The concept of socialization. Essence, stages and mechanisms of personality socialization

Factors of socialization.

Socialization factors are the mechanisms through which the socialization process occurs. The main factors identified by social educator A.V. Mudrikom, three:

1. Macro factors are global mechanisms that influence the social development of an individual (planet, space, state, country, society, government).
2. Mesofactors are conditions that influence socialization, mainly on a territorial or ethnic basis (place and type of settlement, region, town, city, people, ethnicity).
3. Microfactors are factors that have a direct impact on a person’s socialization (family, peers, school, place of study and work).

Each factor has an active element, thanks to which socialization occurs. For example, in a family there are parents, brothers, sisters, in school there are teachers and classmates. These elements are called agents of socialization.

Stages of socialization

Any person at some point in his life began to enter society. Basically, this happens very early in childhood, when the child is sent to kindergarten and he first begins to interact with other children, with strangers, new adults, and so on. This process is called the socialization of the individual. In fact, it haunts us all our lives, as we often come into contact with new people, move up the levels of education, and professional positions.

1. Initial stage. Or primary. It all starts with the birth of an individual and continues until his death. Initially, he recognizes himself only in the family circle and adopts the principles of behavior from his parents. Then the social circle expands - the child goes to kindergarten, where the process of socialization as such begins, because he has to interact with other children and adults. Their behavior and rules may differ from those accepted in the family of each individual.
2. Second stage. At this stage, the individual begins to rebuild his personality, his beliefs and values ​​change, after he enters a period of maturity and begins to realize his place in the social group.

Important! The main teachers are, of course, people. They are the ones who act in the process of training new social persons, teaching them culture and social values. Naturally, this process is untargeted, rather unconscious.

The role of agents and institutions

Sociologists distinguish 2 groups of people who influence the development and formation of personality in the process of socialization:

1. Primary - familiar people, or informal agents. These include members of a small community who are well known to each other: family, parents, neighbors;
2. Secondary – strangers are formal agents or institutions. This is a set of people connected by formal relationships: kindergarten, school, company, enterprise, city, state, etc.

Both groups play different roles and influence the formation of personality in a certain direction:

The education and upbringing of a child from 0 to 3 years old occurs under the influence of the main agents: parents and immediate relatives. They form the motivation and primary attitude of the individual towards others.

• After 3 years, the individual enters into relationships with additional agents: educators, teachers, doctors. Most preschool children actively master thinking and cognitive skills under the influence of informal agents.
• At the age of 8 - 15 (school period) they are influenced by their peers, adults belonging to different social groups, the media, and the Internet. Such a diverse environment does not exclude a negative impact on the individual and the possibility of antisocial behavior.
• Thus, by the age of 15-18, the personality is considered formed. In the future, other social institutions play their role. They use other means that influence her moral and psychological changes.

Early socialization

In this case, we are talking about a kind of “rehearsal” of a specific stage. A good example of this type of socialization is the beginning of cohabitation between a man and a woman. Before marriage, partners must learn certain experiences from each other and correlate their life positions. In that situation, each of them adopts part of the values ​​from their other half.

Long-term stay within a small group (in this case consisting of two people) leads to the formation of more stable behavioral and sociocultural models.

Mechanisms

Every society has socialization mechanisms through which people convey information about social reality to each other. In sociological terms, there are some “translators” of social experience. These are means that transmit accumulated experience from generation to generation, contributing to the fact that each new generation begins to socialize. Such translators include various sign systems, cultural elements, educational systems, and social roles. Socialization mechanisms are divided into two categories: socio-psychological and socio-pedagogical.

Socio-psychological mechanisms:

• Imprinting is the imprinting of information on the receptor and subconscious levels. More common in infancy.
• Existential pressure - the assimilation of language and norms of behavior at an unconscious level.
• Imitation is following a model, voluntary or involuntary.
• Reflection is an internal dialogue during which a person critically thinks about and then accepts or rejects certain social values.

Social and pedagogical mechanisms:

• Traditional - a person’s assimilation of prevailing stereotypes, which occurs, as a rule, at an unconscious level.
• Institutional - triggered by a person’s interaction with various institutions and organizations.
• Stylized - functions when included in any subcultures.
• Interpersonal - turns on whenever there is contact with persons who are subjectively significant to a person.

Deviant behavior

Deviant behavior is behavior that deviates from socially accepted norms, principles and standards.

Deviant behavior is not always a sign of something bad: for a patriarchal society, in which it is accepted, for example, that a woman does not have the right to vote, is obliged to hide her face, wear a skirt and remain silent, the behavior of an ordinary European woman will be regarded as extremely deviant, while in Europe they simply will not pay attention to it, since it fits into the standards of behavior accepted there.

The socialization of individuals can occur with disturbances, and then psychologists also talk about deviant behavior - it is because of improper socialization that people become criminals, they show a tendency to violence, cruelty, and illegal actions. Teenagers who are trying to stand out from the crowd and express their “I” also show signs of deviant behavior.

Deviant behavior is always the result of problems with the socialization of the individual, but, unfortunately, the socialization process cannot be written down as a plan and strictly followed.

Socialization functions

This mechanism is of great importance for the development of personality. Among the main functions there are:

• Normative and regulatory. This means that absolutely everything that surrounds a person can have one influence or another on him. In this case, we are talking about family, country politics, religion and much more.
• Personally transformative. In the process of communicating with other people, a person begins to show his individual qualities and characteristics. Thus, it is separated from the total mass.
• Value-oriented. This category is reminiscent of the regulatory category. However, in this case, a person adopts from everything around him not experience, but certain values.
• Information and communication. In this case, the individual’s lifestyle forms its way of life based on the experience of communicating with various representatives of society.
• Creative. If a person is brought up in the right environment, this will help a person learn to improve the world around him.

Features of permanent socialization

Primary and secondary socialization - what is it?

Human life is changeable. The socialization of the individual, having originated in one life environment, can continue and take place in changed conditions. Moving to another city, country, changing profession or new team - all this affects the further development of socialization.

Attention! The ability of an individual to adapt to constantly changing social conditions is called permanent socialization.

It is natural if life changes systematically and measuredly. But during revolutionary changes, when one social system collapses and another arises, many citizens cannot cross new boundaries and get used to new foundations. This not only knocks them out of an understandable rut in life, but also throws them to the sidelines of life, causing irreparable moral trauma.

An example is the internationalist warriors. Fulfilling their international duty in Afghanistan, they returned from the war to a completely different country. Market relations, the collapse of the economy, and rampant crime were so different from what they “protected,” losing lives and health, that many were never able to recover morally. There was no housing, no work, and to complaints and questions, officials from the new government answered: “We didn’t send you there!” Not all military officers were able to step over honor and conscience and choose one of the options: go into business or join one or another criminal group.

Definition of socialization

Before discussing this topic, it is necessary to understand what socialization as such is.

Psychological science says that socialization

is the process of an individual’s entry into a social system, mastering its norms, rules of behavior, values, knowledge and skills, and psychological attitudes.

Another, “unofficial” definition says that socialization is what allows a person to live in harmony with the world around him. How is this harmony achieved?

Man is the only creature who, let’s say, is not born by himself. Any animal at birth belongs to a certain species - the same one to which its parents belonged. And only a person, in order to obtain the characteristics inherent to his species, is obliged to undergo a long and complex process of socialization, individual forms of which occur throughout his entire life. In fact, if a newborn is left in the forest and there he randomly survives, then he will not learn to speak, or build, or even hunt. Certain forms of learning, of course, exist in many animals, but they take place only for a short time; an animal that has not undergone “socialization” still has a great chance of surviving and producing offspring, since the basic skills are embedded in its instincts. Long and complex socialization is observed only in higher primates, which proves that this phenomenon did not arise suddenly, but was inherited from our animal ancestors and evolved over thousands of years.

Socialization theories

Unlike other living things, whose behavior is biologically determined, humans require social experience to reproduce their culture and survive. Because socialization is so important, psychologists, anthropologists, educators, sociologists and others have always sought to understand how it occurs and what impact it has on the formation of self-identity. The results of their research were various theories of socialization. They will be discussed further.

1

"Mirror Me"

In 1902, American sociologist and social psychologist Charles Horton Cooley developed the concept of the “mirror self,” which states that people develop self-image by observing how others perceive them. In other words, our self or sense of self develops through interactions with other people.

According to Cooley, this process consists of three parts: first, a person imagines how other people see him, then interprets their reactions to his behavior, and finally forms a self-esteem based on these interpretations. Favorable reflection in the “social mirror” develops positive self-esteem, while negative reflection leads to negative self-esteem.

For example, a person gets a job and is confident that he can easily demonstrate professionalism and competence. When interacting with his new colleagues, he pays attention to their body language, the way they speak and generally react to him. When colleagues show kindness, such as making eye contact or shaking hands firmly, a person's confidence in their professionalism is strengthened. If a person receives negative feedback, such as colleagues looking away or quickly ending the conversation, he may doubt his own professionalism.

According to Cooley, not all reactions carry equal weight. People take more seriously the opinions of those who matter to them and are trustworthy. Even if their reaction was misinterpreted, these erroneous judgments still affect self-esteem [Rousseau N., 2002].

2

Socialization through play

American psychologist, sociologist and philosopher George Herbert Mead believed that through socialization we learn to understand and anticipate what other people think and feel, as well as to be aware of ourselves. Mead essentially agreed with Cooley, but added that the process of children's play is critical to personality development. This is how he described it.

At first, the child simply imitates the adults with whom he regularly communicates (primarily parents), imitating their gestures, movements and words. This is followed by a stage of play, during which the child begins to take on the roles of the parents, acting out adult behavior, for example, dressing up as “Mom”, or talking on a toy phone like Dad.

By pretending to be mom and dad, the child treats his dolls the way he thinks his parents treat him. This way he better understands what behavior is expected of him. Older children, through play, begin to take on the roles of not only significant loved ones, but also other people, learning the general behavioral expectations of society from them (instead of the word “society,” Mead used the term “generalized other,” meaning the norms, values, and expectations of people in in general) [Mead GH, 1934].

According to Mead, the formation of a true self occurs when a person begins to perceive himself as an object. This becomes possible only through the assimilation of attitudes obtained from interaction with others [Belik A. A., 2011].

3

Id, Ego, Super-Ego

The father of psychoanalysis, Austrian psychologist Sigmund Freud, argued that personality consists of three elements: the id, the ego and the superego. Their formation occurs in childhood.

The id is the unconscious, impulsive part of the psyche that demands the satisfaction of basic needs such as attention, safety, food and sex. The ego balances between the needs of the id and the demands of society, being the rational part of the personality. The super-ego (or social consciousness) develops as the norms and values ​​of society are internalized, i.e. through socialization. It creates feelings of guilt or shame when one breaks social rules, and feelings of pride and self-righteousness when one follows them.

According to Freud, the purpose of the superego is to improve and civilize behavior. It is necessary to suppress all unacceptable impulses. If the Super-Ego does not become strong enough, a person is at risk of the Id pushing him into antisocial behavior [Freud S., 1926].

4

Theory of psychosocial personality development

Psychologist Erik Erikson was a follower of Freud, believing, however, that personality development occurs throughout life and consists of 8 stages. Socialization occupies a central place in his theory: if it is successfully completed at each of the life stages, a person continues to develop, if not, then he stagnates.

5

Cognitive development theory

Swiss psychologist and philosopher Jean Piaget specialized in child psychology, and viewed the role of socialization through the prism of 4 stages of cognitive skill development:

• The first stage is sensorimotor, lasting from birth to 2 years. At this stage, the child constructs an understanding of the world only through direct contact with it (touching, listening, seeing).
• The second stage is preoperative (2-7 years). The child learns language and begins to use symbols to represent objects.
• The third stage is the stage of specific operations (7-12 years). The child now understands numbers, cause and effect, and can make rational decisions based on observed phenomena, but has difficulty with abstract concepts such as truth.
• The fourth stage is the stage of formal operations (12+). The child acquires the ability for abstract thinking, hypothetical and deductive reasoning [Wood KC, Smith H., Grossniklaus D., 2001].

Piaget argued that children best progress through these stages of development through play and through active interaction with adults. He encouraged asking children questions to force them to think about their behavior, and believed that it was instructive for them to see contradictions in their reasoning.

6

Moral development theory

American psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg agreed with Piaget's theory, but decided to supplement it with his own ideas. He was particularly interested in how people learn to understand what social “good” and “bad” are. A consequence of Kohlberg's work was the theory of moral development, according to which a person goes through several stages on the path to morality:

• The first stage is pre-conventional morality. At this stage, the child accepts the social rules taught to him by authority figures (parents, teachers) and follows them in order to avoid punishment.
• The second stage is generally accepted morality. The child follows the norms and values ​​of society, sincerely believing that this is necessary to ensure positive relationships and social order.
• The third stage is post-conventional morality. At this stage, a person begins to doubt the fairness and correctness of some social laws and rules.

According to Kohlberg, a person is guided by his own moral values, realizing that he is a separate entity that is not obliged to obey generally accepted rules if they are incompatible with his personal principles [Lind G., 1989].

7

Adaptation of Moral Development Theory

American psychologist, sociologist and feminist Carol Gilligan disagreed with Kohlberg's findings, believing that they demonstrated gender bias, since Kohlberg conducted his research exclusively on boys. Gilligan believes that boys and girls tend to think differently, especially when it comes to morality.

In his research, Gilligan argues that boys strive for justice by emphasizing compliance with formal rules and laws. For girls, interpersonal relationships, care and sensitivity towards others are more important, which influences their moral decision-making. If it is necessary to break some universal rule in order to help another person, a woman will not consider this immoral [Gilligan C., 1982].

Despite the fact that the listed points of view on the socialization process have been repeatedly criticized, they continue to make an important contribution to the work of scientists from various fields of knowledge.

To summarize, socialization is the process by which rules and norms corresponding to the social order are transmitted from generation to generation. Agents of socialization teach each person to think, act and behave in accordance with the expectations of the society into which he was born, thus adapting him to normal life.

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Key words:1Communication

Types and agents of socialization.

Socialization

- the process of an individual’s assimilation of patterns of behavior, psychological attitudes, social norms and values, knowledge, skills that allow him to function successfully in society, beginning in infancy and ending in old age.

Types of socialization: 1. Primary socialization

. This stage covers the process of formation and development of personality, that is, the process of caring for, raising and educating children primarily in the family, carried out by those agents of socialization who are in direct and regular contact with the child in early and late childhood. During primary socialization, passive assimilation of information, skills, and ideas predominates.

2. Secondary socialization.

This stage covers the rest of the person’s “adult” life. At this stage, the development of the social environment occurs consciously, most of the information coming from outside is subjected to critical consideration. The individual makes a meaningful choice from several options.

3 Early socialization

represents a “rehearsal” for future social relations. For example, a young couple may live together before marriage in order to have an idea of ​​what family life will be like.

4. Resocialization

is re-socialization that occurs throughout an individual's life. Resocialization is carried out by changes in the individual’s attitudes, goals, norms and values ​​of life

5. Organizational socialization

is the process by which an individual acquires the values, abilities, norms of behavior and social outlook that are important for gaining weight in the organization and full participation in it as an employee

6. Group socialization

is socialization within a specific social group. Group socialization is the process of inculcating ideas and principles into an individual as he internalizes the basic values ​​and symbols of the group in which he is involved.

5 pages, 2375 words

Memory structure. Processes of storing and processing information

... memory is studied in cognitive psychology because the processes of storing and retrieving information form the basis of mental processes. There are several theories that claim to describe the work... the quality of an object (What?) and its localization (Where?). These two types of information enter the associative memory, where comparison with existing samples occurs. ...

7. Gender socialization

- this is the assimilation, internalization of social roles, differentiation of activities, statuses, rights and responsibilities of individuals depending on gender.

Agents of Socialization

- these are structural groups or environments in which the most important processes of socialization take place. In all cultures, the most important agent of primary socialization for a child is the family. However, in later stages of life, many other agents of socialization come into play. Agents of secondary socialization of an individual are school, university, army, church.

Peer groups, the media, mass printed publications, and electronic communications have a great socializing effect on a person.

The Importance of Socialization

Despite the fact that socialization is often of an inculcating nature, it is worth recognizing its necessity and importance for both the individual and the entire society.

First of all, this process helps to master skills necessary for life, such as speaking, walking, reading, writing, using the toilet, caring for oneself and much more. There are documented observations of children who, for various reasons, did not undergo socialization at an early age, which led to extremely negative consequences. In his book Sociology, Professor John Shepard gives several shocking examples:

• Anna was given birth to an unmarried woman, whose father was categorically against the child. Fearing his anger, the woman hid Anna in the attic for 5 years. When the girl was discovered, she was barely alive, could not walk, talk and did not show any signs of intelligence. Anna was placed in a boarding school, where over time she learned to understand simple commands, recognize people she had once seen, and walk. By age eight, she could jump and catch a ball, participate in group activities, use the toilet, and feed and dress herself. Her speech, mental development and social maturity were at the level of a two-year-old child. At the age of 10, Anna died.
• Ginny spent 13 years in an isolated room where her father placed her. She was not accustomed to clothing, could not speak, walk or chew, and her social behavior was extremely primitive. Four years of attempts to socialize Ginny were unsuccessful: she could not read and spoke only in short phrases [Shepard JM, 2020].

Socialization of children is especially important. The given examples illustrate this. Through socialization, people learn not only to perform basic everyday tasks, but also grow intellectually. This is the second important function of personality socialization - to promote continuous development. When a person is in society and learns its values ​​and norms, he is not in danger of stagnation, because society is dynamic and its laws are changeable.

Thirdly, the more socialized a person is, the easier it is for him to find his place in society. In the 1960s, American psychologist Harry Harlow conducted a series of experiments on rhesus monkeys. Although these experiments were controversial, unethical, and even cruel, Harlow's empirical work is considered a "classic" in behavioral science: it led to an understanding of the role that social relationships play in early development.

Baby rhesus macaques were taken from their mothers and raised in laboratory conditions, some placed in separate cages without the opportunity to contact other monkeys. In social isolation, macaques exhibited inappropriate behavior, freezing in one position in the corner of the cage and engaging in self-mutilation.

When they were returned to a group of other monkeys, they did not know how to interact with them: they avoided their fellow monkeys, showed aggression and were not capable of normal sexual behavior, and some even died after refusing to eat [Harlow HF, Dodsworth RO, Harlow, MK, 1965]. This experience shows that the lack of social learning leads to the most disastrous consequences.

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In his article “Broad and Narrow Socialization: The Family in the Context of Cultural Theory,” psychology professor and Ph.D. Jeffrey Arnett identified three more key functions of socialization , believing that it:

1. Teaches impulse control, promotes the development of self-regulation and conscience. Impulse control and the ability to self-regulate begin to develop in childhood when, through socialization, children learn that if they follow their selfish desires and simply do what they like, they will displease those around them (parents, siblings, other adults, or peers) and may suffer from their reactions.
2. Prepares for the performance of social roles: gender, professional, family or even racial, ethnic, caste.
3. Helps to find the source of meaning. Every person needs a source of meaning in order to understand what is important, valuable, and worth living for. Typically, people find meaning through socialization when they gain knowledge about religion, the significance of family relationships, individual achievements, or commitment to an ethnic group or nation [Arnett JJ, 2011].

Socialization is necessary not only so that people can function successfully in society and not have problems with personal adaptation, but also for the survival of the entire human species as a whole. The reproduction of a way of life, culture, and knowledge depends on the transmission of social values, norms and rules from generation to generation. Babies are born completely helpless, and if the process of socialization is excluded, they will not survive and society will eventually cease to exist.

Successful socialization

In the process of socialization, a person goes through three main phases of development:

1. Adaptation is the mastery of sign systems and social roles.
2. Individualization is the isolation of an individual, the desire to stand out, to find “your own way.”
3. Integration is integration into society, achieving a balance between the individual and society.

A person is considered socialized if he is taught to think and act in accordance with age, gender and social situation. However, this is not enough for successful socialization.

The secret of self-realization and success is a person’s active life position. It manifests itself in the courage of initiative, determination, conscious actions, and responsibility. A person’s real actions shape his active lifestyle and help him occupy a certain position in society. Such a person, on the one hand, obeys the norms of society, on the other, strives to lead. For successful socialization, to succeed in life, a person must have the following basic characteristics:

• desire for self-development and self-actualization;
• willingness to make independent decisions in situations of choice;
• successful presentation of individual abilities;
• communication culture;
• maturity and moral stability.

A passive life position reflects a person’s tendency to submit to the world around him and follow circumstances. As a rule, he finds reasons not to make efforts, strives to avoid responsibility, and blames other people for his failures.

Despite the fact that the formation of a person’s life position is rooted in his childhood and depends on the environment in which he is located, it can be realized, comprehended and transformed. It's never too late to change yourself, especially for the better. People are born a person, but they become a person.

What is socialization?

Socialization is the adaptation of a person to a social role in society. Let us examine in detail what personal socialization is, from the point of view of the individual’s adaptation to living conditions.

Personal socialization is an extremely popular topic in psychology. Social psychologists study the relationship between the individual and society. They observe how a person adapts under the conditions of established rules, values ​​and orientations in society. When people integrate into a social structure, they change themselves and change the structure itself.

The term “socialization” in a close to modern meaning was introduced by the American psychologist F. Giddings in his work “The Theory of Socialization” (1887). According to Giddings' theory, socialization can be understood as the process of development and preparation of “human material” for life in society. The problems of socialization began to be actively studied in the 30s of the last century. Even in the mid-twentieth century, socialization was considered only an interdisciplinary field of science. Today, social psychology is a popular direction in human studies.

The term “socialization” is not always interpreted unambiguously. For example, Sigmund Freud believed that man is driven by his desires and reflexes. Followers of Freud's teachings tend to consider socialization exclusively the adaptation of innate behavioral attitudes to living conditions in society.

Socialization refers to the process in which a person, as he becomes familiar with social rules and traditions, integrates into society. Socialization is seen as a two-way process. On the one hand, the individual assimilates certain social experiences and enters the environment. On the other hand, a person, through his activities, influences the social environment into which he enters.

The process of socialization depends on many factors: the people around them (their age, intellectual level, etc.), a person’s own experience, characteristics of the “habitat,” upbringing, culture.

The process of socialization takes place simultaneously with the formation of personality. Socialization of an individual is an important component of his well-being and normal life in society.

Features of socialization of children with disabilities

The socialization of children with disabilities - disabilities - provides for their right to diagnosis, special programs of psychocorrectional work, organizational and methodological assistance to families, differentiated and individual education. For children with special educational needs the following are created:

• Specialized preschool educational institutions, schools or correctional classes in regular schools.
• Health educational institutions of sanatorium type.
• Special correctional educational institutions.
• Educational institutions for children in need of psychological, pedagogical and medical and social assistance.
• Educational institutions of primary vocational education.

Opportunities for obtaining secondary vocational and higher vocational education are being created for children with disabilities. For this purpose, special educational institutions are created, and various forms of integration are provided for in general institutions.

Despite this, the problem of socialization of children and adolescents with disabilities continues to remain relevant. The question of their integration into the society of “healthy” peers raises a lot of controversy and discussion.

Teenage years

In youth, the number of contacts increases. There is an active influence that the media has on people. In the modern world, this will last throughout life, but an adult can develop a critical attitude towards the information that comes to him. A teenager also has this opportunity, but it is already very limited.

So at this stage it is very important to ensure the positive influence of media on socialization. A correct, well-written magazine with good examples of behavior and attitude towards others can direct a teenager’s energy in a constructive direction. And at the same time introduce him to interesting sights, original hobbies, and bright personalities.

And here the question begins: are the following judgments about socialization true regarding the fact that a teenager needs censorship or some restrictions in what he reads or watches on the Internet? Not really.

Firstly, there must be respect for individual (personal) space. Secondly, interest in the forbidden does not go away so easily. And in the modern world it is simply unrealistic to protect people from information. And this is good, because a person should be able to choose, and not live in a vacuum.

What does it contribute to?

Socialization and adaptation make it possible to form in a person’s brain the necessary set of values ​​and rules that he will subsequently apply to the world. These processes begin in childhood, when the parents of a young child begin to lay the foundation for the first mental and physical skills. After this, the person undergoes training in kindergarten, school and college. During this period, he gains more knowledge from other people, continuing to explore the world. Thanks to this, a person learns to communicate with the individuals around him and understands that the form of interaction with them can be different.

In addition, the socialization of the child is very important, as it teaches him self-control. Gradually, a person begins to learn how to react to certain events in his life. Thanks to this, he learns to distinguish between the internal and external worlds.

Family socialization

In this case, the child observes his family members and adopts their experiences. Such socialization of a child depends on several factors:

• Family composition and structure.
• The position that the child occupies in the family hierarchy.
• The chosen model of education. For example, parents and more distant relatives may impose their values ​​on the child.

Much also depends on the moral and creative potential of family members.

Desocialization

The concept of desocialization of the individual is closely related to resocialization, and means the destruction of previously mastered and accepted norms and rules of behavior, the destruction of previous attitudes.
What is it and why is this process needed? This process is used by psychologists when a person’s learned norms of behavior prevent him from successfully fitting into society. In this case, a person must desocialize - abandon previous attitudes, and then resocialize - accept new rules of behavior adopted in the group.

Desocialization is necessary for victims of domestic violence, people who went through wars and lived in combat zones, as well as those who moved to other countries with a different cultural heritage or when re-educating individuals suffering from deviant behavior - alcoholics, drug addicts, criminals. “Reconfiguration” of the head in such cases is necessary, and the process plan usually begins with an assessment of the attitudes that the individual sees as unshakable, and proof that this unshakability is apparent.

Resocialization

The concept of personality resocialization is closely related to the stages of growing up. In essence, this term denotes the secondary socialization of the individual, which continues throughout life and includes a constant reassessment of previously accepted values.

Resocialization begins with the child going out into the outside world and observing people with different cultural, social and gender stereotypes. The more such observations a child accumulates, the more work happens in his head: he begins to understand that not all the words of mom and dad are axioms, that there are other points of view and a different view of the world. And under the influence of these factors in adolescence, the individual completes the formation of his personality, leaving some of the previous family attitudes, and replacing the remaining attitudes with others accepted from the outside and regarded by him as more suitable for him personally.

Over time, an individual’s social circle expands more and more, goes beyond the boundaries of school and university, and includes colleagues, friends in the gym, acquaintances from different segments of the population, therefore resocialization as an important element of personality formation is an endless process.

Stages and factors of personality socialization.

Socialization of personality

- this is the process of assimilating social norms, forming one’s own “I” to demonstrate the uniqueness of the individual as a person. That is, the process of socialization represents the establishment of identity. Society constantly dictates its rules and norms of behavior to us, so the duration of this process takes a lifetime, its main part being the period of childhood and adolescence.

The main goal of socialization is to prepare the individual to fulfill social roles for communication and the preservation of society. Instilling qualities and values ​​is the main factor in personality formation.

Childhood

—The stage of human development from birth to the onset of puberty. Although the time frame for the latter is individual, not constant over time and depends on the adopted age periodization system, the upper limit of childhood is defined as approximately 11-13 years. During childhood, extremely intense physical and mental development occurs. A critical period of development is early childhood. Its violation, for example, isolation from human society, can lead to irreversible mental disorders.

Youth is the most difficult period of socialization. Social and psychological maturity very often does not keep up with physical maturity. The importance of the teenage stage lies in the fact that the formation of the foundation of the personality—the worldview—ends;

awareness of one’s “I” occurs as an understanding of one’s place in life; There is a constant search for moral guidelines.

Maturity

is the flowering of the human personality. This is a long period, it consists of several cycles. The lower boundary is blurred, approximately 21-23 years. In an extreme situation, growing up occurs early; in calm times, it stretches out. The upper limit is indicated by retirement - 55 years for women, 60 years for men.

The main criterion of maturity: independence. “Criteria of independence”: Self-sufficiency of means of subsistence. The ability to manage money independently of others, Independence in choosing a lifestyle.

Living independently from parents. Adulthood is the most active period of socialization, since it is at this time that a large number of social roles in real life are mastered. Maturity is the most active creative age.

Old age

- this is the period of human life that begins after adulthood and is divided into several cycles: up to 71 years - old age; from 71 to 90 - senile; The age of a person over 90 years old is considered the age of longevity. Old age is a physical condition characterized by the gradual decline of all vital functions. Old age entails separation from certain social roles. First of all and most importantly, the elderly are waiting for retirement.

Death.

Awareness of impending death requires the individual to adapt to a new definition of his own essence. The concept of “dying” implies something more than just the occurrence of some biochemical processes. It entails the acceptance of a social status in which social structures not only accompany, but also shape the experience of contact with death.

Socialization factors

- these are circumstances that encourage a person to take active action. There are only three factors of socialization - these are macro factors (space, planet, country, society, state), meso factors (ethnicity, type of settlement, media) and micro factors (family, peer groups, organizations).

1. megafactors (mega - very large, universal) - space, planet, world, which to one degree or another through other groups of factors influence the socialization of all inhabitants of the Earth.

2. macro factors (macro - large) - country, ethnic group, society, state, which influence the socialization of everyone living in certain countries (this influence is mediated by two other groups of factors).

3. mesofactors (meso - average, intermediate), conditions for the socialization of large groups of people, distinguished: by the area and type of settlement in which they live (region, village, city, town); by belonging to the audience of certain mass communication networks (radio, television, etc.); according to belonging to certain subcultures.

4. Mesofactors influence socialization both directly and indirectly through the fourth group - microfactors. These include factors that directly influence specific people who interact with them - family and home, neighborhood, peer groups, educational organizations, various public, state, religious, private and counter-social organizations, microsociety.

Gender socialization

The socialization of the individual cannot be fully accomplished without the individual mastering the cultural system of relationships between men and women characteristic of the society in which he lives, as well as awareness of gender roles and his place in this system.

Society begins to instill certain behavioral stereotypes in children literally from the cradle: in stores, for the most part, they offer a choice of only pink or blue baby care items, boys’ clothes are made mainly in blue, and girls’ in red, boys are given cars and pistols, and girls - dolls and decorations.

In the future, looking at the parents and guests of the family, the child absorbs those standards that pass before his eyes in the process of growing up: if the mother and her friends are mostly housewives and take care of cooking, cleaning and the house, and the father and his friends earn money and drive cars and play football, the individual will most likely internalize such a traditional value system, and in the future will begin to apply it to himself in accordance with his gender: a boy will strive to become a “breadwinner”, and a girl will be aimed at finding a husband who meets certain criteria, and dream of marriage and children.

If it is accepted in the family that mother works equally with father, and father cleans on weekends with mother, in the future the girl will not understand if her husband begins to demand that she sit at home and cook soups, and the boy does not appreciate his wife’s desire to become a housewife and study exclusively family matters.

Types of socialization

Socialization is a difficult, even contradictory process. In the process of his development, an individual becomes acquainted with both humanity as a whole and individual groups of people who have their own rules, goals and guidelines.

Therefore, experts distinguish several types of this phenomenon:

Primary socialization begins at the birth of a child and ends with the formation of a mature personality. It lays the foundations for all subsequent development of a person, and to some extent determines the scenario of his future life. The family is of greatest importance, because it is the first thing a child sees in his life. It is necessary to keep in mind that children perceive what they see around them uncritically, therefore they regard the behavior of adults in the family as basic, standard. Alcoholism and sloppiness, unsanitary conditions in the house - all this is “imprinted” in the child’s mind and can remain with him for life if he does not go through the subsequent stages of socialization. And vice versa - intelligence and cleanliness learned in the family will also accompany him in the future. In the future, kindergarten, school, a group of friends and peers become new social environments, where the child has to get accustomed to a new environment and act in accordance with new rules.

Secondary socialization, or resocialization, is the process of eliminating previous patterns of behavior and learning new ones. This process continues throughout the individual's life. During resocialization, a person experiences a complete break with his past and feels the need to assimilate new values ​​that are strikingly different from those that he previously adhered to. Typically, the changes that occur during secondary socialization are less than during primary socialization.

Group socialization is a process that takes place within a social group. So, if a child spends more time with his peers than in the family, then he more actively adopts the norms and rules inherent in the peer group.

Gender socialization is a process that involves learning the role of a man or woman in society. At the same time, boys learn to be men, and girls learn to be women.

In the past, gender socialization was an important and necessary part of a person's entry into society, but nowadays gender has largely ceased to have any meaning. Equality of rights and opportunities eliminates the need to “command” and “obey”, and representatives of both sexes have the opportunity to master the same professions, occupy the same positions and take on the same social roles (for example, in a family, both parents can take turns working and raising children, either the wife works, and the husband looks after the household and raises the children, or “the old fashioned way” - the husband works, and the wife takes care of the household and children)

The principles of gender socialization are still strong in traditional, backward societies (in the countries of Asia and Africa), but even there they are gradually losing their position.

Organizational socialization is a process in which an individual who is part of an organization learns its norms and rules and masters the skills of his work within its framework.

Early socialization is the process of mastering norms, rules and skills that do not correspond to the current level of physical, psychological and social development. First of all, this type of socialization is understood as a game - a kind of “rehearsal” for future social activity.

Group socialization

The assimilation of norms accepted as fundamental in society, rules of behavior, restrictions and unacceptable actions is the process of education and instilling in a child a clear understanding of the boundaries within which he must move in order not to be rejected by others.

Our society is structured in such a way that an individual needs to receive social approval, belong to a group, and feel the support of members of this group. And for this we are forced to behave in a certain way, follow certain rules of behavior and fall into the pattern set by the group we want to join.

Patterns of behavior among groups can be different and even diametrically opposed: for some groups, community based on financial solvency is important, others, on the contrary, are formed by uniting poor members of society and declare themselves to be opposed to wealthy circles.

It is important to understand that it is impossible to socialize universally one hundred percent in such a way as to ideally fit into absolutely all segments of the population and groups, precisely because they value different qualities and opposing values. It’s not for nothing that people say: “You’re not a piece of gold to please everyone!” - you cannot please everyone, and in the process of socialization a person has to choose which group to join, and also oppose himself to some other group of people.

Types of personality socialization

There are several types of socialization, which depend on different factors. Mechanisms of personality socialization can be divided into two groups:

1. Primary
   – implying the perception of society in childhood. The child is socialized, focusing on the cultural position of the family in which he is raised, and on the perception of the world by the adults around him. From this we can conclude that parents shape the first social experience of their child.
2. Secondary
   - have no duration and last until a person enters a certain social group. With age, the child begins to get into different formations, for example, into a kindergarten or sports sections, where he learns new roles and, on the basis of this, learns to perceive himself from a different perspective. It is worth noting that socialization and personality often encounter certain inconsistencies, for example, family values ​​do not correspond to the interests of the selected group, and then a person goes through self-identification and makes a choice based on experience and feelings.

Gender-role socialization of personality

This type is also called gender socialization, and it involves a person’s assimilation of the peculiar differences between men and women. There is an acceptance of existing behavior patterns, norms and values ​​of both sexes, as well as the influence of the public and the social environment in order to instill a number of rules and standards. This continues throughout life. The concept of personality socialization in gender terms highlights the following mechanisms for its implementation:

1. Socially acceptable behavior will be rewarded, and deviations from the norm will be punished.
2. A person chooses suitable gender role models in close groups, that is, in the family, among peers, and so on.

Family socialization of personality

A child learns to perceive the world not only through the direct influence of adults, that is, upbringing, but also by observing the behavior of people around him.

It is important to note that often the development and socialization of the individual in the family comes across a discrepancy between the behavior patterns of parents and the requirements that they put forward for the child. An example is a smoking ban, but one of the parents or other family members has such a bad habit

The main factors of personality socialization are:

1. Family composition and structure, that is, how relatives interact with each other.
2. The child’s position in the family, for example, he may be a grandson to his grandmother, a brother to his sister, a son to his father, and a stepson to his stepmother. It has been proven that the socialization of a child raised in a two-parent family and a single mother is different.
3. The chosen parenting style, so parents and grandparents can instill different values ​​in the child.
4. The moral and creative potential of the family is no less important for the socialization of the individual.

Professional and labor socialization

When a person gets to work, there is a change or adjustment in his character and behavior during activities. Features of the socialization of the individual in the labor sphere are expressed in the fact that adaptation is carried out both within the team and in professional stratification. To improve one’s own status, the availability and development of labor skills is of great importance.

Subcultural-group socialization

Each person must master social roles that are related to the culture of the environment where he lived, studied, worked, communicated, and so on. The essence of personal socialization is based on the fact that each region has its own distinctive features, due to which society is formed. If we focus on subcultural-group socialization, then nationality, religious affiliation, age, field of activity and other factors will be taken into account.

Consciousness of group selection

The choice of social group with which you interact is not always up to you. We make a conscious choice when we decide to take up a particular sport, enroll in a certain university, or move to another neighborhood. In this case, we can prepare ourselves for the norms that will most likely be characteristic of the environment in which we will find ourselves, since we will have time to study the issue, work on our reactions and socialization skills.

But sometimes, due to circumstances beyond our control, we find ourselves in an environment that cannot be called successful, and this is especially dangerous for not fully formed individuals - children and adolescents.

In the event of a forced move to a less favorable area, adult family members are able to distance themselves as much as possible from their neighbors and establish contact with them that does not include accepting their social standards of behavior. But a child or teenager, communicating with classmates and neighbors, does not yet know how to resist someone else’s authoritative opinion, and unconsciously absorbs and adopts those norms of behavior that he should not include in his picture of the world as correct.

This problem of personal socialization cannot always be solved by parents prohibiting the child from communicating with “bad” friends, but the environment in which your child grows up is a very important factor in growing up and shaping his personality.

The essence of socialization

The need for socialization is determined by human nature itself. He is a unique phenomenon, because he is the only living creature that has virtually no innate forms of behavior. A child who has not undergone socialization is unable to communicate as a person, establish relationships with relatives, or behave as is customary in society. It is a cat or a dog that has innate programs of species behavior, but a person needs to learn everything.

Socialization, in essence, is the process of human adaptation in society. But this is not just knowledge of how to behave in a given situation. Knowledge of social norms does not guarantee compliance with them. For example, a criminal does not steal because he does not know that it is illegal. He knows this very well. But the norm “don’t steal” did not go through the process of socialization, was not appropriated by him, and did not become his intrapersonal norm of behavior. The phenomenon of transition of a social norm or meaning from the external to the internal level is called internalization.

This is the basis of socialization, its basic process. Initially, all norms of behavior and methods of social activity are external for the child. Parents, sometimes through persuasion and sometimes through coercion, instill in their child the habit of performing certain actions, making assessments of their own actions and the actions of others. For example, a small child does not feel any need to eat with a spoon, fasten buttons on his blouse, brush his teeth, say hello, much less put away his toys. But if the parents are persistent and patient enough, then these actions become habitual, and in a similar situation the child himself will feel the need for them. So, we, adults, will experience obvious discomfort if we have to eat salad with our hands or go out to strangers casually dressed.

The complexity of socialization also lies in the fact that a person is a member of different social groups with different norms and rules. We have to undergo additional socialization in every society we happen to find ourselves in.

Types of socialization

Since socialization is a complex and multifaceted process, there are many types of it. Let's look at some generally accepted ones.

Primary or basic socialization

Occurs at the very beginning of a child’s life, primarily under the influence of the family. It is necessary for harmonious physical and mental development and includes the study of the language, rules of behavior, basic social norms and customs of the culture where the child was born.

Secondary socialization

Occurs outside the family and continues throughout life when a person is exposed to groups and situations that were not part of the primary socialization experience, for example, at school, where completely different behavior is required compared to what was familiar at home.

A growing child learns very important lessons in social behavior from his peers. Secondary socialization also occurs at university, in the workplace or while traveling, e.g. in cases where a person learns and adapts to the “laws of life” accepted in other groups.

Positive Socialization

This is the process of learning patterns and norms of behavior that are socially acceptable and desirable for society. For example, from childhood we are taught to give up our seats on public transport to older people, not to take other people’s things, and to apologize when we have caused trouble for someone.

Negative socialization

It is a process opposite to positive socialization, and involves a person’s assimilation of behavior patterns that do not fit into the framework of generally accepted morality or are considered asocial. This includes alcohol abuse, drug addiction, use of profanity, and promiscuity.

Anticipatory or anticipatory socialization

It is the process of preparing a person for a change in status or role as he learns the values ​​and standards of the group he plans to join. This type of socialization is necessary to facilitate the transition to a new group and successful adaptation to it.

The concept of anticipatory socialization was proposed by American sociologist Samuel Stouffer. In one study, he found that enlisted soldiers who proactively modeled their behavior after officers were more likely to be promoted than those who did not [Stouffer SA, Lumsdaine AA, Lumsdaine MH, Williams RM, Smith MB, Janis IL, Star SA, Cottrell LS, 1949].

An example of advanced socialization is the cohabitation of a man and a woman before marriage. This way they get used to the future new roles of husband and wife before they begin to fulfill them legally.

Formal socialization

Occurs in an organized environment, i.e. officially recognized institutions and organizations (for example, in a school or work collective) through training in clearly established rules, norms, skills, and responsibilities.

Informal socialization

It is a learning process that occurs outside of a formal structure, with peers and other experienced members of a social group teaching the newcomer how to perform their roles.

Gender socialization

Represents the process of teaching people how to behave in society according to the gender that is “assigned” at birth based on sexual phenotype. Today, it is widely believed that most differences in gender expression are associated not with genetic factors, but with rigidly fixed expectations of society, which, according to Robert Blum, MD, lead to mental and physical problems in adolescents [Blum RW, Mmari K. , Moreau C., 2017].

Cultural socialization

It is carried out mainly by parents who introduce children to the characteristics of their race, ethnic heritage, cultural customs and traditions. Examples of cultural socialization include: reading books about historical figures, participating in cultural festivals, encouraging children to use their native language. It also includes the concept of “preparing for bias,” when parents tell their child about the problems inherent in a particular culture, race (discrimination) and ways to cope with them [Aldoney D., Kuhns C., Cabrera N., 2018] .

Repressive socialization

A type of socialization in which certain norms are taught through restrictions and punishments for “wrong” behavior. Repressive socialization is aimed at developing obedience and submission.

Participative socialization

Represents the process of learning through rewards for “good” behavior.

Now that you know more about the types of socialization and why it is so important, we invite you to get acquainted with the views of scientific minds on this process.

Organizational socialization

Organizational or professional socialization is the process of an individual mastering the skills and attitudes adopted in an organization for the successful performance of basic functions, as well as for establishing relationships with colleagues.

At first, upon entering the workforce, newcomers become familiar with generally accepted standards of behavior in the organization, master the jargon, communication style, learn to comply with the dress code, and perceive the balance of power between people. This is also the socialization of the individual, and very important - often we have problems with work not because we are bad professionals, but only because even an excellent professional who is unable to establish relationships with people will bring nothing but harm to the organization.

To improve organizational socialization, it is customary for companies to organize various joint holidays, field trips, and conduct games and activities to improve communication between colleagues.

The ability to successfully fit into any system is useful to everyone, and one cannot think that socialization is important only for those who are not successful and do not fit into the framework. Since any framework has its values ​​exclusively in a given period of time, and there is no guarantee that tomorrow the concept of the norm will not change, and that yesterday’s successful person will not find himself on the sidelines of life with his mossy concepts of the norm.

Legal socialization

Legal socialization of an individual is the development in a person of certain ideas about his place in society, as well as about his social role and the culture of society as a whole.

The main feature of the legal socialization of an individual is the process of assigning to a person certain typical (predictable) reactions, ways of perceiving information and forms of activity accepted in this particular society.

Having perceived the norms and rules accepted in the society around a person as the basic and only true ones, the individual subsequently reacts negatively to any deviations from this norm, often evaluates them as an attempt to violate public order as a whole, and even actively opposes those who exhibit unusual behavior for the given person. reaction society.

Legal socialization of an individual is a necessary and important process, at the same time closely connected with society’s attempts to discard any progressive ideas unusual for it, which seem to successfully socialized members of society to be a violation of the very foundations of the existence of a social group or the nation as a whole.

Legal socialization of the individual makes it possible to build a clear hierarchical structure of the group, within which subjects who most clearly adhere to the standards of behavior approved by society easily increase their status and are fixed on the upper tiers of the pyramid, and individuals with non-standard views on life are rejected.

Forms of socialization

There are two forms of socialization – directed and undirected.

Directed (spontaneous) – is the spontaneous formation of social qualities as a result of a person’s presence in the immediate social environment (in the family, between colleagues, peers).

Directed socialization represents a system of methods of influence, specially developed by society, its institutions, organizations, with the goal of forming a personality in accordance with the prevailing values, interests, ideals, and goals in a given society.

Education is one of the ways of directed socialization. It is a consciously systematic, organized, purposeful process of influencing a developing personality, her behavior and consciousness, with the aim of developing specific concepts, principles, value orientations and social attitudes and preparing her for active social, cultural and industrial activities.

Both forms (directed, undirected) in certain circumstances can be consistent with each other or, conversely, come into conflict. The contradictions that arise often lead to conflict situations that complicate and impede the process of socialization of the individual.

The spontaneous form of socialization (undirected) is determined by the microsocial environment (close relatives, peers) and often contains many outdated and outdated rules, stereotypes, patterns, patterns of behavior. Along with a positive influence on the individual, it can also have a negative impact on the individual, pushing him towards negative ones that deviate from the norms established by society, which can lead to such a phenomenon as social pathology.

Undirected socialization without the inclusion of directed means can be detrimental to the formation of a person, the social group of this individual and society as a whole. Therefore, it is very important to supplement it and transform it into targeted corrective influences of targeted socialization.

But directed socialization does not always lead to a positive educational result, which is especially evident when it is used for inhumane purposes, such as, for example, the activities of various destructive religious sects, the inculcation of fascist ideology, and the propaganda of racist sentiments. Therefore, a directed form of socialization can lead to a positive formation of personality only if it is carried out in accordance with moral rules, moral criteria, freedom of conscience, responsibility and the principles of a democratic society.

Youth and maturity

Socialization is a process that continues during youth and then into adulthood. In this case, a person must go through several steps: finish school, receive (often) a higher education, find his first job, and become established as an employee. Many people take this as a life plan.

However, in the present, deviations from the traditional version are completely permitted. The modern concept of socialization allows for a lack of education, especially if it is replaced by self-education with a sufficient level of control. In fact, everyone can make their own study plan and follow it.

A separate issue is career. A few decades ago, it was considered completely normal to work constantly at one company and receive promotions. Now the level of horizontal mobility in the professional sphere has increased significantly. Now there is no specific plan; a person may well change several professions and a huge number of companies.

Ideas about what constitutes maturity have also changed. Previously it was believed that it occurs at about 30 years of age. Now these time frames have shifted by 10 years, and people perceive the period between 30 and 40 as the peak of activity, acquisition of the maximum number of useful skills and their further improvement.

Stages of socialization

Stages of socialization can be distinguished depending on age:

1. The childhood period is the time of formation of the human “I”. Errors and violations at this stage often have irreversible consequences for the individual. According to science, 70% of skills, knowledge, behavioral stereotypes, and character traits are developed at this time.
2. Teenage years. It is characterized by a physiological restructuring of the body, entailing strong psychological changes. Young people pay more attention to their appearance and place among their peers, and are faced with choosing a profession.
3. The adult stage is the time of human self-realization. Connections with the chosen social group are strengthened, interpersonal communication becomes closer, a spouse is chosen, and the accumulated life experience is passed on to the children.
4. The period of life after 50 years and old age is characterized by acceptance of one’s life, full awareness of one’s “I”. There is a gradual decline in physical and mental activity.

Old age

The concept of socialization is now relevant even in retirement. Especially when many people gain access to a huge number of modern gadgets, go online, and get acquainted with modern technologies. An increasing amount of free time means that the total number of contacts also increases.

Thus, if you are asked to “choose the correct judgments about socialization”, and among the options there is a mention that it may end, keep in mind that this is a mistake. Which has just been demonstrated through the different stages.

Sources

• https://nauka.club/psikhologiya/socializaciya-lichnosti.html
• https://forpsy.ru/works/uchebnoe/stadii-sotsializatsiya-lichnosti/
• https://psychologist.tips/2762-sotsializatsiya-lichnosti-eto-chto-vidy-etapy-i-usloviya-sotsializatsii.html
• https://medru.su/polezno-znat/socializaciya-osnovnye-tipy-i-etapy.html
• https://srazu.pro/socializacia/individa.html
• https://www.syl.ru/article/345111/vidyi-sotsializatsii-ponyatie-faktoryi-i-etapyi-sotsializatsii-lichnosti
• https://karate-ege.ru/obshestvoznanie/sotsializatsiya-individa.html

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