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A person performs many actions every day. They are based on the satisfaction of needs, that is, needs for something. Motives for activity may include the desire to feed oneself and loved ones, improve social status, acquire material wealth, or develop in a certain area. Let's find out what the needs are and how they differ.
Types of needs
In social science, it is customary to distinguish three types of needs: biological, social, spiritual. Let's briefly look at each type.
- A person's biological needs are related to the physical condition of his body. These include, for example, the need for food, sleep, and warmth.
- Social needs are related to what place a person occupies in society and how he realizes himself in work. This is a need for communication, caring for children, and career growth.
- The group of spiritual needs includes knowledge of the surrounding reality and oneself, enrichment of the inner world, familiarization with the values and ideals of society.
Rice.
1. Scheme “Human Needs”. Some researchers identify a group of material needs. These include the need to possess the goods necessary for a comfortable life: pieces of furniture, clothing, housing. Most often this group is combined with biological needs.
Self-realization
A natural human need is the need to feel like a self-sufficient person. It is important for all of us to “find ourselves.” A person, realizing his potential, abilities and demonstrating knowledge, feels useful. When a person does what she likes and brings a certain result, harmony comes. A person ceases to feel like a useless and hopeless empty place. Following this, the need for recognition and praise is satisfied. Humans are characterized by healthy egoism and the need to be the center of attention at least sometimes. Everyone is familiar with this situation: at work, they praised the team for a certain achievement and gave them a bonus. Usually they say in such cases: “It’s a small thing, but it’s nice!” At this point, the social need for achievement and self-satisfaction is satisfied. So, high spirits and a smile on your face are a completely understandable phenomenon.
Biological needs
Man is a creation of nature. Therefore, the basis of its activity is the satisfaction of biological needs. In another way they are called physiological, natural, organic. They are given to us from birth. If ignored, the human body may stop functioning normally. Let's look at examples of such needs.
- In order for our body to fully develop, it needs a balanced diet. Wrong food choices can lead to various types of diseases (obesity, diabetes, musculoskeletal disorders).
- Equally important is the need for sleep. Each body has its own rate of rest. If the body does not rest fully, malfunctions in the functioning of the most important vital systems may begin.
- In order for the body not to undergo premature aging, people need to move. Sedentary work leads to poor posture, obesity, and joint diseases. To avoid this, you need to walk more often, do gymnastic exercises, and do exercises.
- The list of biological needs includes the need for clean water. It helps eliminate harmful substances and nourishes the body's cells. Excessive consumption of sweet carbonated drinks negatively affects the digestive system.
- The need to breathe is inherent in all people by nature. Clean air, saturated with oxygen, improves brain activity and improves the quality of life.
Rice.
2. Jogging. A person can live only a few minutes without air, without water - about a week, without food - a little more than a month. Lack of sleep for 5-6 days leads to sad consequences: mental disorders, hallucinations, death.
Needs and motives of the individual
The main condition for the life of organisms is the presence of their activity. In animals, activity manifests itself in instincts. But human behavior is much more complex and is determined by the presence of two factors: regulatory and incentive, i.e. motives and needs.
The motives and system of needs of the individual have their own main characteristics. If need is need (scarcity), the need for something and the need to eliminate something that is in abundance, then the motive is a pusher. Those. need creates a state of activity, and motive gives it direction, pushes activity in the required direction. Necessity or necessity, first of all, is felt by a person as a state of tension inside, or manifests itself as thoughts, dreams. This encourages the individual to search for an item of need, but does not give direction to the activity to satisfy it.
Motive, in turn, is an incentive to achieve the desired or, conversely, to avoid it, to carry out an activity or not. Motives can be accompanied by positive or negative emotions. Satisfying needs always leads to a release of tension; the need disappears, but after a while it can arise again. With motives, the opposite is true. The stated goal and the immediate motive do not coincide. Because a goal is where or what a person strives for, and a motive is the reason why he strives.
You can set a goal for yourself following different motives. But an option is also possible in which the motive shifts to the goal. This means transforming the motive of activity directly into a motive. For example, a student initially learns his homework because his parents force him to, but then interest awakens and he begins to study for the sake of learning itself. Those. It turns out that a motive is an internal psychological motivator of behavior or actions, which is stable and encourages an individual to carry out activities, giving it meaning. And need is an internal state of feeling need, which expresses the dependence of a person or animals on certain conditions of existence.
Relationship between biological needs and the needs of other species
What distinguishes humans from other living beings is the ability to take biological needs under control. For example, when experiencing hunger, people are able to wait for food; Needing sleep, a person gets home and goes to bed.
Without satisfying the body's needs, the needs of other groups are relegated to the background. For example, if a student has not eaten for a long time, he is unlikely to be able to learn the material studied in class.
Rice. 3. Schoolchildren in the classroom.
Ignoring the demands of the body has a negative impact on social needs: a hungry person can become aggressive in communication, violate norms of behavior, and perform poorly at work.
Addiction
It also happens that a person’s natural organic needs develop into something without which he cannot imagine his existence. Take food, for example. The need for food is biological. We eat food to maintain metabolism, vitamin balance and energy supply. But there are people who eat constantly. There is nothing wrong with eating delicious food, delicacies, and enjoying it. But some people simply “eat up” everything that happens in their lives. Especially if it's something bad. Depression, for example. This is a destructive addiction. A person, starting to eat with each of his experiences, does not live it. And he avoids. This entails problems in the form of kidney disease, heart disease, liver disease or obesity.
Moreover, the object of destructive dependence often becomes any need in its extreme manifestation. We need sleep, but there are people who sleep 12 hours a day. We need communication, but some experience obvious codependency on other people (or on one person). Work is necessary for self-realization and ensuring material wealth, but there are workaholics. But at the heart of everything are natural human needs. The examples given above do not reflect everything that takes place. Destructive addiction is much more global. And all because many do not have a sense of proportion, which is so necessary for a person.
Material component
This also applies to the natural needs of man. Each of us feels the need for decent conditions of existence. We all know people who shout, “Money isn’t everything!” They are wrong. Perhaps money is not the most important value for someone. But certainly one of the main ones.
Money is the only way to satisfy your basic needs. The only thing a person receives for free (from what is necessary for life) is oxygen. Everything else needs to be purchased. Food, shelter, water, furniture, clothing, medicine. So, as you can see, work is a way to satisfy not only the desire to realize yourself as a person. That’s why it’s so important to get a profession that you like. So that later, while working, you can satisfy yourself as an individual and earn money to ensure a decent existence.
Man in society
Social needs are also natural. But they, unlike biological ones, exist as a matter of course. And they do not encourage immediate satisfaction. How many days can a person live without water? The exact answer depends on the conditions, but in general – no more than 10 days. How long can a person live without communication? Some people have been alone for years.
But be that as it may, man is a social being, and he needs communication. And in general, you need to contact others. A person, having found a kindred spirit, a friend, a like-minded person, ceases to feel lonely. He has someone with whom to share emotions, joy, sadness, and receive support. Finding a “soul mate,” he feels needed and loved. And most importantly, the feeling that the world is empty disappears.
Spirituality
As mentioned earlier, movement is a natural need of the human body. But it is important to note one more nuance. Namely, moving forward towards goals and dreams as a self-sufficient person. There are many spiritual needs. And it’s quite difficult to define them, since they are different for us all. And they depend on your personal worldview. But the most important spiritual need of a person is the awareness of his existence. Everyone has at least once asked the question - what is the meaning of life? So, if a person has found the answer for himself, it means that he has satisfied the most important spiritual need.
How to achieve harmony?
But it happens that a question remains unanswered for a very long time. And it is quite difficult for a person without spiritual peace to interact with the world that surrounds him. As a rule, these are weak individuals who have difficulty surviving adversity and failure. But there are ways to satisfy spiritual needs and bring yourself to harmony. This could be communication with animals. Our little brothers raise even physically handicapped people to their feet. What can we say about spirituality? A person who approaches animals becomes a part of nature. By the way, privacy with her is also very important. Traveling to a quiet place with magnificent scenery and staying there for some time can bring anyone back to their senses. And give me some ideas. Moreover, in the lap of nature it is simply impossible to become despondent.
Supply and demand
This well-known phrase is very easy to apply to the topic under discussion. Today, the level of production activity determines how well it satisfies the needs of certain people. If the state has not produced the required amount of a particular good, then the needs of citizens are not adequately satisfied. Based on the level of wealth of society, it is also determined how much needs to be imported or produced. And understanding the role and place of the population’s needs is achieved through the interaction of needs and production. And nothing else.
The transition of production to a higher, better level affected the needs. While primitive people were content with a piece of raw meat barely roasted over an open fire, today we need a stove, oven or grill to make food suitable for consumption. And since one quickly gets used to good things, the rise in needs often outstrips production. Needless to say, even if workers at garment factories are trying to find out as quickly as possible what trends and new items have been developed in fashion houses.
What have we learned?
Human needs, studied in grade 6, are divided into biological, social and spiritual. Biological ones include the need for breathing, movement, and food. Ignoring them leads to disruptions in the functioning of the body and affects other groups of needs.
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