - 1. See perceptual field. 2. See the area of ​​perception... Explanatory Dictionary of Psychology
• BODY - 1) the name of a material extended thing as something objectively physical; 2) inaccurate name of the material carrier of the life of an organism, in particular the human body; 3) the name of a three-dimensional figure in stereometry. Philosophical encyclopedia ... Philosophical encyclopedia
• Perceptual organization - For most psychologists, the topic of perceptual organization serves as a symbol of Gestalt psychology. It was Kurt Koffka who announced to the scientific world that perception is an organized process. Koffka sharply criticized the so-called. “constancy hypothesis” ... ... Psychological Encyclopedia
• BERKELEY - (Berkeley) George (1685 1753) English. philosopher and religious figure, one of the most prominent and consistent representatives of immaterialism in modern times. Since 1734, bishop in Cloyne (Ireland). Main works: “The Experience of a New Theory of Vision” (1709), ... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia
• CONDILLAC - (Condillac) Etienne Bonnodet (1715 1780) the only major French. empiricist philosopher. At the same time, one of the few educators who was engaged in logical research. Brother G.B. de Mably. From 1752 until the end of his life, royal censor. Grandson's teacher... ...Philosophical Encyclopedia
• PHENOMENOLOGY OF PERCEPTION - 'PHENOMENOLOGY OF PERCEPTION' ('Phénoménologie de la perception'. Paris, 1945) is the main work of Merleau Ponty, which explores the problems of the specificity of the existence of existence (see EXISTENCE) and its relationship with the world as 'vital... ... History of Philosophy: Encyclopedia
• PHENOMENOLOGY OF PERCEPTION - (Phenomenologie de la perception. Paris, 1945) the main work of Merleau Ponty, which explores the problems of the specificity of the existence of existence (see Existence) and its relationship with the world as vital communication, as ceaseless and... ... History of Philosophy: Encyclopedia
• Paul VIRILIO (b. 1932) French philosopher, social theorist, urbanist and architectural critic. He studied philosophy at the Sorbonne, was a professional artist in his youth, and was a religious activist in the 1950s. Took part in campaigns... Sociology: Encyclopedia
• Adlerian psychotherapy (adlerian psychotherapy) - The basics of AP were developed by A. Adler at the time when he was part of S. Freud's group. After separating from Freud's circle in 1911, Adler quickly expanded the basics. provisions of his theory and continued to develop it until his death in... ... Psychological Encyclopedia
• Perception (perception) - By perception, or perception, we mean both the subjective experience of receiving sensory information about the world of people, things and events, and those psychological. processes, thanks to Crimea this is accomplished. Classical theory The idea that all of our... ... Psychological Encyclopedia
• GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY - (from German Gestalt structure, image, form, configuration) one of the influential trends in psychology, trans. floor. 20th century Formed under the direct influence of philosophy. phenomenology (E. Husserl), which argued that the perception of the world is... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia

Sources used:

• https://srazu.pro/teoriya/percepciya-v-psixologii.html
• https://psihologiya_cheloveka.academic.ru/268/perceptual_activity
• https://psychology.academic.ru/3799/perceptual_actions
• https://studopedia.ru/10_219653_fenomenalnoe-pertseptivnoe-pole—eto-opit-poluchenniy-individom-v-hode-vsey-zhizni-i-yavlyayushchiysya-unikalnim-dlya-nego-igraet-bolshuyu-rol-v-formirovanii- ya-kontseptsii.html
• https://universal_ru_en.academic.ru/1980153/perceptual_field

External and internal factors of perception

Let's return to the Subject-Object formula. So, in the process of perception there is an interaction between subject and object. Problem: what determines the image of perception - external or internal factors. Gestalt psychology studied mainly the determination of perception on the part of objective factors, etc. first of all, the structural qualities of stimulation.

In activity theory, the problem of the relationship between external and internal factors in the process of perception is solved through the concept of “perceptual activity”. On the one hand, it is a manifestation of the subject’s activity (the action of internal factors); on the other, perceptual actions are subject to the properties of the object (the idea of ​​assimilation by A.N. Leontiev).

In studies of the “New Look” direction (D. Bruner, L. Postman, etc.) it was shown that perception also depends on the motives, intentions and goals of the subject, that is, on internal factors. In line with this direction, three mechanisms of selectivity (selectivity) of perception were formulated.

1. The principle of resonance - stimuli that meet (correspond to) the needs and values ​​of the individual are perceived more correctly and faster than those that do not correspond to them.

2. The principle of protection - stimuli that contradict the subject’s expectations or carry potentially hostile information are recognized less well and are subject to greater distortion.

3. The principle of alertness or sensitivity - stimuli that threaten the integrity of the individual, which can lead to serious disturbances in mental functioning. are recognized faster than everyone else.

The concept of perceptual defense was also introduced. That is, distortions of perception under the influence of efficiency (emotional factors).

Being a function of the “Ego,” perceptual defense is designed to protect the personality from traumatic experiences. Perceptual defense cannot be understood without referring to the Freudian model of personality with its asocial tendencies and censorship authorities, the eternal conflict between the “Id”. the pleasure seeker, the stern censor of the “Super-ego” and the realist of the “I”.

L. Bellak presented the concept of projective behavior, which demonstrates individual differences in perception under the influence of the motives and feelings of the perceivers. Projection is a form of apperceptive distortion. L. Bellak gives the following witty example of the operation of this mechanism. Suppose Jean wants to ask Jacques for a grass clipper. Heading towards the neighbor's yard, he mentally imagines his dialogue with Jacques. “Jacques will tell me that last time I returned the machine dirty. I will tell him that I returned it the way I took it. Then he will say that that time. when I was dragging the typewriter, I damaged his fence...” The imaginary dialogue continues in this spirit all the way to Jacques’ house. Seeing a friendly owner on the porch of the house, Jean suddenly blurts out: “You can keep your precious car with you.” It is obvious that Jean's behavior is a reaction not to the actual aggressiveness of his neighbor, but to his own memories of it.

The dependence of perception on internal conditions, its mediation by personal factors (motives, emotions, interests) is expressed in the concept of apperception. Attitude, that is, the readiness to perceive something or act in a certain way, also acts as factors influencing perception. Let me give you an example. Subjects in three groups were told that a person was about to enter the room, and they had to estimate approximately his height. In the first group of subjects this person was posed as a laboratory assistant, in the second as a teacher, in the third as a professor (of course, in all three groups it was the same person).

It turned out that in the first group the height of the person was the smallest.