The main stages of personality socialization: stages when the process is completed, table

From birth, a person finds himself in society - a certain circle of people with similar habits, standards of life, concepts, goals, etc. From an early age, he goes through different stages of socialization, which depend on his development, worldview, and attitude towards the environment. Sometimes it happens that a child or an adult misses some stage, so there are situations in which people can talk about a lack of upbringing or a closed character. Extroversion or introversion does not depend on knowledge of social norms and their application in life.

Socialization by definition is a long process consisting of several stages

Stages of socialization

Any person at some point in his life began to enter society. Basically, this happens very early in childhood, when the child is sent to kindergarten and he first begins to interact with other children, with strangers, new adults, and so on. This process is called the socialization of the individual. In fact, it haunts us all our lives, as we often come into contact with new people, move up the levels of education, and professional positions.

1. Initial stage. Or primary. It all starts with the birth of an individual and continues until his death. Initially, he recognizes himself only in the family circle and adopts the principles of behavior from his parents. Then the social circle expands - the child goes to kindergarten, where the process of socialization as such begins, because he has to interact with other children and adults. Their behavior and rules may differ from those accepted in the family of each individual.
2. Second stage. At this stage, the individual begins to rebuild his personality, his beliefs and values ​​change, after he enters a period of maturity and begins to realize his place in the social group.

Important! The main teachers are, of course, people. They are the ones who act in the process of training new social persons, teaching them culture and social values. Naturally, this process is untargeted, rather unconscious.

The causes of deviation in the concepts of Ch. Lombroso, H. Sheldon, Z. Freud.

The reason for deviant behavior may lie in the structural features of the human body. The most famous supporters of these ideas are C. Lombroso and W. Sheldon. The Italian doctor C. Lombroso believed that a tendency to criminal behavior can be determined by such characteristic features as a protruding lower jaw, a sparse beard and reduced sensitivity to pain.U. Sheldon believed that a certain body structure meant the presence of characteristic personality traits. An endomorph (a person of moderate obesity with a soft and somewhat rounded body) is characterized by sociability, the ability to get along with people and self-indulgence. The mesomorph (whose body is strong and slender) tends to be restless, active and not overly sensitive. An ectomorph (distinguished by the thinness and fragility of the body) is prone to introspection, endowed with increased sensitivity and nervousness. Based on studies of the behavior of two hundred young men, Sheldon concluded that mesomorphs are most prone to deviation, although they do not always become criminals. In accordance with another biological concept, men who have an additional Y chromosome are more prone to display deviation than others, but a clear cause-and-effect relationship between the presence of aberrant chromosomes and deviation has not been identified.

The psychological approach sees the cause of deviation in psychological conflicts, problems and traumas, especially those experienced by the individual in childhood. The most famous is the psychoanalytic theory of S. Freud. Deviant behavior, according to Z. Freud, arises as a result of a conflict between Ego and Id or Superego and Id. For example, crimes arise when the Superego - the individual's civilized self-control - cannot cope with the primitive, destructive, cruel impulses of the Id. Various impulses can be suppressed, thereby moving into the unconscious layers of the psyche.

Agents of Socialization

There are main people who help individuals enter society and are their first and main teachers:

1. The first group of people. Here parents, grandparents, relatives, brothers, sisters, friends and teachers participate and help in the socialization of the individual. This is the first and main society of man.
2. Second group. People of higher and more complex positions are already appearing here. For example, this could be a school director, a head teacher, or a police officer. This is the group that is smaller, but still influences the individual.
3. Third group. Mass participation is already taking place here. The whole school as a whole, the university, the state.

What factors of human socialization are known?

Factors of socialization
There are certain factors with the help of which a person is socialized. They are divided into several large groups. Let's talk about each in detail.

• Macro factors

They influence either all of humanity or some large part of it. For example, this is a society within one country. That is, macro factors can be called the Universe, space, planet, the entire human society and, of course, the country. For example, a separate state has its own laws, moral standards and foundations. They are different for each of them.

In addition, society as a whole can be affected by environmental, demographic, economic and military-political problems.

• Mesofactors

In this case, we mean conditions within groups that are united, for example, by nationality, place of residence, united through a certain means of communication.

Ethnic characteristics related to socialization can be mental or spiritual, as well as vital and relate, for example, to health or physical development.

As for the place of residence, it can be a separate city or village. That is, a specific society lives within one locality.

The need for communication forces us to use mass media. With their help, people form specific groups that help them develop and integrate into society.

• Microfactors

These include small groups of people, for example, it could be a family, a work team or a class at school.

Thus, in the course of life, a person has to go through several different institutions of socialization.

Phases of personality socialization

Socialization never happens spontaneously. The entire process of socialization occurs in three main stages:

1. First stage. At this phase, mastery and memorization of those norms and values ​​that are inherent in this society occur. As a result, the individual tries to match those around him.
2. Second phase. At this phase, the individual strives to gain recognition, works on himself in order to influence other people.
3. Third stage. At this stage, the individual sets certain goals for himself, tries to achieve them, to realize himself in order to enter society and find his place there.

Only chronological observance of all three stages helps to successfully carry out the process of entering society. All these processes can be considered at the stages of growing up and developing a person’s personality.

Resocialization

In the life of any person, roles change, and new patterns of behavior have to be adopted. This process does not always lead to a positive result.

Resocialization is the inability to internalize certain norms. Because of this, personal changes do not occur and a person’s life does not improve. His value system remains the same as before; he cannot define new goals for himself.

When in this state for a long time, an individual is capable of dramatic changes, for example, emigration, changing religion, profession, etc. Such a process is not always negative; retraining can be beneficial for personal development.

Features of socialization are considered within the framework of a subject such as social studies. It identifies the characteristic features of all stages, their course, on which the speed of assimilation depends.

In pedagogy, teachers study ways to speed up the process - this makes it easier to form a team

Techniques that make it easier for a newcomer to join a work group are used by all large firms. The effectiveness of the activity depends on how quickly this stage passes.

In political science, the term is understood as the process of acquiring political knowledge, skills, and norms. This allows you to adapt to the existing political system.

Socialization involves the assimilation of norms that are accepted in a certain group. The science of sociology studies this phenomenon. It collects all the current data and statistics that reflect the characteristics of the current society.

Problems of personality socialization

Every society is objectively interested in the reproduction of its value system, in its transmission from generation to generation. This is the key to the stability and sustainability of society, the spiritual unity of generations. Problems of social values ​​thus appear as problems of coordinating the value orientations of an individual with the value system of a given society.

Changes in the starting capabilities of young people predetermined the characteristics of the social development of the younger generation in the conditions of the formation of market relations. An integrative characteristic of the social status of young people within the entire socio-demographic group allows us to highlight some features of the socialization of the younger generation of modern society. Among them:

Problems of socialization of modern youth

It manifested itself in the fact that in the study of the process of socialization of new generations, the emphasis is still placed on the targeted influence on young people from institutions, on the development of educational guidelines. He is characterized by both the material he learns and the origin of this material. In the personality of the philosopher there is time, its movement, its problematics, the forces of time are extraordinary in it:

• gap in the education and training system;
• deformation of the principle of continuity of generations;
• increasing trends in the reproduction of the sick generation as a result of the threatening health status of young people;
• purposeful destruction of the individual, citizen, patriot.

On the part of society, social institutions have the greatest impact on the formation of value orientations of young people. So, in the 90s. There is a transformation of the family, leading to a decrease in the level of implementation of its socialization function.

There is a transformation of the socialization function of the education system, manifested in a decrease in its role in ensuring the integration of young people into society, as well as in educating the younger generation. The foundations of the educational system are also undermined by the fact that about half of all types of professions for which training is carried out in educational institutions are not required in the labor market.

The impact of telecommunications today is assessed as both negative and positive. On the one hand, the commercialization of television channels leads to the predominance on television screens of low-quality Western films, full of violence, aggression, brutality, and sex. On the other hand, the emergence of new types of television programs helps young people both in their studies and in broadening their horizons, opening up completely new horizons of knowledge. A new type of information field permeates all spheres of social life, affecting socialization processes in various institutions of socialization.

The impact of telecommunications today is assessed as both negative and positive. On the one hand, the commercialization of television channels leads to the predominance on television screens of low-quality Western films, full of violence, aggression, and cruelty. On the other hand, the emergence of new types of television programs helps young people both in their studies and in broadening their horizons, opening up completely new horizons of knowledge.

Social anomie: Concepts and causes.

Anomie

- a state of society in which a significant part of its members, knowing about the existence of binding norms, treats them negatively or indifferently, a state of lawlessness.
The phenomenon of social anomie was first described by the French sociologist Emile Durkheim. Anomie
is the absence of law, organization, norms of behavior, their insufficiency. The concept of anomie characterizes a state of society in which disintegration and collapse of the system of norms that guarantee social order occur (E. Durkheim).

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Social anomie indicates that norms of behavior are seriously violated and weakened. Anomie causes a psychological state of the individual that is characterized by a feeling of loss of orientation in life. The reason for anomie is the insufficient development of rules governing the relations between various social functions that are not coordinated with each other. Durkheim believed that socially deviant behavior and crime are completely normal phenomena. If there is no such behavior in society, then it is painfully controlled. When crime is eliminated, progress stops. Crime is the price to pay for social change. A society without crime is unthinkable. For crime is inevitable, ineradicable. And the reason for this is not that people are weak and evil, but that there is an infinite variety of different types of behavior in society.

67. Social conflict: concept and types.

Social conflict

- conflict, the cause of which is disagreement between social groups or individuals with differences in opinions and views, the desire to take a leading position; manifestation of people's social connections.

In the field of scientific knowledge, there is a separate science dedicated to conflicts - conflictology. A conflict is a collision of opposing goals, positions, and views of the subjects of interaction. At the same time, conflict is the most important aspect of interaction between people in society

Depending on which subjects oppose each other, social conflicts are divided into:

Personality conflict

, i.e. a conflict that occurs within a person at the level of individual consciousness.

Interpersonal conflict

, i.e. disagreements between two or more members of one group or more groups.

Intergroup conflict

, i.e. confrontation between several groups.

According to the content of the problems that caused counter-directional actions, they distinguish industrial, family, labor, economic, political, environmental, ideological, spiritual, moral, legal and other conflicts.

According to their functions, conflicts are usually divided into:

Destructive

(disintegrative) - such conflicts destabilize social systems. Internal conflict destroys group society; strikes could put thousands of people out of work and cause serious damage to industry; marital conflicts prevent the union of spouses; and, finally, a nuclear conflict threatens the destruction of all humanity.

Creating Conflicts

– can enhance group interaction. As a result of the conflict, it is possible to quickly introduce a new leader, use new policies and new norms. Conflict may be the only way out of a tense situation. If individual rights are violated in a group, generally accepted norms are violated, then often only conflict leads to achieving balance and relieving tension.

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The essence of socialization

The need for socialization is determined by human nature itself. He is a unique phenomenon, because he is the only living creature that has virtually no innate forms of behavior. A child who has not undergone socialization is unable to communicate as a person, establish relationships with relatives, or behave as is customary in society. It is a cat or a dog that has innate programs of species behavior, but a person needs to learn everything.

Socialization, in essence, is the process of human adaptation in society. But this is not just knowledge of how to behave in a given situation. Knowledge of social norms does not guarantee compliance with them. For example, a criminal does not steal because he does not know that it is illegal. He knows this very well. But the norm “don’t steal” did not go through the process of socialization, was not appropriated by him, and did not become his intrapersonal norm of behavior. The phenomenon of transition of a social norm or meaning from the external to the internal level is called internalization.

This is the basis of socialization, its basic process. Initially, all norms of behavior and methods of social activity are external for the child. Parents, sometimes through persuasion and sometimes through coercion, instill in their child the habit of performing certain actions, making assessments of their own actions and the actions of others. For example, a small child does not feel any need to eat with a spoon, fasten buttons on his blouse, brush his teeth, say hello, much less put away his toys. But if the parents are persistent and patient enough, then these actions become habitual, and in a similar situation the child himself will feel the need for them. So, we, adults, will experience obvious discomfort if we have to eat salad with our hands or go out to strangers casually dressed.

The complexity of socialization also lies in the fact that a person is a member of different social groups with different norms and rules. We have to undergo additional socialization in every society we happen to find ourselves in.

Where does primary and secondary socialization of a person take place?

Forms of socialization

There is such a thing as primary and secondary socialization of a person.

• Primary socialization , as a rule, is also called childhood socialization. This process occurs unconsciously. It’s just that the child is influenced by various factors and with their help he already learns certain norms of behavior. At the same time, parents, educators and relatives act as assistants in this matter. The older a child gets, the more aware he becomes. As a result, after reaching a certain age, he may reject some norms of behavior and behave differently than others. Thus, he gets the right to choose his own line of behavior. At the same time, the very first place where the first social qualities are formed is the family.
• As for secondary socialization , this already occurs as the child grows up. In any case, he continues to assimilate social norms of behavior. And here secondary socialization begins, when you have to get used to different groups. For example, a child enters a university, where there is a different society and new norms of behavior. They have to conform. It is much more difficult when a person moves to another country, because in this case you have to change habits and accept new traditions, and this is quite difficult. Often people cannot cope without professional help.

Types of socialization

When they talk about socialization, they most often mean a child, his upbringing, mastery of speech and basic norms of behavior. But socialization is not limited to childhood; it is also characteristic of adults. Moreover, for accomplished individuals this process is more complex and problematic from a psychological point of view.

Three types of socialization can be distinguished: primary, secondary and permanent.

Primary socialization

This type of socialization can also be called children's. It begins at birth and continues until the beginning of independent life, more precisely, until the moment when a young man or girl becomes a full-fledged member of society.

Children's socialization is the most studied type of this phenomenon, because for a long time the description of the process as a whole was limited only to it. The peculiarity of primary socialization is that it is predominantly unconscious in nature; the child, in fact, is not a subject, but an object of the socializing influences of society. Adults play the role of both guides of social norms and those who exercise social control over their implementation: parents, educators, teachers. And the child, at best, only imitates the older members of the group. Therefore, the main condition for the success of primary socialization is a prosperous family in which social norms are observed.

True, the older the child becomes, the more conscious efforts he makes to master the norms. Or to resist them. Yes, and this happens when, for example, a teenager finds himself under the influence of an antisocial group. In this case, he is faced with a choice: to follow generally accepted norms of behavior that are supported by the adult society, or to abandon this for the sake of the values ​​​​offered by the informal community. The choice is not easy, and it largely depends on how much the child has internalized social norms by adolescence.

Under normal conditions of upbringing, rules of behavior are learned quite early, become a person’s intrapersonal norms and restrain his antisocial behavior. The fact is that in the process of socialization a special mechanism of internal control is formed. It manifests itself in a feeling of shame or guilt when the norms accepted by the child are violated for some reason. These are quite unpleasant feelings, and they play the role of a behavior regulator.

But this happens if the process of socialization proceeds correctly, that is, adults not only themselves support social values ​​and norms, but also show activity and persistence in instilling in the child the correct attitude towards them. Only under these conditions can social norms undergo a process of internalization.

Secondary or re-socialization

This is the socialization that a person goes through when moving to another group. It can also occur in childhood, for example, when entering kindergarten, school, or a sports section. An adult who gets a job in another team must also go through it. After all, everywhere there are rules and procedures that differ from those already familiar.

But if transitions occur within one society or state, then the basic norms are preserved. A person experiences the most serious difficulties when moving to another country, where even the customs and traditions differ from those that he learned in childhood and, as they say, absorbed with his mother’s milk. In some cases, the norms of life in another society seem so alien that the process of socialization is not completed, and the person feels like a “black sheep” for the rest of his life or returns to his homeland.

It is secondary socialization that gives rise to the greatest number of psychological problems that require the attention of specialists. It often happens that only a psychologist can help a person adapt to a new group. Moreover, this also happens in one’s own society, for example, when a young man joins the army, where the living conditions are very different from the usual.

Permanent socialization

Even if an individual has lived all his life in the same country, in the same family and worked in the same team, he still cannot avoid socialization. Permanent socialization is a person’s adaptation to an ever-changing society.

Our life does not stand still, conditions and activities change, new norms, values, ideals appear and old ones lose their meaning. People change along with society, for some it is easier, for others it is more difficult, but permanent socialization affects everyone. And she may also have psychological problems.

If changes in society occur gradually, then people get used to them and hardly notice the changes, and they themselves also gradually adapt to them. But when changes are revolutionary in nature, then disruptions occur in natural permanent socialization. Some people with a less flexible psyche or with more firmly internalized old norms cannot quickly integrate into the transformed society. They experience a feeling of discomfort and confusion because they feel like strangers in their native country. This phenomenon can be observed after revolutions, in an era of radical restructuring of the social system.

Social deviation: concept, types.

Social deviation

- social behavior that deviates from accepted, socially acceptable behavior in a particular society.

There are many types of social deviation.

Cultural and psychological deviation

(By the nature of deviations)

Cultural deviance is behavior that deviates from cultural norms. Studied by sociologists. Psychological deviation is deviations in the personal organization: psychotics, neurotics, paranoids, etc. These deviations are studied by psychologists.

Individual and group deviation

(By subject type)

Thus, there are two pure types of deviants:

1) individual deviants

deny the norms that surround them. For example, a teenager who grew up in an intelligent family and becomes a drug addict, thereby demonstrating individual deviation.

2) group deviants

are conformists within deviant groups. For example, Children raised in alcoholic families who subsequently become part of a homeless group where substance abuse is commonplace exhibit group deviance.

Primary and secondary deviation

.(By degree of significance)

Primary deviation

- this is a type of behavior that generally corresponds to cultural norms; it is a minor, tolerant, acceptable deviation.

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Secondary deviation

- a process during which, after the act

primary deviation, a person, under the influence of public reaction, accepts

deviant identity, that is, it is reconstructed as a person from the standpoint of that

group to which he was assigned.

Positive and negative deviation.(

By negativity)

Positive deviation

– deviations from the norms that are encouraged in a given society.
A genius, a hero, a spiritual leader are positive deviants. Although positive deviation occurs in any society, negative deviation attracts the greatest attention from sociologists .
Negative deviation

- behavior that is condemned by society and entails punishment. Criminals, drug addicts, alcoholics, prostitutes are negative deviants.

Socialization functions

Social experience is passed on from generation to generation. If there are violations in this process, asocialization of individuals, groups and even states is possible.

Socializing institutions perform the following functions:

1. Sociocultural. It determines the possibility of using methods and methods of adaptation, and, if necessary, limits them. For example, in public schools in many countries issues of religious education and upbringing are regulated.
2. Integrative. Values ​​and norms are chosen that contribute to the unification of various forces in society and are aimed at its development.
3. Relational. Communicates socially expected standards of behavior to young people. Prescribes requirements for different status-role structures and determines the distribution of people in public space.
4. Regulatory. Establishes the framework of the normal process of adaptation of the subject to society. For example, unlike the Soviet period, entrepreneurial skills are in demand in Russia today.
5. Regulatory. Indicates the boundaries within which individual actions are not condemned by society. Exercises social control over the behavior of an individual. In democratic systems, most executive functions are implemented through self-regulation. Social institutions determine only the general framework and sanctions that society can apply in a given case.

Depending on the selected parameters, sociologists also identify other functions inherent in the adaptation process: compensatory, procreative, communicative-informational, value-oriented, personal-transformative.

Socialization of people with disabilities: features

Socialization of a disabled child
Socialization of a person with a disability is a complex process in which he has to master accepted norms of behavior and stereotypes. The difficulty lies precisely in the person’s position, because a disabled person is a person who has certain physical or psychological disabilities. Accordingly, he requires special care. In addition, he requires support from the state and society as a whole.

Among other things, socialization presupposes the acquisition of certain skills and knowledge, as well as values ​​that are quite difficult for people with disabilities to assimilate. Thus, among people with disabilities, one of the forms of socialization is continuous learning. With its help, a disabled person can participate in processes such as:

• Compensation for psychological defects. For example, a person has some mental problems that make him in some way different from others
• Formation of positive attitudes
• Development of other abilities that have been lost, for example, a person has lost the ability to walk due to an accident. Then we need to help him learn to walk again, if possible.

Learning is always about mastering behavior and environment. Often, when people with disabilities are treated differently from others, they become uncomfortable. In this case, the help of a psychologist is required, and training a person in such a way that he can interact with others and it will not be noticeable that he is not like that. In addition, adaptation and participation in public or social activities are important for people with disabilities.

Of course, the socialization of a disabled person has certain characteristics. In this case, everything depends on the pathology itself, for example, developmental delay or loss of some functions. In addition, gender and age are important, as well as initial position in society, family, state. There are people who are simply not noticed and no one cares about their socialization. It is much more difficult for them, because in addition to their peculiarity, they are isolated from society.

For example, disabled people with mental retardation can achieve independence, but for this they need to constantly work and memorize every action. Today there are even special trainings.

Disabled people aged 16-25 years, in addition to having disabilities, may experience difficulties communicating with peers. This makes the situation worse. However, in some cases, disability is the main obstacle, not even for the person himself, but for those around him. This can cause the person to withdraw or begin to behave antisocially. So training programs must necessarily take into account all the limitations of a disabled person.

Features of permanent socialization

Primary and secondary socialization - what is it?

Human life is changeable. The socialization of the individual, having originated in one life environment, can continue and take place in changed conditions. Moving to another city, country, changing profession or new team - all this affects the further development of socialization.

Attention! The ability of an individual to adapt to constantly changing social conditions is called permanent socialization.

It is natural if life changes systematically and measuredly. But during revolutionary changes, when one social system collapses and another arises, many citizens cannot cross new boundaries and get used to new foundations. This not only knocks them out of an understandable rut in life, but also throws them to the sidelines of life, causing irreparable moral trauma.

An example is the internationalist warriors. Fulfilling their international duty in Afghanistan, they returned from the war to a completely different country. Market relations, the collapse of the economy, and rampant crime were so different from what they “protected,” losing lives and health, that many were never able to recover morally. There was no housing, no work, and to complaints and questions, officials from the new government answered: “We didn’t send you there!” Not all military officers were able to step over honor and conscience and choose one of the options: go into business or join one or another criminal group.

Socialization of older people: features

Socialization of the elderly
Socialization of the elderly is currently one of the most pressing problems. The fact is that it is difficult for older people to maintain interaction with society and self-realization.

As with other periods of life, late adulthood is defined in many ways. Most scientists are of the opinion that it occurs at age 60, but in fact, in women it can occur earlier, at about 58 years. The change in psychosocial status is different in that opportunities are already limited. The process takes place in two stages - old age and retirement.

As a rule, satisfaction with life and successful adaptation are largely determined by health. Typically, the negative effect is reduced through comparison. In addition, financial situation and acceptance of the change itself are important. When a person retires, he wants to quit his job. However, this process should be perceived as an opportunity to do something interesting, for which there was not enough time before. It is important for every person in older age not to lose social activity. There is a lot of interesting things for pensioners - they can visit special clubs and societies.

Often, older people have this problem when people seem to fall out of communication. So they need to try not to lose it. For example, the circle of friends often becomes very narrow and the need for friendships and friendly contacts arises. Anxiety and concern appear. Accordingly, lack of communication can lead to the development of depression.

It is also important to consider that values, standards and traditions cannot be considered separately for older people, because they are all parallel and dependent on each other.

At the same time, problems in communicating with generations are due to the fact that values ​​do not coincide. Older people can fulfill the social roles of retirees, but other group norms are already a little lost.

Therefore, it is important to understand that the socialization of older people depends on how involved a person is in the communication process and how he interacts with certain social and age groups.

Factors influencing the socialization of an individual

Political socialization - what it is, how it can be defined

The process of socialization for an individual is an action that can be influenced from the outside by a number of conditions. Circumstances that contribute to the opportunity to master socialization include:

• family - life experience and knowledge acquired by a child in the family form the basis on which all further socialization of the individual is based;
• educational environment - the correct organization of pedagogical work affects not only socialization, but also the development of individual creative qualities of the individual;
• work is an activity that requires the use of all personal qualities of a person and fosters responsibility for the result of collective work in which he takes part;
• collective - the infusion of an individual into collective relations - a complex action, not always predictable, the result can be both the impact of the collective on the individual, and vice versa.

Individuals who are capable of permanent socialization, who also have charisma and leadership qualities, can easily change collective plans, views and principles.

Factors influencing the socialization of an individual

How do phobias interfere with a person's socialization?

As we have already said, the process of socialization is quite complex. At the same time, some people have a lot of problems with it. The fact is that there is such a condition as social phobia. This is nothing more than fear of society. Accordingly, when a person gets into any group, he becomes uncomfortable. There are other phobias. For example, demophobia is the fear of crowds, and anthrophobia is the general concept of the fear of people. In the latter case, a person feels bad, not only in the company of several people, but even one person already evokes not the best emotions.

Each of these phobias can lead to problems with a person’s socialization. He will close himself off and gradually lose all communication skills. For him, any exit into a public place will be considered a big problem, but without communication he cannot live fully.

So, every person should not be afraid to express their own opinion and the negativity that may ultimately be exerted on them. In addition, it is important not to be afraid to come to meetings and not to avoid communicating on the phone. It may be very difficult at first, but it is important not to give up and try to deal with it. When people don’t communicate with anyone for a long time, they not only lose their communication skills, but their diction also changes. It is difficult for people to formulate their speech correctly. To prevent this from being a problem, constant communication is required.

Early socialization

In this case, we are talking about a kind of “rehearsal” of a specific stage. A good example of this type of socialization is the beginning of cohabitation between a man and a woman. Before marriage, partners must learn certain experiences from each other and correlate their life positions. In that situation, each of them adopts part of the values ​​from their other half.

Long-term stay within a small group (in this case consisting of two people) leads to the formation of more stable behavioral and sociocultural models.

Stages

In psychology, it is customary to distinguish several stages of socialization development. The classification is based on the socio-economic aspect.

The first level is pre-labor. It includes the assimilation of basic norms and behavior patterns. The process takes place under the influence of educational factors.

The second level is labor. The individual develops all his abilities and undergoes professional guidance. A social role and status is being formed.

The third level is post-labor. Starts after retirement. At this time, new skills of existence are consolidated, the old system of ideas becomes obsolete. A person is forced to look for new ways of self-expression. Differences between stages reveal the degree of socialization of a person.

Family socialization

In this case, the child observes his family members and adopts their experiences. Such socialization of a child depends on several factors:

• Family composition and structure.
• The position that the child occupies in the family hierarchy.
• The chosen model of education. For example, parents and more distant relatives may impose their values ​​on the child.

Much also depends on the moral and creative potential of family members.

What is human socialization like: forms

It is important to know what forms a person’s socialization takes. In general, there are two main ones.

• Non-directional . Personality formation occurs spontaneously when a person is influenced by the immediate social environment. Then a person develops certain qualities. That is why it is spontaneous. In this case, the environment includes relatives, friends and colleagues.
• Directed . In this case, a special method of influence is provided, that is, people are specially attached to certain values ​​and qualities that are important to society. In particular, this concerns education. From childhood, parents instill in their children a certain set of values ​​and attitudes so that in the future they can develop a perception of the world that allows them to become part of society. In other words, parents prepare the child for life in society.

Forms of socialization may be related, but there may be no coordination. If there are contradictions, they can become an obstacle to a person’s socialization.

Gender socialization

It is also often called sex-role. In this case, we are talking about a type of socialization that involves an individual identifying differences between men and women. During this period, a person is identified according to a number of standards and generally accepted norms. Moreover, socialization of this type can last throughout life.

This mechanism implies the awareness that the individual begins to realize the fact that in case of deviation from the norms, he will face censure from other participants in society.

Process stages

A person can socialize in several stages. Each has a corresponding stage. There are five of them in total:

• adaptation;
• identification;
• integration;
• labor;
• post-work.

First of all, a person goes through the stage of identification. It lasts from birth until adolescence. At this time, the child learns from the example of adults, imitates their behavior and habits. The second manifests itself in the desire to show oneself, to become unique. On the third, the first introduction into society occurs. Depending on communication with the team, it can be successful or unsuccessful. During the labor stage, a person himself influences society, and at the last stage - post-labor - he shares his experience with others.

German scientist of Jewish origin Erik Erikson notes that the socialization of an individual consists of more stages:

• infancy;
• earlier childhood;
• childhood;
• junior school age;
• adolescence;
• youth;
• maturity;
• old age.

The first stage lasts up to 1.5 years, when the child is fully cared for by the mother. Trust develops precisely depending on the attitude of the person closest to you. If there is not enough communication with the mother, the child will grow up withdrawn and silent. The next period - up to four years - is associated with the formation of independence; children learn to be neat and tidy. Until the age of six, a child develops a sense of personality, and this may mean that creative thinking and initiative are developing.

From this age, the child begins to attend school, he learns to build relationships with peers and teachers, and adopts their experience and knowledge. Good grades give you the opportunity to believe in yourself, become confident and calm. Then the period of puberty begins, when the teenager is concerned about his appearance and the opinions of others about himself, searches for his calling and shows his first sympathy for the opposite sex.

Lecture 1.4 | Sociology of personality | Marina Arkannikova | Lectorium

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At the stage of adolescence, a person is looking for a permanent job, a life partner and his place in society. At this time, individuality is erased, the individual mixes himself with a certain group. The longest stage—maturity—can awaken in a person a sense of necessity and experience. In old age, people accept their lives and rethink them.

Teenage years

In youth, the number of contacts increases. There is an active influence that the media has on people. In the modern world, this will last throughout life, but an adult can develop a critical attitude towards the information that comes to him. A teenager also has this opportunity, but it is already very limited.

So at this stage it is very important to ensure the positive influence of media on socialization. A correct, well-written magazine with good examples of behavior and attitude towards others can direct a teenager’s energy in a constructive direction. And at the same time introduce him to interesting sights, original hobbies, and bright personalities.

And here the question begins: are the following judgments about socialization true regarding the fact that a teenager needs censorship or some restrictions in what he reads or watches on the Internet? Not really.

Firstly, there must be respect for individual (personal) space. Secondly, interest in the forbidden does not go away so easily. And in the modern world it is simply unrealistic to protect people from information. And this is good, because a person should be able to choose, and not live in a vacuum.

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Stages of socialization

Stages of socialization can be distinguished depending on age:

1. The childhood period is the time of formation of the human “I”. Errors and violations at this stage often have irreversible consequences for the individual. According to science, 70% of skills, knowledge, behavioral stereotypes, and character traits are developed at this time.
2. Teenage years. It is characterized by a physiological restructuring of the body, entailing strong psychological changes. Young people pay more attention to their appearance and place among their peers, and are faced with choosing a profession.
3. The adult stage is the time of human self-realization. Connections with the chosen social group are strengthened, interpersonal communication becomes closer, a spouse is chosen, and the accumulated life experience is passed on to the children.
4. The period of life after 50 years and old age is characterized by acceptance of one’s life, full awareness of one’s “I”. There is a gradual decline in physical and mental activity.

How does human socialization proceed: stages

Stages of socialization
Socialization of a person does not happen immediately. This is a rather complex process that takes place in several stages. First, social adaptation must take place. In other words, a person still needs to adapt to the conditions of the social environment in which he finds himself. In general, it is believed that adaptation occurs at three levels - physiological, psychological and directly social.

• Physiological . At this stage, a person takes a closer look at the new environment, begins to make some connections and evaluate his own capabilities. All this will help him to realize himself in the future. At this time, a person actively communicates and gets used to new rules for himself, and then begins to make some efforts that are taken in this team.
• Personalization . At this stage, a person already accepts himself as part of society. Actually, at this time the personality is already being formed. A person develops his own beliefs and skills, and begins to evaluate what is happening in his own way. If at the first stage a person learns to be like others, then at the second he already learns to be different. Although, this process is considered subjective. The fact is that everyone learns general rules and experience in their own way. Some people observe them strictly, while others do the opposite. Some try to overcome stereotypes, and some even try to destroy the foundations of the group, as a result of which a person either finds himself outside of it or destroys it.
• Integration _ This term means that a person is accepted by other members of society, that is, he becomes a full part of it. Society seems to accept a person and tries to accept him as he is, if he at least lives according to general rules. The process is more successful if the person turns out to be useful to society. Then even his shortcomings will be forgiven.

It is important to note that the complete absence of inconsistencies is highly undesirable, at least in developed societies. The fact is that conformism is one of the forms of deviant behavior, because there is no benefit from a person for society. Every society has a certain degree of freedom, but only within the framework of the group. However, in undeveloped societies such behavior is only encouraged, and attempts to behave differently are suppressed.

Youth and maturity

Socialization is a process that continues during youth and then into adulthood. In this case, a person must go through several steps: finish school, receive (often) a higher education, find his first job, and become established as an employee. Many people take this as a life plan.

However, in the present, deviations from the traditional version are completely permitted. The modern concept of socialization allows for a lack of education, especially if it is replaced by self-education with a sufficient level of control. In fact, everyone can make their own study plan and follow it.

A separate issue is career. A few decades ago, it was considered completely normal to work constantly at one company and receive promotions. Now the level of horizontal mobility in the professional sphere has increased significantly. Now there is no specific plan; a person may well change several professions and a huge number of companies.

Ideas about what constitutes maturity have also changed. Previously it was believed that it occurs at about 30 years of age. Now these time frames have shifted by 10 years, and people perceive the period between 30 and 40 as the peak of activity, acquisition of the maximum number of useful skills and their further improvement.

Forms of socialization

There are two forms of socialization – directed and undirected.

Directed (spontaneous) – is the spontaneous formation of social qualities as a result of a person’s presence in the immediate social environment (in the family, between colleagues, peers).

Directed socialization represents a system of methods of influence, specially developed by society, its institutions, organizations, with the goal of forming a personality in accordance with the prevailing values, interests, ideals, and goals in a given society.

Education is one of the ways of directed socialization. It is a consciously systematic, organized, purposeful process of influencing a developing personality, her behavior and consciousness, with the aim of developing specific concepts, principles, value orientations and social attitudes and preparing her for active social, cultural and industrial activities.

Both forms (directed, undirected) in certain circumstances can be consistent with each other or, conversely, come into conflict. The contradictions that arise often lead to conflict situations that complicate and impede the process of socialization of the individual.

The spontaneous form of socialization (undirected) is determined by the microsocial environment (close relatives, peers) and often contains many outdated and outdated rules, stereotypes, patterns, patterns of behavior. Along with a positive influence on the individual, it can also have a negative impact on the individual, pushing him towards negative ones that deviate from the norms established by society, which can lead to such a phenomenon as social pathology.

Undirected socialization without the inclusion of directed means can be detrimental to the formation of a person, the social group of this individual and society as a whole. Therefore, it is very important to supplement it and transform it into targeted corrective influences of targeted socialization.

But directed socialization does not always lead to a positive educational result, which is especially evident when it is used for inhumane purposes, such as, for example, the activities of various destructive religious sects, the inculcation of fascist ideology, and the propaganda of racist sentiments. Therefore, a directed form of socialization can lead to a positive formation of personality only if it is carried out in accordance with moral rules, moral criteria, freedom of conscience, responsibility and the principles of a democratic society.

Old age

The concept of socialization is now relevant even in retirement. Especially when many people gain access to a huge number of modern gadgets, go online, and get acquainted with modern technologies. An increasing amount of free time means that the total number of contacts also increases.

Thus, if you are asked to “choose the correct judgments about socialization”, and among the options there is a mention that it may end, keep in mind that this is a mistake. Which has just been demonstrated through the different stages.

Sources

• https://nauka.club/psikhologiya/socializaciya-lichnosti.html
• https://forpsy.ru/works/uchebnoe/stadii-sotsializatsiya-lichnosti/
• https://psychologist.tips/2762-sotsializatsiya-lichnosti-eto-chto-vidy-etapy-i-usloviya-sotsializatsii.html
• https://medru.su/polezno-znat/socializaciya-osnovnye-tipy-i-etapy.html
• https://srazu.pro/socializacia/individa.html
• https://www.syl.ru/article/345111/vidyi-sotsializatsii-ponyatie-faktoryi-i-etapyi-sotsializatsii-lichnosti
• https://karate-ege.ru/obshestvoznanie/sotsializatsiya-individa.html

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Types of socialization

Psychologist and political scientist Nadezhda Radina proposes to separately highlight age-related socialization, which includes cultural norms and ideas about age-related standards for human development. For example, there is an expectation that a child should speak by the age of one, or an expectation of protest behavior in adolescence.

There are types of socialization that differ on the basis of membership in various social groups and the criteria for inclusion in these groups:

— Gender socialization involves correlation and self-relation with certain behavior characteristic of a particular gender of a person.

— Ethnic socialization, the task of which is the formation of ethnic identity.

— Political socialization determines the characteristics of power and subordination and orientation in the system of social hierarchies, dominance and obedience.

— Professional socialization is associated with acquiring and mastering one’s professional role.

Membership in a group can be predetermined or acquired. In the second case, belonging is realized in participation in the activities of a selected group, that is, it can be defined as “activity” socialization Radina, 2005.

The role of socialization in the development of human personality in modern society

Modern pedagogical science socialization

interpreted differently, but in principle, two interrelated, although different in nature and manifestations, sides are clearly visible in its content.
So, on the one hand, socialization means the entire flow of external influences
on a person that promote his sociality - natural, social, psychological. From this point of view, the natural “socializer” is our whole life. However, the phenomena of life are ambiguous, among them there are many undoubtedly negative ones (the stratification of society, the impoverishment of part of the population, including young people, dissatisfaction with educational policies, inflation and corruption), and negative, but attractive for some youth phenomena (for example, drug addiction and crime, certain fashion trends and obscene language, aggressiveness and cruelty).

The essence of socialization consists in the combination of adaptation and isolation of a person in the conditions of a particular society.

Adaptation (social adaptation) is the process and result of the counter-activity of the subject and the social environment (J. Piaget, R. Merton). Adaptation involves coordinating the requirements and expectations of the social environment in relation to a person with his attitudes and social behavior; coordination of a person’s self-esteem and aspirations with his capabilities and with the realities of the social environment. Thus, adaptation is the process and result of an individual becoming a social being.

Separation is the process of autonomization of a person in society. The result of this process is a person’s need to have his own views and the presence of such (value autonomy), the need to have his own attachments (emotional autonomy), the need to independently resolve issues that concern him personally, the ability to resist those life situations that interfere with his self-change, self-determination, self-realization, self-affirmation (behavioral autonomy). Thus, separation is the process and result of the formation of human individuality.

From what has been said, it follows that in the process of socialization there is an internal, completely unresolvable conflict between the measure of a person’s adaptation in society and the degree of his isolation in society. In other words, effective socialization requires a certain balance of adaptation and differentiation.

The stated understanding of the essence of socialization is valid within the framework of the subject-subject approach. Within the framework of the subject-object approach, the essence of socialization is interpreted only as the adaptation of a person in society, as the process and result of the individual becoming a social being.

The socialization of a person in the modern world, having more or less obvious features in one society or another, in each of them has a number of common or similar characteristics.

In any society, human socialization has characteristics at various stages. In the most general form, the stages of socialization can be correlated with the age periodization of a person’s life. There are different periodizations, and the one given below is not generally accepted. It is very conventional (especially after the stage of adolescence), but quite convenient from a socio-pedagogical point of view.

We will assume that a person goes through the following stages in the process of socialization: infancy (from birth to 1 year), early childhood (1–3 years), preschool childhood (3–6 years), primary school age (6–10 years) , junior adolescence (10–12 years), senior adolescence (12–14 years), early adolescence (15–17 years), adolescence (18–23 years), youth (23–30 years), early adulthood (30– 40 years), late maturity (40–55 years), old age (55–65 years), old age (65–70 years), longevity (over 70 years). Each age period of a person’s life makes its own contribution to the formation of personality and its development.

Socialization takes place in the interaction of children, adolescents, and young men with a huge number of different conditions that more or less actively influence their development. These conditions affecting a person are usually called factors. In fact, not all of them have even been identified, and of the known ones, not all have been studied. Knowledge about the factors that were studied is very uneven: quite a lot is known about some, little about others, and very little about others. More or less studied conditions or factors of socialization can be conditionally combined into four groups.

The first is megafactors

(mega - very large, universal) - space, planet, world, which to one degree or another through other groups of factors influence the socialization of all inhabitants of the Earth.

Second - macro factors

(macro - large) - a country, ethnic group, society, state that influence the socialization of everyone living in certain countries (this influence is mediated by two other groups of factors).

Third - mesofactors

(meso - average, intermediate), conditions of socialization of large groups of people, distinguished: by area and type of settlement in which they live (region, village, city, town); by belonging to the audience of certain mass communication networks (radio, television, etc.); according to belonging to certain subcultures.

Mesofactors influence socialization both directly and indirectly through the fourth group - microfactors.

These include factors that directly influence specific people who interact with them - family and home, neighborhood, peer groups, educational organizations, various public, state, religious, private and counter-social organizations, microsociety [7, p.15].

The influences of the environment may be conscious or not, leave a more or less deep trace, cover broad or narrow areas of life, etc., but they exist. It is impossible to foresee the entire complex range of influences of this kind, but a teacher cannot help but know the nature of those phenomena that are most important for a particular person. Assessing his achievements at different socially specified levels, a person experiences satisfaction or dissatisfaction with his position. At the same time, a person may experience frustration not so much from the conditions in which he lives, but from the thought that he can achieve more. Here we can talk about social frustration, by which we understand a form of mental stress caused by dissatisfaction with the achievements and position of the individual in socially defined hierarchies [9, p.269].

Dissatisfaction in certain areas of the socially defined hierarchy accumulates and forms a constant background of emotional stress of the individual; sometimes mental stress is relieved by “refusing” competing values. For example, in modern society, young people can focus on material achievements, sacrificing education.

The other side of socialization is internal processes

, occurring in a person: perception, mastering the influences of the environment, and not passive, but active, i.e. included in the funds of consciousness and feelings, values ​​and relationships, style of behavior and communication. They change in one direction or another under the influence of what the individual not only perceives, but also masters.

Unlike socialization, which is predominantly spontaneous, spontaneous in nature, education is purposeful

, which is provided by the entire education system, production, army, and public.

The process of education consists of including a person in the system of relations of educational institutions, where he receives and accumulates knowledge, skills and other elements of social experience.

Education permeates all aspects of a person’s life, manifesting itself in attitude towards them. Integrity provides for the unity of education and self-education, management and self-government, creativity and diligence, accurate fulfillment of instructions and independence, initiative. Let us highlight the basic principles of education that are important in the formation of personality and its upbringing. The principle of conformity with nature is that what is connected with nature cannot be bad or distorted; There should be nothing contrary to human nature in upbringing. The main criterion of this principle: “on time and within our means” (V.D. Semenov). Thus, teachers often try to get ahead of the program, give some knowledge before the student can assimilate it, and exaggerate moral requirements. It mainly manifests itself in the requirement to take into account the age and individual characteristics of children.

As V.P. Zinchenko noted, “the stupidity of an official is explained by gaming dystrophy in childhood” [6, p. 10].

The principle of cultural conformity: educating a person in dialogue with the culture accumulated by humanity, and above all with the national culture. There are many (more than 300) very different definitions of culture; it is important for us to emphasize in the concept of “culture” its activity-based nature: cultivation - nurturing. The need for this principle is due to the fact that a person is born tabula rasa (Latin - a blank slate), the code of social behavior is not inherited. Human formation occurs in the course of an individual’s dialogue with the values ​​of material and spiritual culture. Thus, people carry out the continuity of social and spiritual experience. One of the tasks of education is to create or at least contribute to the creation of a nurturing sociocultural environment. The principle of cultural conformity is also implemented in overcoming inhumane tendencies manifested in anticulture, which is understood as reactionary misanthropic ideas of racial, national, religious superiority that deny moral norms; vulgarity, legalization of criminal jargon, etc. The implementation of the principle of cultural conformity requires education in dialogue with the national culture. It should include: national myths and traditions, the entire history, fate, path of development and purpose of its people, the deeds of its saints, heroes, geniuses and leaders; folklore, native language and literature; customs and rituals, national architecture, fine arts, choreography and music, folk costume; national games and sports, traditional medicine; national culture of agriculture and animal husbandry; tools and technologies, etc. [12, p.20].

Education permeates all human life; education is always a dialogue

, interaction, communication, cooperation, joint development of positions, views, relationships, life is also a dialogue.

“To live means to participate in a dialogue: to question, listen, respond, agree, etc. A person participates in this dialogue with his whole life: with his eyes, lips, hands, soul, whole body, actions” [3, p. 318 ].

Interaction is impossible without mutual trust. According to V.P. Zinchenko, trust is an affective (i.e. emotional, mental, passionate) anticipation and assessment of the meaning of events. At the heart of affect, as a rule, is the experienced state of internal conflict between the demands placed on a person and the possibilities for their implementation. If a teacher approaches his students optimistically, then sooner or later he will receive an adequate response, since a person is inclined to respond with trust to trust. If, for a teacher, a student is a lazy, ungrateful creature, prone to deception, wasting time, indulging in all sorts of vices, then there is every reason to believe that such assumptions will receive the appropriate embodiment [6, p. 12].

We can highlight principles focused on educational work with the individual: the principle of complementarity, humanistic orientation, social adequacy of education, its individualization, dialogicality, concentration of education on the development of the individual, collectivity (A. V. Mudrik); social hardening of children, creation of a nurturing environment (M. I. Rozhkov); orientation towards values ​​and value relations, subjectivity, integrity (N. E. Shchurkova); the focus of education on the development of culture, values ​​of society, norms of behavior; connections between education and life and work; combining pedagogical leadership with the initiative and initiative of the students; respect for the student, combined with exactingness towards him; education based on the positive qualities of a person; unity of requirements (school, family, community); taking into account age and individual characteristics [4, p.45].

B. T. Likhachev also highlights the principles of socially valuable target orientation of the educational process; holistic and harmonious intellectual-emotional, emotional-volitional and effective-practical formation of personality in the process of training and upbringing, aestheticization of the entire child’s life [1, p. 10]. The outstanding teacher of Russian diaspora V.V. Zenkovsky insisted on two basic principles: personal orientation and individuality [5, p. 145].

Each author and teacher brings his own meaning to the concept of the principles of education and their role in the process of personality formation, but it is here that we are talking about the effectiveness of education in the formation of a cultural personality, we are talking about the unity of professional and moral principles.

V.D. Semenov proposed the model of a “convertible” person as a model of education. According to the author, “this is a person of high sanitary and hygienic culture, a healthy lifestyle, and therefore he is always collected and ready to solve complex problems, he speaks several foreign languages, knows how to communicate with people of different social strata, you can rely on him, and therefore There’s a demand for it: people need it!” [8, p.16].

I.M. Ilyinsky, P.I. Babochkin developed the concept of raising viable generations [2, p. 64]. The authors endow the model of a viable personality with the following personal and civic qualities:

— quick adaptability to changing living conditions; the ability to navigate the economic, socio-political situation, maintaining one’s ideological position, humanistic ideals and values;

— high social activity, determination and entrepreneurship, desire to search for new things and the ability to find optimal solutions to life problems in non-standard situations;

— the presence of a need for life achievements and success, the ability to make independent decisions, constant self-development of intelligence and professional qualities;

— law-abiding; the ability to objective self-assessment and competition with others;

- the presence of a reasonable degree of individualistic attitudes, focus on oneself, one’s interests and needs, possession of rational alternative thinking and a pragmatic attitude to life;

— the presence of a national consciousness of a Russian citizen, a patriot fighting to preserve the unity of Russia and its emergence as a great power;

- in addition, every viable person must be able to understand and be ready to defend the interests of his socio-age, professional, ethnic, social community to which he belongs by origin, social status, etc.

Along with the presented models, a specialist training model focused on the professional program is being developed. In particular, its description is given in the standards of higher professional education.

During the implementation of educational programs, the value-forming orientation of the educational process must be ensured due to their humanitarian and educational content.

The issue of the effectiveness of educational activities and the cultural formation of personality is the main one at the present time. It is almost impossible to determine the criteria for the upbringing of the younger generation.

K. D. Ushinsky wrote: “The thirst for money, disbelief in goodness, lack of rules, contempt for thought, love for roundabout paths, indifference to violating the laws of honor... these are the enemies of education with which it is called to fight” [10, p. 74] .

The reliability and maturity of personality traits are tested by time and various life situations, so one cannot be content with the immediate result of pedagogical work.

Literature:

1. Babenko N. M. Concept of aesthetic education by B. T. Likhacheva: 70–90s of the XX century. - Pyatigorsk, 2003 - 210 p.

2. Babochkin P. I. Formation of viable youth in a dynamically changing society / P. I. Babochkin. - M.: Socium, 2000. - 176 p.

3. Bakhtin M. M. Aesthetics of verbal creativity / M. M. Bakhtin. - M.: Art, 1997. - 424 p.

4. Voronov V.V. Pedagogy / ed. L.P. Krivshenko. - M.: Vlados-press, 2004. - 432 p.

5. Zenkovsky V.V. Collected Works. — T. 1: On Russian philosophy and literature: Articles, essays and reviews (1912–1961), T. 2: On Orthodoxy and religious culture: Articles and essays (1916–1957). — M.: Russian way. — 536 p.

6. Zinchenko V. P. Cultural-historical psychology: experience of amplification / V. P. Zinchenko // Questions of psychology. — 1993. — No. 4. — P. 5–12

7. Mudrik A.V. Human socialization: textbook / A.V. Mudrik. - M.: Academy, 2004. - 304 p.

8. Acute problems of education: searches and solutions / edited by. ed. B.Z. Vulfova. - M.: New textbook, 2003. - P. 16

9. Rozhkov M.I., Sapozhnikova T.N. Social and pedagogical support of life events of high school students as a factor in their existential choice // Yaroslavl Pedagogical Bulletin. — 2010. — No. 1. — P. 269

10. Ushinsky K. D. Man as a subject of education. Experience of educational anthropology. -M.: FAIR PRESS, 2004. - 239 p.

11. Shadrikov V. D. Thought, thinking and consciousness // World of Psychology. Scientific and methodological journal. - 2014. - No. 1. - P. 17–32.

Socialization and education

Education, in contrast to socialization, which takes place in conditions of spontaneous interaction between the individual and the environment, is considered as a consciously controlled process, for example, religious, family or school education.

Socialization of personality is a process in pedagogy that is studied inseparably from the process of education. The main task of education is the formation of a humanistic orientation in a growing individual, which means that in the motivational sphere of the individual, social motives and incentives for socially useful activities prevail over personal motives. In everything an individual thinks about, whatever he does, the motives for his actions must include an idea of ​​another individual, of society.

Social groups have a great influence on the process of individual socialization. Their influence is different at different stages of human ontogenesis. In early childhood, significant influence comes from the family, in adolescence - from peers, in adulthood - from the work team. The degree of influence of each group depends on cohesion as well as organization.

Education, in contrast to general socialization, is a purposeful process of influencing the individual, which means that with the help of education it is possible to regulate the impact of society on the individual and create favorable conditions for the socialization of the individual.

Socialization of the individual is also an important topic in pedagogy, since socialization is inseparable from education. Education is understood as a social phenomenon that influences the individual through the tools of society. From this emerges a connection between upbringing and the social and political structure of society, which acts as the “customer” for the reproduction of a specific type of personality. Education is a specially organized activity in the implementation of the intended goals of education, in the pedagogical process, where the subjects (teacher and student) express active actions in achieving pedagogical goals.

Famous psychologist S

Rubinstein argued that an important goal of education is the formation of a person’s personal moral position, and not the external adaptation of the individual to social rules. Education must be considered as an organized process of social internalization of value orientations, that is, their transfer from the external to the internal plane

The success of internalization is carried out with the participation of the emotional and intellectual spheres of the individual. This means that when organizing the educational process, the teacher needs to stimulate in his students their understanding of their behavior, external requirements, sensual living of their moral and civic position. Then education, as a process of internalization of value orientations, will be carried out in two ways:

- through the communication and interpretation of useful goals, moral rules, ideals and norms of behavior. This will save the student from a spontaneous search, in which it is possible to encounter errors. This method is based on the content-semantic processing of the motivational sphere and conscious volitional work in rethinking one’s own attitude to the real world;

- through the creation of certain psychological and pedagogical conditions that would actualize interests and natural situational impulses, thereby stimulating useful social activities.

Both ways are effective only with their systematic application, integration and complementarity.

The success of the education and socialization of young people is feasible provided that positive factors embedded in social relations, lifestyle, and the neutralization of factors that interfere with the implementation of the tasks of training, education and socialization are used.

The transformation of the education and upbringing system can only be successful when it really becomes a matter of society. It is worth reorienting social life, the cultural environment, and the system of education and upbringing towards the younger generation.

Socialization concept

The definition of socialization is the process of a person’s entry into society. First, he becomes familiar with the norms and rules of behavior, traditions and customs, values ​​and morals of the social structure. Inclusion in a team allows the subject to become useful and necessary, develop relationships with others, create new connections and gain experience.

Personal socialization is a process that is considered very difficult and long. Many specialists in the field of psychology have been studying this concept for years and strive to help clients who have a hard time accepting their growing up or a new team.

A person’s whole life consists of constant adaptation to new conditions, while it is important to have time to self-actualize and remain active

Individual, individuality, PERSONALITY

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Certain problems may arise during the process. They are divided into three groups:

• socio-psychological;
• cultural;
• socio-cultural.

The first group is associated with the formation of self-awareness and self-development. These stages are very important for the individual, but often a person neglects the problems that arise and drives them deeper into consciousness. Cultural issues may vary from region to region. They are associated with traditions and customs, gender division. The third group is associated with the introduction of a person to a particular culture. It concerns the worldview, moral and spiritual values, and is of a moral, semantic and cognitive nature.

According to Wikipedia, socialization is divided into two types: primary and secondary. The first consists of relatives, close friends, acquaintances, teachers and colleagues. The second includes the media, public organizations, government, and the church. Primary socialization occurs in the first 15-20 years of life, when a person attends educational institutions and is just learning to communicate with other people. Upon contact with formal groups and organizations, a secondary type occurs.