Causes and types of deviant behavior. Prevention of deviations

Deviation is, in the narrow sense, a deviation from the norm. It is associated with deviant behavioral patterns. What does “deviant behavior” mean? Scientists view it as a deviation, expressed in persistent acts of activity that, clearly, do not correspond to the norms accepted by society. Often people with pronounced deviant behavior are deliberately formally and informally “punished,” isolated, sent for treatment or correction. In itself, it is both a subject and an object of analysis for sociologists, while individual deviations are studied by psychological science.

The reasons for the emergence of deviant attitudes, detailed information about what it is in psychology and social sciences - information about this and much more is presented in the article.

Deviation and deviant behavior - what is it?

It is generally accepted that deviant people are antisocial individuals, sociopaths. But this is only partly true. Their activities are something that contradicts the norms of society. To come closer to understanding the essence and content of concepts, we will present several of the most common definitions based on the vision of scientists representing different fields of scientific knowledge.

Deviation in sociological sciences is a social activity that deviates from established and accepted norms by society.

Let us give 3 more notable definitions in the context of the designated topic, which will allow us to get closer to revealing the essence and content of deviant behavior. Here they are:

In sociology, it is considered as a set of social phenomena that pose a danger to the physical and social survival of a person in a specific environment. Often the concept is tied by scientists and researchers to certain violations in terms of assimilation and reproduction of norms and values.
In medicine, this is a deviation from the norm in interpersonal interactions, expressed in incorrect actions, actions, statements, and other acts. They can be caused by disorders of the individual’s mental health, sometimes they manifest themselves in his normal state.
In psychology, this is a deviation from social and psychological, as well as moral norms, expressed in the presence of negative attitudes in terms of resolving conflict situations, in terms of compliance with conditional regulations that are significant in the context of society.

Are you familiar with what we're talking about? Have you encountered similar manifestations from others? Maybe you yourself are behaving somehow differently?

Yes, it seems to me that I myself (myself) often demonstrate models of activity that are not entirely adequate to reality. It seems it's time to sort myself out.

Yes, but only from others. I consider myself a normal person.

No, I have never encountered (encountered) this.

100%

Voted: 1

Signs of deviation

Since the concept of deviation is somewhat different in different sciences, its signs will also be different:

In sociology, deviant behavior is considered to be actions that are uncharacteristic of the behavior of the majority of society.
Social psychology considers any deviation from public morality to be a deviation.
Deviation in pedagogy and psychology is confident behavior that interferes with development and self-realization.

Types of deviant behavior

There are many classifications and typologies based on a person’s attitude to norms, his perception of morality and morality, and other criteria. It should be noted that the diversity of approaches causes contradictions. It (diversity) is due to the fact that different schools and representatives of different fields of knowledge have different approaches to the interpretation of the concepts we are considering.

The approach proposed by Robert King Merton, an American sociologist, seems noteworthy and most accurate. He was able to identify 5 ways of human adaptation to the conditions characteristic of a particular society. Moreover, each of the methods can be described by the criterion “the degree of approval by the individual of social goals.” It is interesting that some of these methods can be considered as types of social deviation. Here are the methods mentioned:

Submission . It is about subordinating the individual to goals. This is almost the norm.
Innovation . Innovators (innovators) tend to obey, but the means of achieving social goals are often condemned by them and cause dissatisfaction. This is when everything manifests itself in the desire to escape from absolute submission.
Ritualism . Ritualists “remove” goals, consider them unattainable, but try to adhere to general rules, and often honor traditions. This type is not always unambiguous: sometimes they talk about deviations, sometimes they are not mentioned.
Retretism (sometimes retreotism, but it is more correct to use it without the “o”). This method of adaptation is not about adaptation at all, because a person strives in every possible way to distance himself from society, he does not agree with its goals and means of achieving them.
Rebellion (revolutionism). Revolutionaries or rebels are often individuals seeking to establish new rules and norms of order. They see it as expedient to change goals and means of achieving them.

Who do you think you are? Which of the proposed adaptation methods is closest to you?

I am subordinated (subordinated) to common goals, I follow standards and norms.

100%

I consider myself an innovator. Yes exactly.

It seems that ritualism is closest to me.

I am characterized by retrotism. I always move away from society.

I'm still a rebel (rebel).

Voted: 1

The classification proposed by Korolenko Tsezar Petrovich and Tatyana Aleksandrovna Donskoy should be considered interesting. They presented 6 types of social deviation :

Non-standard . These are actions that go beyond social stereotypes, but at the same time are positive from the point of view of social development.
Destructive . Characteristic of individuals prone to aggression, living by prejudices and misconceptions, often superstitions. She does not find pronounced external manifestations.
External destructive . It aims to violate the norms that dominate society.
Additive . The authors of the classification often classify drug addicts or alcoholics as additive personality types, that is, people who strive to escape reality by all available means.
Antisocial . It is expressed in the individual’s desire to violate laws, in disrespect for the rights and freedoms of people.
Internal destructive . This is almost total conformism, while every person with this type is often suicidal, a narcissist or a fan. According to the practice of psychologists, 4 out of 10 people with the corresponding internal signs also have traits of autistic disorders.

It is customary to divide all types into two groups: positive and negative .

Among the negative ones are:

hooliganism;
sexual harassment;
drug addiction, alcoholism;
prostitution;
vandalism;
obscene actions and deeds, others.

The positive ones are:

self-sacrifice, heroism;
generosity and virtue;
genius and others.

So, we can say that deviants are not always bad people. Heroism and self-sacrifice, genius and more - all this is more about good than bad. Therefore, you should not use the analyzed concepts as exclusively negative ones.

Which deviations are more typical for you, negative or positive?

It seems negative. Alas, I am prone to exhibiting negative qualities in relation to society.

It seems positive. I consider myself a friendly and peace-loving person.

100%

Can not say. It seems to me that I have equal amounts of everything.

Voted: 1

Examples of deviations

I will give examples of negative, neutral and positive deviations:

The child was born into a prosperous full family. The parenting style was overprotective. Having reached adolescence, the child became uncontrollable: he began to blackmail his parents and insult his mother. Parents believed that adolescence is difficult for all children; they need to be patient. They did not take active measures to solve the problem; they reduced control and custody of their son. As a result, the parents did not notice how the boy got involved with bad company, where he became addicted to drugs.
The girl has been shy since childhood. It is difficult for her to talk to a stranger, to make a request to someone. Mom believes that shyness is synonymous with modesty, so she makes no attempt to eradicate this character trait of her daughter. The girl has few friends; in class she is considered withdrawn because she does not greet her classmates and refuses to play group games during breaks. On the part of the teachers, there are no complaints against the girl regarding her studies, no sanctions can be applied to her, her shyness does not harm others, but is at the same time a form of neutral deviation.
For many years, an employee of the research institute has been developing his own methodology for teaching preschool children to read. After defending his doctoral dissertation, he opened a linguistic center and began working with children according to his own program. After a few months, 4-5 year old children learned to read. The innovative activity of a scientist in this case is an example of positive deviation.

Symptoms of deviant behavior

Its signs are expressed in the prevailing behavioral patterns of a person and can be caused by mental, moral, physiological factors and others. Here are the most common and most common:

activities, actions that do not comply with socially accepted or officially established norms;
exposure to social sanctions. The point is that actions that are negative from the point of view of society are often condemned by others. This is not a direct sign, but an indirect one, it is connected with the first point, that is, with the manifestation of a specific act;
desire to cause harm to oneself or others, craving for conflicts, interest in destructive methods of action;
persistence of negative moods. However, a person can be inconsistent in this, that is, in some matters he can show deviation, in others he can be an ordinary person corresponding to the norms;
consistency of motives and aspirations with negative attitudes. If the latter do not exist, there is no possibility of coordinating the motivational sphere with them. This means that in such a situation the likelihood of developing abnormal behavior is minimal. We can say that any person with the appropriate attitudes is often literally filled with negative thoughts towards society;
inability to adapt to the conditions of the social environment;
low self-esteem. Psychologists note that often individuals who are prone to committing actions and deeds that other people do not approve of, have a low assessment of themselves and their own abilities, and in order to establish themselves, they begin to “go against”;
irresponsibility. People who are not aware of the importance of responsibility and are not capable of realizing the consequences of their own actions are prone to “deviations.”

Have you ever observed the signs presented in yourself?

Yes, I often see them in my own home. It seems like there's something wrong with me...

Yes, but only part of it. It all depends on the specific situation and the people I interact with.

100%

No, I have never encountered such a thought.

Voted: 1

Forms of deviation

In the context of the functioning of modern society, the main forms of deviation include: alcoholism, drug addiction, crime, suicidal behavior, prostitution.

According to most sociologists, negative and positive deviation are inevitable in modern society. It is impossible to completely eradicate deviant behavior. As long as there are norms established by someone, there will be deviations from them. Researchers of this problem note that the emergence of deviations is natural in societies that are undergoing transformation, where, in conditions of increasing crisis, dissatisfaction with their own position begins to grow among human subjects, which leads to the emergence of a feeling of dissatisfaction and alienation from society. The progressive growth of deviant behavior and their inevitability require coordinated actions and targeted measures from society.

Prevention of deviations should include the search for methods of influence and technologies for working with maladjusted individuals, rehabilitation of adolescents, prevention of the occurrence of deviant behavior, that is, the elimination of conditions that have a negative impact on the actions of minors.

Prevention of deviations is a complex of government actions, organizational, educational, socio-medical measures focused on prevention, elimination or aimed at neutralizing the key causes and eliminating the conditions that provoke various types of deviations and social behavioral deviations.

The fight against deviations, first of all, should occur by influencing the relevant social groups and subcultures, that is, the negative social environment, and certain of their carriers; conditions and causes producing such phenomena as drug addiction, crime, etc.; connection of such phenomena with crime.

Examples of deviant behavior

It was noted that it can be positive or negative. Several examples were also given. We will show additional ones.

Positive examples:

asceticism. Any ascetic is considered to be an exclusively positive “character”. The essence of asceticism is the renunciation of worldly affairs for the sake of spirituality. Ascetics do not cause harm to others or those around them, they do not pose a danger;
excessive generosity. Sometimes, in the rush of such generosity, people forget about themselves, giving almost everything they have to those in need;
high creative abilities. They are not condemned by society, but there is still an opinion that a person with such abilities is, first of all, “not like everyone else.”

Negative examples:

presence of dependence. Is it alcohol, drugs or something else. Often, a highly dependent person can go to extremes to get a “new portion” of something;
rudeness. This is a simple and obvious example. People who are rude to others with or without reason (usually the latter) simply demonstrate their own tendency to “not give a damn” about norms and morals;
terrorism. Explanations seem to be unnecessary.

Main types of deviation

Variants of deviant behavior are divided into two main groups:

violations of social, legal standards, norms of public morality, cultural deviation;
mental disorders, obvious or hidden.

These groups include the following types of deviation.

Antisocial
. Ignoring established social foundations.
Delinquent
. Deviation leading to criminal offenses.
Self-destructive
. Intentional harm to physical or mental health, up to and including suicide.
Psychopathological
. Manifestation of any mental disorders or diseases.
Dissocial
. Deviation from all standards of a healthy psyche.
Paracharacterological
. Negative changes in character resulting from improper upbringing.

In sociology, any deviation from generally accepted standards is considered separately and can be both positive and negative.
Legal deviation
is all actions that violate the law.
Pedagogical
, can also be called maladjustment. It includes all the difficulties of establishing normal relationships among children.
Medical
. Behavioral disorders caused by various diseases or drug use.

Social deviation

Basically, deviant behavior in society is determined by motivation. That is, the norms of public morality must be violated consciously. Social deviation is the only one that can be both positive and negative.

What are the deviations with a plus sign:

heroism;
opening a new path for the development of society;
making geographical or other discoveries.

From this point of view, deviants are:

Great travelers (H. Columbus, N. Miklouho-Maclay, R. Amundsen and others)
Scientists (Giordano Bruno, Marie Curie, S. Korolev, A. Einstein and others)
Spiritual leaders. No matter how seditious it may sound, in relation to the original religion of society, the development of Christianity, Buddhism, Islam, etc. was a deviation.
Artists who discovered new genres and acceptable means of artistic expression. For example, Edgar Allan Poe, considered the creator of the modern form of detective fiction, thriller and, in many ways, science fiction.
Heroes. Alexander Matrosov, Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya, Maria Barsukova, Sergey Bagaev, and many others.
Fighters for equality.

Deviations with a minus sign:

amoral behavior;
various addictions;
child homelessness, running away from home;
prostitution;
sadism.

The list of social deviations can be continued endlessly, since they largely depend on the structure of the society in question. For example, bigamy is condemned in Christian society and is the norm in Islam. In general, deviations in society differ from others in that they can change and adapt to the needs of the bulk of the population.

Sexual deviation

The second name for sexual interests that differ from the generally accepted norm is paraphilia. Many have tried to describe the causes of sexual deviations and give a clear definition of where the norm ends and where deviation in sex begins. In the DSM-5, Ray Blanchard provided the following definition: “Paraphilia is all types of (atypical) intense and persistent sexual interest, excluding sexual interest in genital stimulation and preparatory caresses with a phenotypically normal, consenting, and sexually mature human subject.” Blanchard's list of "normophilias" (a term meaning "normal" sexual interest and used as a counterweight to paraphilias) looks like this:

oral sex;
anal/vaginal penetration;
mutual masturbation;
kisses.

Examples of paraphilias:

sexual interest in urine, coprophilia;
preference for persons with severe physical disabilities;
sexual interest in elements of BDSM.

Almost immediately this definition was subjected to severe criticism. Mainly for the ambiguity of some of its components. Thus, Charles Moser considered it incorrect to state a definition in terms of what it is not. In addition, he pointed out that the concept of a “phenotypically normal subject” is too vague (for example, it is not clear whether a woman who has undergone plastic surgery is such an object).

The sexologist also considered the manifestation of sexism in the document to be incorrect. So, according to the DSM-5 definition, a woman’s desire to submit to a man in bed is the norm, and the opposite is a deviation. The same is true for the desire to wear beautiful underwear. In general, Charles Moser is of the view that the specific boundary between normophilia and paraphilia is determined only by cultural and religious norms and does not exist from a medical point of view.

However, paraphilia should be distinguished from paraphilic disorder. If the first is only an interest in non-standard types and methods of intimate relationships, then the second is a disease, and it is characterized by the presence of addiction. In practice, it looks like this: if a BDSM lover can do without it, then this is a paraphilia. If satisfaction is possible only within the framework of a BDSM session, this is a paraphilic disorder.

Gender deviations

This type of deviation from generally accepted standards causes the most controversial reaction in society. From the moment of birth, a child is instilled with certain traits and a worldview, designed to ultimately consolidate his gender role model of behavior and appearance. This is how girls are instilled with a love of dresses, jewelry and makeup from early childhood. For boys - formal, sports or paramilitary clothing.

These differences in appearance are further reinforced by differences in behavior and priorities. If a woman commits actions that clearly relate to the male gender role model or vice versa, this is a gender deviation. Its extreme form is when a person becomes a transvestite or undergoes a surgical gender change. Many are inclined to believe that these are modern deviations characteristic only of our time.

Communication deviations

Communication disorders, that is, communication disorders, are:

Autism
. Primary - congenital - manifests itself in early childhood and continues throughout life. Secondary - acquired - can appear after being in a stressful situation or as a result of the characteristics of upbringing. These types of deviation are characterized by a conscious desire for loneliness, the inability to maintain friendships and establish contact with strangers.
Hypersociality
. Autism antagonist. A person suffering from hypersociability strives to communicate with as many interlocutors as possible in the shortest possible time, and pathologically cannot tolerate loneliness.
Phobias (fears)
. It is believed that every person has at least one phobia. Some of them seriously complicate communication. For example, ereitophobia (fear of blushing in public) or scopophobia (fear of being funny).

Deviation - sectarianism

One of the well-known problems of modern society is sects. Various mental deviations force people to go there. For example autism, antisocial behavior, etc. Sects differ from religions in the following ways.

Worship before a spiritual leader (person).
Rigid hierarchical structure. Even if its existence is unknown to ordinary members of the community
The desire to completely control the lives of sect members.

Food deviations

There are two most well-known types of eating disorders: anorexia and bulimia. It is believed that these are modern behavioral deviations, but the first case of anorexia was recorded back in the 17th century.

Anorexia
. The desire to prevent weight gain by any means, including complete abstinence from food.
Bulimia
. It is similar to anorexia, but also includes uncontrollable bouts of overeating.

Deviation - alcoholism

Pathological dependence on alcohol, ultimately leading to self-destruction. Alcoholics typically deny the existence of a problem and are confident that they can cope with it at any time. Other personal deviations or physiological characteristics of a person lead to the formation of alcohol dependence.

Causes of deviant behavior

The actions and actions of people prone to exhibiting the behavioral patterns in question can be explained by different mechanisms and the influence of many factors. Some are influenced by the standards of “deviant” communities, while others are affected by childhood traumas.

It is customary to distinguish two groups of reasons: psychological and social.

Psychological reasons

Everything here is connected with the influence of various kinds of external factors and irritants on a person. In psychology, deviations are often tied to the facts of mental disorders, psychological qualities that are either congenital or acquired. It is believed that different types of orientation of behavioral patterns that develop and take the form of a disorder or quality may be due to the following factors:

climate;
geophysics;
ecology and so on.

Social reasons

Society as a conditional environment constantly influences a person from birth to death. At the same time, within the framework of social reasons, many factors can be identified that negatively affect the development of the individual, leading to the emergence of deviant attitudes in his mind. This:

distorted morality. We are talking about a situation, for example, when a person who is higher in status than a “commoner” is valued higher. This causes indignation among some, against the background of which the described behavioral reaction may develop;
social inequality. This is almost the same as the first point. All acts and facts of inequality can lead to the formation of negative attitudes in the mind of the individual;
inability to satisfy needs. A simple example is low wages against the backdrop of constant increases in prices for food, clothing, and utility services. Sometimes the inability to satisfy needs legally leads people to commit illegal actions (theft, reporting false meter readings to utility companies, and the like). Poor living conditions, as confirmed by data available from the All-Russian Center for the Study of Public Opinion, most often “push” people to commit illegal acts;
lack of education (correct). The simplest example is children raised by non-parents.

It is customary to identify biological reasons why people do not behave as society requires. Most often, the group of biological causes includes: inflammation and brain injury; age characteristics; state of the nervous system; disorders and pathologies of ontogenesis.

What reasons do you think most strongly influence the development of deviations in behavioral reactions?

I think it's social. Society is not just an institution, but also literally a teacher for each of us. He teaches us conditions. The worse they are, the worse the people in them are, understandably.

100%

It seems psychological. Almost always there are psychological mechanisms and reasons behind deviations.

I'm inclined to think it's biological.

Voted: 1

Definition of the concept

In psychology, deviance is human behavior that disrupts the stability of interpersonal interaction. Psychologists say that deviation is the behavior of an individual that contradicts sociocultural norms, moral and ethical principles of society.

The structure of deviation includes:

human behavior;
value relations and moral orientations of the individual;
social norms and rules, which are the main criterion for deviant behavior;
evaluative attitude of others.

Sometimes the manifestation of mental illness from the outside looks like a deliberate violation of norms and rules. But deviant behavior and a medical diagnosis cannot be equated.

Correction and work with social deviation

The disorder in question must be treated. Sometimes psychotherapy methods work, sometimes drug treatment helps (when therapy for any psychological disorders is required). A specialist should select methods. Self-medication is not recommended: it may not bring results or lead to a worsening of the situation.

Psychotherapy

Psychological or psychotherapeutic methods help correct people’s behavior, and are also effective in finding the causes of various types of deviations and working through them.

These are the methods:

consultations (individual or in groups);
art therapy;
trainings (problem-oriented, for example).

Psychotherapy is not always effective. If necessary, a psychologist can involve a psychotherapist in solving a problematic problem.

Drug therapy

A psychotherapist is a doctor who can prescribe special medications that calm the nervous system, suppress aggression, and more.

May be indicated for use:

antidepressants (relieve depression);
tranquilizers (relieve anxiety and panic);
sedatives (relieve panic attacks and aggressiveness);
vitamins (in rare cases, vitamins that strengthen the nervous system, such as B vitamins, may be prescribed) and other remedies.

Other methods of struggle

Sometimes additional correction methods may be used. This includes physiotherapy, hardening, gymnastics, yoga, and special massages. Psychologists and psychotherapists note that sometimes a person’s acquisition of an exciting hobby has an extremely beneficial effect on the overall results of the struggle.

Prevention of deviant behavior

It is worth understanding that most often it can only be prevented if we are talking about preventive work with children. Even the most experienced “educator” in the person of a psychologist is unlikely to be able to take control over adults and simply re-educate them.

Here's how to prevent the development of negative attitudes in children and adolescents:

demonstration of positive examples;
a trusting atmosphere in the family, warm relationships;
educational measures adequate to reality and needs;
information and preventive work at the level of kindergartens and schools.

An effective measure can be the intervention of a psychologist in cases where there is a suspicion of the development of incorrect behavioral patterns.

Working with adults is much more difficult. The participation of specialists from different fields may be required (at the same time).

FAQ

The following are answers to questions related to the topics and problems discussed in the publication.

How does deviant behavior affect society?

It can influence society both positively and negatively. The fact is that any deviation can be both good and bad. We showed examples in the sections devoted to the types and symptoms of deviant behavior. If you are interested, you can read their contents to understand everything. Here's a quick summary of examples: Virtue beyond measure is a positive model that has a positive impact on society; Exhibitionism is a negative pattern that, in the worst case, can mentally traumatize people.

What can provoke deviant behavior?

The formation and subsequent manifestation of the attitudes discussed in the article are influenced by many factors. It is customary to distinguish three groups of reasons: biological, psychological, social. Here are examples: biological cause - brain dysfunction; psychological – the presence of mental disorders; social – dissatisfaction with one’s own position in society. Need more examples? Then we recommend reading the section of the article dedicated to the reasons.

What are the dangers of deviant behavior?

The danger comes down to the fact that any person demonstrating it can harm not only himself, but also those around him. Often such individuals deliberately refuse to follow generally accepted norms; they deliberately distort their own morality, destroy their own morality, and more. To understand that such behavioral reactions in some cases pose a serious danger to the entire society, it is enough to remember extremists and terrorists. They are clear examples of danger.

What three reasons provoke deviant behavior in schoolchildren?

It is inappropriate to single out only 3, but if we talk about groups of reasons, we can distinguish biological, social and psychological. You can find out how and why they influence the tendency to display deviant behavior in the section “Causes of deviant behavior.” The data shown in it is valid not only for children, but also for adults. They will allow you to find a comprehensive answer to this question.

What are the signs of deviant behavior in children in the family?

To understand this, please read the sections of the article devoted to the types and symptoms of this model. In them we talk about what is typical for a person with abnormal behavioral reactions, and also show simple and digestible examples that show what is most important. In short, the child may begin to reject family values and try to impose some of his ideas on his parents. Deviant children are reluctant to listen to their parents and other adults, often play dirty tricks and do everything as they need it, without regard to the needs and requests of others.

What new types of deviant behavior have appeared in Russian society?

Under the influence of the information space in Russian society, new forms of this model of actions and behavior are often discovered among adolescents. Experts in the field of criminology, sociology and psychology most often highlight the popularization of the following five forms: alcoholism, drug addiction; conscious commission of crimes; suicidal tendencies; prostitution in non-standard forms that do not involve physical contact; sexual deviations.

How to write a term paper on speech therapy

07.09.2010 257576

These guidelines are compiled to help students gain an understanding of the content and structure of coursework in speech therapy.

Logopedia of pedagogical science that studies anomalies of speech development with normal hearing, explores the manifestations, nature and mechanisms of speech disorders, develops the scientific basis for overcoming and preventing them means of special training and education.

The subject of speech therapy as a science is speech disorders and the process of training and education of persons with speech disorders.

The object of study is a person suffering from a speech disorder.

The main task of speech therapy as a science is the study, prevention and elimination of various types of speech disorders.

Coursework in speech therapy is a student's scientific and experimental research. This type of educational activity, provided for by the educational and professional program and curriculum, contributes to the acquisition of skills in working with literature, analyzing and summarizing literary sources in order to determine the range of insufficiently studied problems, determining the content and methods of experimental research, processing skills and qualitative analysis of the results obtained. The need to complete coursework in speech therapy is due to the updating of knowledge concerning the content, organization, principles, methods and techniques of speech therapy work.

As a rule, during their studies, students must write two term papers - theoretical and practical.

The first course work should be devoted to the analysis and synthesis of general and specialized literature on the chosen topic. Based on this analysis, it is necessary to justify and develop a method of ascertaining (diagnostic) experiment.

In the second course work, it is necessary to provide an analysis of the results obtained during the ascertaining experiment, as well as determine the directions and content of speech therapy work, and select adequate methods and techniques of correction.

So, let’s present the general requirements for the content and design of coursework in speech therapy.

The initial and most important stage of working on a course project is the choice of a topic, which is either proposed by the supervisor or chosen by the student independently from a list of topics that are consistent with the areas of scientific research of the department.

Each topic can be modified, considered in different aspects, but taking into account a theoretical and practical approach. Having chosen a topic, the student needs to think through in detail its specific content, areas of work, practical material, etc., which should be reflected both in the formulation of the topic and in the further construction of the study. It should be recalled that the chosen topic may not only have a purely theoretical orientation, for example: “Dysarthria. Characteristics of the defect”, “Classification of dysgraphia”, but also take into account the practical significance of the problem under consideration, for example: “Speech therapy work on speech correction for dysarthria”. It should also be taken into account that when formulating a topic, excessive detail should be avoided, for example: “Formation of prosodic components of speech in preschoolers of the sixth year of life attending a preschool institution for children with severe speech impairments.”

The course work includes such mandatory parts as: introduction, three chapters, conclusion, bibliography and appendix.

The text of the term paper begins with the title page . An example of its design can be seen here.

Then the content of the work is given, in which the names of chapters, paragraphs, and sections are formulated in strict accordance with the content of the thesis. An example of its design can be seen here.

In the text, each subsequent chapter and paragraph begins on a new page. At the end of each chapter, the materials are summarized and conclusions are formulated.

The introduction reveals the relevance of the problem under consideration in general and the topic being studied in particular; the problem, subject, object, and purpose of the study are defined. In accordance with the goal and hypothesis, objectives and a set of research methods aimed at achieving the objectives must be defined.

The relevance of the topic lies in reflecting the current level of pedagogical science and practice, meeting the requirements of novelty and usefulness.

When defining the research problem, it is important to indicate what practical tasks it will help to implement in training and educating people with speech pathology.

The object of research is understood as certain aspects of pedagogical reality, perceived through a system of theoretical and practical knowledge. The ultimate goal of any research is to improve this object.

The subject of research is some part, property, element of an object, i.e. the subject of research always indicates a specific aspect of the object that is to be studied and about which the researcher wants to gain new knowledge. An object is a part of an object.

You can give an example of the formulation of the object, subject and problem of research:

– The object of the study is the speech activity of preschool children with phonetic-phonemic speech disorders.

– The subject of the study is the features of intonation speech of children with phonetic-phonemic speech disorders.

– The research problem is to determine effective directions for speech therapy work on the formation of intonation expressiveness of speech in the system of correctional intervention.

The purpose of the study contributes to the specification of the object being studied. The goal of any research is to solve a specific problem. The goal is specified in tasks taking into account the subject of research.

The research objectives are formulated in a certain sequence, which determines the logic of the research. The research objectives are set on the basis of a theoretical analysis of the problem and an assessment of the state of its solution in practice.

The first chapter is an analysis of literary sources, which examines the state of this problem in historical and modern aspects, and presents the most important theoretical principles that formed the basis of the study.

When writing the first chapter, you should pay attention to the fact that the text of the course work must be written in a scientific style. When presenting scientific material, it is necessary to comply with the following requirements:

– Specificity – a review of only those sources that are necessary to disclose only a given topic or solve only a given problem;

– Clarity – which is characterized by semantic coherence and integrity of individual parts of the text;

– Logicality – which provides for a certain structure of presentation of the material;

– Reasoning – evidence of thoughts (why this and not otherwise);

– Precision of wording, excluding ambiguous interpretation of the authors’ statements.

A literary review of the state of the problem being studied should not be reduced to a consistent presentation of literary sources. It should present a generalized description of the literature: highlight the main directions (currents, concepts, points of view), analyze in detail and evaluate the most fundamental works of representatives of these directions.

When writing a work, the student must correctly use literary materials, make references to the authors and sources from which the results of scientific research are borrowed. Failure to provide required references will reduce your coursework grade.

As a rule, in coursework on speech therapy, references to literary sources are formatted as follows: the number of the cited source in the general list of references is placed in square brackets. For example: General speech underdevelopment is a speech pathology in which there is a persistent lag in the formation of all components of the language system: phonetics, vocabulary and grammar [17].

When using quotations, in square brackets, in addition to indicating the source number, the page number from which this excerpt is taken is indicated, for example: Speech rhythm is based on a physiological and intellectual basis, since, firstly, it is directly related to the rhythm of breathing. Secondly, being an element that performs a communicative function, “correlates with meaning, i.e. controlled intellectually” [23, P.40].

However, course work should not be of a purely abstract nature, so you should not abuse the unreasonable abundance of citations. Quoting should be logically justified, convincing and used only when really necessary.

In the second chapter , devoted to experimental research, the organization should be described and the program of the ascertaining experiment should be presented. The survey methodology, as a rule, consists of a description of several series of tasks, with detailed instructions, visual and lexical material, the procedure for completing tasks by experiment participants, and scoring criteria. This chapter also provides a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the results obtained.

When analyzing the results of an experiment, it is necessary to use a scoring system. Examples of various criteria for quantitative and qualitative assessment are presented in the following works:

– Glukhov V.P. Formation of coherent speech in preschool children with general speech underdevelopment. - M.: Arkti, 2002. - 144 p.

– Fotekova T.A. Test methodology for diagnosing oral speech of primary schoolchildren. - M.: Arkti, 2000. - 56 p.

– Levchenko I.Yu. Pathopsychology: Theory and practice. - M.: Academy, 2000. - 232 p.

In order to visually present the results obtained during the experimental study, it is recommended to use tables, graphs, diagrams, etc. Histograms can be used in a variety of ways - columnar, cylindrical, planar, volumetric, etc. An example of the design of tables, figures, and histograms can be found here.

The third chapter provides a rationale for the proposed methods and techniques and reveals the content of the main stages of correctional work.

The conclusion contains a summary of the material presented and the main conclusions formulated by the author.

The bibliography must contain at least 25 sources. The list includes bibliographic information about the sources used in preparing the work. An example of its design can be seen here.

In the application you can present bulky tables or illustrations, examination protocols, observation records, products of activity (drawings, written works of children), notes from speech therapy classes, etc.

The volume of one course work must be at least 30 pages of typewritten text.

In general, coursework in speech therapy is the basis for a future thesis, in which the study of the begun problem can be continued, but from the standpoint of a different approach or a comparative analysis of the disorders being studied in different age categories of people with different types of speech disorders.

The content and format of theses in speech therapy can be found here.

Literature:

1. How to write a term paper on speech therapy: Methodological recommendations. Educational and methodological manual / Comp. Artemova E.E., Tishina L.A. / Ed. Orlova O.S. – M.: MGOPU, 2008. – 35 p.

2. Research work of students in the system of higher professional pedagogical education (specialty 031800 - Speech therapy). Methodological recommendations for completing the thesis / Compiled by. L.V. Lopatina, V.I. Lipakova, G.G. Golubeva. - St. Petersburg: Publishing house of the Russian State Pedagogical University named after. A. I. Herzen, 2002. - 140 p.