Personality temperament test: review of G.Yu. Eysenck, definition of psychological portrait

EPI Test: General Information
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Decoding EPI test results

Temperament types are one of the most famous personality typologies. Even those who are very far from psychology know about the existence of sanguine people, phlegmatic people, choleric people and melancholic people. And one of the most famous temperament tests

can be called
the Hans Eysenck personality questionnaire , or Eysenck Personality Inventory - EPI . You can take this test online on our website – it is presented below.

Self-esteem test

The final test authored by Professor Eysenck “Self-assessment of mental states.” This technique is intended for self-assessment of the personal state of the psyche on four scales: Rigidity, Aggression, Frustration, Anxiety. (see table for full description).

The test will ask you questions describing various mental states. Depending on how much this condition is inherent in you, select the answer: “Often”, “Rarely”, “Never”.

After passing the test, you will receive the sum of points on all 4 scales + the corresponding transcript.

Good luck with your testing and good results!

Famous test author

Hans Eysenck (HJ Eysenck)

- world-renowned scientist, psychologist and psychotherapist. In 1916 he was born in Berlin. He later left Germany due to disagreement with the Hitler regime.

Hans Eysenck's main areas of scientific research were in the field of personality theory, intelligence research, social attitudes, behaviorist genetics and behavioral psychotherapy. He treated the study and research of psychology as a natural science and criticized humanistic and psychodynamic approaches for their subjective nature.

His psychological test for extraversion, neuroticism and psychoticism, created by Hans Eysenck together with his wife Sibylla in 1968, became quite famous for his work.

History of the test

Eysenck's research in terms of temperament types dates back to the first half of the 20th century. The first questionnaire he compiled appeared in 1947 and was aimed at identifying neuroticism. The questionnaire was compiled by borrowing statements from other tests. You either had to agree with the statements or not.

After this, a second test questionnaire appeared in 1956. It already examined two traits: neuroticism and extraversion/introversion. It also added points to determine the level of sincerity of the subject. The next questionnaire consisted of a larger number of questions, but did not differ in assessment criteria, and only in the last version of the test did another criterion appear - psychoticism, which reveals signs of inadequacy.

Often, during a routine examination using the Eysenck test, they resort to the third form of the questionnaire without assessing psychoticism. To identify temperament, extraversion, neuroticism and the level of sincerity are sufficient.

Predecessor tests

The first temperament questionnaire, the MMQ, was introduced in 1947. It used a single scale as a diagnostic - “neuroticism”. It contained 40 statements with which the person agreed or disagreed. In the course of further research on large samples, the scientist determined that the answers given to the questions of this questionnaire made it possible to identify another measurement scale - “extraversion-introversion”.

Nine years after the first test was published, Eysenck proposed a second personality questionnaire, the MPI, consisting of 48 questions.

During the studies, discrepancies were revealed between the author’s theoretical statements and the data, so scientists and collaborators continued to search for new possibilities that would allow them to determine the type of temperament in accordance with the proposed scales - “neuroticism”, “extraversion and introversion”.

Description of scales

Extroversion - introversion

Characterizing a typical extrovert, the author notes his sociability and outward orientation of the individual, a wide circle of acquaintances, and the need for contacts. He acts under the influence of the moment, is impulsive, quick-tempered, carefree, optimistic, good-natured, and cheerful. Prefers movement and action, tends to be aggressive. Feelings and emotions are not strictly controlled, and he is prone to risky actions. You can't always rely on him.

A typical introvert is a quiet, shy, introjective person who is prone to introspection. Reserved and distant from everyone except close friends. Plans and thinks about his actions in advance, does not trust sudden impulses, takes decisions seriously, loves order in everything. He controls his feelings and is not easily angered. He is pessimistic and highly values moral standards.

Neuroticism

Characterizes emotional stability or instability (emotional stability or instability). Neuroticism, according to some data, is associated with indicators of nervous system lability. Emotional stability is a trait that expresses the preservation of organized behavior and situational focus in normal and stressful situations. Characterized by maturity, excellent adaptation, lack of great tension, anxiety, as well as a tendency to leadership and sociability. Neuroticism is expressed in extreme nervousness, instability, poor adaptation, a tendency to quickly change moods (lability), feelings of guilt and anxiety, preoccupation, depressive reactions, absent-mindedness, instability in stressful situations. Neuroticism corresponds to emotionality and impulsiveness; unevenness in contacts with people, variability of interests, self-doubt, pronounced sensitivity, impressionability, tendency to irritability. A neurotic personality is characterized by inappropriately strong reactions in relation to the stimuli that cause them. Individuals with high scores on the neuroticism scale may develop neurosis in unfavorable stressful situations.

The results on the extraversion and neuroticism scales are presented using a coordinate system. The interpretation of the results obtained is carried out on the basis of the psychological characteristics of the individual corresponding to one or another square of the coordinate model, taking into account the degree of expression of individual psychological properties and the degree of reliability of the data obtained.

Psychoticism

This scale indicates a tendency to antisocial behavior, pretentiousness, inappropriate emotional reactions, high conflict, lack of contact, self-centeredness, selfishness, and indifference. According to Eysenck, high scores on extraversion and neuroticism correspond to a psychiatric diagnosis of hysteria, and high scores on introversion and neuroticism correspond to a state of anxiety or reactive depression. Neuroticism and psychoticism, in the case of the severity of these indicators, are understood as a “predisposition” to the corresponding types of pathology.

Definition of a psychological portrait

The fact that people interact with the outside world and react to external stimuli within the framework of 4 behavioral models was noticed by the ancient Greeks. They described these models as follows:

Calm and slow - “phlegm”.
Active and cheerful - “sangvis”.
Hysterical and easily excitable - “hole”.
Sad and anxious - “melena chole”.

They are still known by these Greek names to this day. Let's consider psychological portraits of personalities of four temperaments, or characters.

Phlegmatic person

Phlegmatic people score low on both basic scales of the Eysenck personality test. This is the most emotionally stable type of temperament. His psychological portrait shows the following features:

constancy;
depth of feelings;
thorough approach to work.

From the outside, phlegmatic people often seem inhibited, thoughtful, indifferent to the world around them, and uninitiative. In the absence of external stimuli, they may exhibit qualities such as laziness and lethargy.

Sanguine

Sanguine people score low on the neuroticism scale and high on extraversion. Individuals with this type of temperament have the following characteristics:

have a pronounced need for new impressions and emotional experiences;
They easily get along with people and draw energy from communicating with them.

On the other hand, in the psychological portrait of a sanguine person, such traits as impulsiveness and inconstancy, a lack of depth and perseverance, patience and thoughtfulness appear.

Choleric

High scores on both basic scales indicate a choleric person. This is the most explosive type of temperament. Such people usually:

unbalanced;
instantly lose their temper;
have poor control over their emotions.

On the other hand, choleric people make good public figures - charismatic, energetic, principled, who do not economize on their strength and achieve their goals.

Severe choleric people have a high probability of developing hysterical neurosis.

Melancholic

Melancholic people score low on the extraversion scale and high on the neuroticism scale. The main feature of individuals with this temperament is a strong and disproportionate reaction to external stimuli, which is why they strive to minimize contact with the outside world.

Melancholic people are characterized by increased anxiety, often worrying greatly about the fact that in fact they do not deserve such worries. Individuals with severe melancholy have a high likelihood of developing obsessive-compulsive disorder.

The inner world of a melancholic person is deep and meaningful. He successfully copes with the tasks facing him, often doing it in the best possible way.

Ambivert

Ambiverts, or ambivalents, are people who receive average scores on both basic scales - from 9 to 15 inclusive. They do not have pronounced traits of any of the 4 types of temperament; they represent an average option.

Ambiversion, according to many psychologists, is the only norm. The psychological portrait of such individuals is devoid of extremes, which makes their life more convenient, as well as themselves - convenient for other people.

What does the resulting index mean?

If you passed only one test, write down the number of points you received and the corresponding IQ level that the program gave you and find its value in the table.

IQ level	% of people	Description
less than 20	0,20%	People with severe forms of mental retardation. As a rule, they are practically untrainable, cannot take care of themselves and are under constant care.
from 21 to 50	2%	These are people with a moderate form of dementia. They are unable to learn, but can take care of themselves quite successfully.
from 51 to 70	7%	Mild form of mental retardation. They can study in special institutions and can successfully take care of themselves.
from 71 to 80	10%	People with mild mental retardation. Most often, they do not study in special institutions, but graduate from regular schools, albeit with low grades.
from 81 to 90	10%	Intelligence is below average. These people most often study normally in secondary educational institutions, however, they rarely receive higher education and work in areas related to manual labor.
from 91 to 100	25%	Average IQ. Such people successfully graduate from school, enter universities, work in average positions not related to science, mathematics, etc.
from 101 to 110	25%	Average IQ. Such people can graduate from any university and achieve certain heights in science and business in middle management positions.
from 111 to 120	12%	Above average intelligence. Such people study throughout their lives and, depending on their hard work, can achieve significant heights.
from 121 to 130	6%	High intelligence. These are people with good mental abilities, as a rule, excellent students at school and college.
from 131 to 140	3%	Very high intelligence. Extraordinary individuals capable of achieving excellent success in business and science. Outstanding scientists, artists, etc.
above 140	0,20%	These people are usually called geniuses. They are extremely extraordinary and outstanding personalities; examples include Bill Gates and Steve Hawking.

Why is a temperament test needed?

In order to learn to understand yourself and people, determine the reasons for their behavior and actions, and sometimes even predict them, it is important to know what the human psyche is. In this sense, studying temperament helps a lot

As already mentioned, it is given from birth, does not change throughout life and is a combination of various properties of the nervous system. A person can more easily make a choice in favor of a profession, understand the actions of other people and establish relationships with them, and also better understand himself and his needs if he knows his temperament.

What the test will tell you

The Eysenck test will help you determine the stability of your nervous system, understand which of the properties is your main feature - introversion or extroversion; and will also reveal your level of conflict, a possible tendency to violate norms of behavior and asociality, and, if you look at it globally, a tendency to certain mental illnesses that are directly related to these qualities. Also, the PEN questionnaire can reveal your main type of temperament.

This is interesting

Interesting fact! The studies that formed the basis of the future test were conducted on neurotic soldiers.

Extraversion

Typical extrovert. Open and sociable, he feels the need to be in society, where he is highly active. Positive emotions predominate, control of feelings is reduced.
Typical introvert. A closed person with little contact with people who prefers the inner world to the outside world. He loves introspection, which is why he is serious when making decisions, prefers not to take risks. The emotional background is directed towards the negative, but it is very difficult to anger an introvert.

Neuroticism

Sustainability. Characterized by the ability to adapt to various changes, to achieve one’s goal without reacting to surrounding stimuli. Such a person rarely worries or fears the future. Characterized by reduced emotionality.
Lability. Poor level of adaptation to change, as well as constant worry and fear. Expressed in rapid mood swings and poor control of feelings. It is easy to lead such a person astray from the intended path.

Types of temperament and their characteristics

Properties of temperament

To divide temperament into 4 types, several properties of this concept were identified:

Emotional excitability. Displays the minimum level of stimulus, the impact of which will cause an emotional response.
Activity and inactivity. Activity reflects the amount of internal energy resources that a person uses to achieve a goal. Inactivity indicates how immune a person is to stimuli, such as insults.
Plasticity and rigidity. Both concepts reflect how much a person is able to adapt to changing external conditions.
Extraversion and introversion. Extroverts depend on manifestations of the external world, and introverts depend on the internal characteristics of their own psyche.
Rate of reactions. Displays the speed of response to a stimulus, rate of speech, motor skills, as well as the speed of perception of information.

Eysenck's test questionnaire allows you to determine the severity of each of the properties, due to which the result is formed. In addition, the technique also takes into account such a criterion as the reliability of the answers, which allows you to avoid mistakes if a person is lying.

Types of temperament

Characteristics of the main types of temperament:

Choleric. It is characterized by increased excitability and reduced rates of inhibitory reactions. He is active, prone to frequent mood swings, quick-tempered, and sometimes aggressive. The movements, facial expressions and speech of a choleric person are impetuous and fast. Control over emotions and feelings is reduced.
Melancholic. He also has reduced control over his emotional background. A melancholic person is very susceptible to irritants and is sensitive. Such people are closed, afraid of change, and constantly worry. Emotions are mostly negative.
Sanguine. It is considered the most balanced type of temperament in terms of reactivity and inhibitory reactions. It is characterized by a rapid change of impressions, interests, plans, and activities. He is highly active in those areas that interest him. Sanguine people are responsive and cheerful, they are characterized by some frivolity.
Phlegmatic person. The main distinguishing quality of a phlegmatic person is calmness. It is very difficult to unbalance him, but at the same time his adaptive capabilities are very low. He switches from one state to another for a long time, so his emotional background is usually constant.

The manifestation of each type of temperament can traditionally be illustrated by the following image, which alternately depicts: choleric, phlegmatic, melancholic and sanguine:

Test procedure and results

The questionnaire consists of 57 statements, with each of which you can agree, disagree, or skip. Certain blocks of questions are aimed at assessing one criterion, but in order to assess sincerity and exclude intentional answers, all groups are mixed together. For each answer, points are awarded: “Yes” - 2 points, “No” - 0 points and “Don’t know” - 1 point. After this, based on knowledge of which statement characterizes which feature, scores are calculated for each criterion, that is, for extraversion, neuroticism and sincerity.

The test results are interpreted using a coordinate system, where the vertical axis is neuroticism and the horizontal axis is extraversion. The system looks like this:

In this way, a certain type of temperament is determined. However, Sukhodolsky proposed some clarification for this test, which is illustrated in the following system:

In the interpretation of the results according to Sukhodolsky, the type of temperament is determined more accurately, since the system contains borderline states.

The most commonly used results scale is developed by Eysenck, based on which the results should be perceived as follows:

Choleric – strong, active, unbalanced;
Sanguine – strong, active, balanced;
Phlegmatic – strong, inactive (inert), balanced;
Melancholic – weak, inactive, unbalanced.

Instructions: determine the type of temperament according to Eysenck

Four temperaments in the form of visual emoticons (names from left to right and top to bottom: phlegmatic, choleric, sanguine, melancholic)
When you fill out the online Eysenck temperament test, you receive three scales:

“Lie scale” – includes a maximum of 9 points. Measures how socially desirable your responses are. Those who score 5 or more on this scale may be trying to avoid honest answers out of a desire to be socially acceptable.
The Extraversion scale has a maximum of 24 points and measures your degree of extroversion.
The Neuroticism scale includes a maximum of 24 points and changes the degree of your instability and anxiety.

To interpret the scores, the E and N scales are plotted on a chart from which you can read your personality characteristics. The closer you are outside the circle, the brighter your personality traits. Please note that this online test is a very simplified scale. Therefore, if it turns out that the test showed something completely different from what you thought, then you are most likely right, and the test is wrong.

These are questions concerning the way of behaving, reacting and feeling. Each question has two answer options - Yes or No. Try to determine whether your usual reaction is closer to Yes or No. Answer quickly, do not spend too much time on each question, the first spontaneous reaction in the answer is usually the most accurate. It will take you no more than a few minutes to complete the test. Make sure you don't miss any of the 57 questions on the Eysenck Temperament Test. Start now, fill out quickly and try not to miss out! There are no right or wrong answers and this is not a test of intelligence or ability, just a test of how you behave.

Interpretation of results

MPI

Extraversion:

from 32 to 48 - “pure” extrovert
from 16 to 32 - ambivalence, uncertainty
from 0 to 16 - “pure” introvert

Neuroticism:

from 32 to 48 - pronounced neuroticism
from 16 to 32 - average score
from 0 to 16 - emotional stability

Lie:

more than 20 - absolute unreliability of the results
from 16 to 20 - a dubious result
from 5 to 15 points - reliable result
4 points or less - questionable result

EPI

Extraversion:

over 19 - bright extrovert,
over 15 - extrovert
12 - average value,
less than 9 - introvert,
less than 5 - deep introvert.

Neuroticism:

more than 19 – very high level of neuroticism,
more than 14 – high level of neuroticism,
9 - 13 - average value,
less than 7 – low level of neuroticism.

Lie:

more than 4 - insincerity in answers, which also indicates some demonstrative behavior and the subject’s focus on social approval,
less than 4 is normal.

EPQ

Extraversion:

more than 15 - “pure” extrovert
from 7 to 15 - ambivalence, uncertainty
from 0 to 6 - “pure” introvert

Neuroticism:

more than 16 - pronounced neuroticism
from 8 to 16 - average score
from 0 to 7 - emotional stability

Psychoticism:

more than 10 - working with people is contraindicated
from 6 to 10 - there is a tendency towards emotional inadequacy
from 0 to 5 - absent

Lie:

more than 10 - unreliable result

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Having passed the temperament test, your inner self will appear before you in a new light. You will determine what your character really is, and this will help you find the most successful path in your life. Knowing the temperament of your family and friends will help you feel calm with your family and surrounded by work colleagues.

Also, employers are increasingly offering to take a temperament test during the employment process to identify exactly the kind of future employee who will be able to better adapt and get along in the workforce.

Take the temperament test right now on our website! Thanks to saving test results and registration, you can always re-read the results and they will not be lost!

What is temperament?

Temperament is one of the most important innate characteristics of every person. It is he who determines the level of activity, energy, rhythm of life and emotionality, thanks to which a person forms his daily routine, chooses a profession and builds relationships with other people. There are several different questionnaires to determine the type of temperament, developed by different scientists, but the Eysenck test is rightfully considered the most effective.

The temperament tests of many authors are basically highly simplified and abbreviated versions of his questionnaire, and are characterized by greater error.

Choleric, sanguine, phlegmatic, melancholic - what is it?

These are 4 main temperaments that characterize types of personality behavior.

Hippocrates (5th century BC) described four types of temperament, determined by the fluid that supposedly predominates in the body: sanguine (from the Latin sanguis - blood), choleric (from the Greek chole - bile), phlegmatic (from the Greek phlegma - mucus) and melancholic (from the Greek melaina chole - black bile). Hippocrates understood temperaments in a purely physiological sense.

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Childhood

Hans Jürgen Eysenck (German: Hans Jürgen Eysenck; March 4, 1916, Berlin - September 4, 1997, London) - British scientist-psychologist, one of the leaders of the biological direction in psychology, creator of the factor theory of personality, author of a popular intelligence test, founder of clinical psychology in Britain, the idea of genetic predestination.

His mother, Ruth Werner, shone on silent film screens under the pseudonym Helga Molander, and his father, Anton Edward Eysenck, combined singing and acting. At the age of three, he was left in the care of his maternal grandmother, because his parents separated. At that time he had complete freedom of action, and pranks were treated leniently. Thus, since childhood, Hans was famous for his rebellious behavior, which ultimately led him to success.

In his youth, he was interested in astrology and studied astrological charts in search of patterns that would contribute to the development of talent. He corresponded with many famous astrologers and even compiled charts for some Reichstag representatives, sending them by mail. In these letters he warned of complete collapse, but received no response.

Eysenck tests

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Eysenck tests

Eysenck's IQ tests were developed by the English and German psychologist and psychiatrist Hans Jürgen Eysenck.

Brief biography and scientific works

Hans Eysenck was born on March 4, 1916 in Berlin into a family of actors. He began receiving his education in private schools, planned to study physics, and was interested in astronomy. After the Nazis came to power, Eysenck left the country and moved to Great Britain where he entered the psychology department of the University of London. After graduating, he worked as an experimental psychologist at Mill Hill Hospital.

In 1946, Eysenck founded the Department of Psychology at the Institute of Psychiatry at Maudsley and Beardslem Hospitals, headed it and directed it for almost 10 years. At this time, he worked with soldiers in hospitals and studied their mental state, identifying signs of neuroticism.

Since 1955, Eysenck was a professor of psychology at his Alma Mater, where he began to develop testing principles for measuring intelligence levels and began research on intellectual and mental differences between representatives of different races, which were unacceptable for more tolerant states. In addition, he creates a three-factor theory of personality.

Eysenck used the terms “extrovert” and “introvert” that are familiar to us today to characterize the degree of emotional reactions and arousal in response to stimuli, as well as a person’s ability to extinguish these reactions. And adding stability and neuroticism to these characteristics, he formulated the main personality factors by which one can judge the characteristics of a person and his tendency to various mental disorders.

In addition, using the example of numerous practical studies, together with his colleagues, Eysenck proved the influence of the factors he identified on a person’s choice of profession, predisposition to accidents and crime, level of aspirations and achievements in sports, career, and sexual behavior.

Test features

At the end of his life, Eysenck returned to the search for criteria for assessing intelligence and its relationship with hereditary factors and upbringing.

The tests he compiled are also called national tests, since they evaluate abilities from different angles: using verbal, digital and graphic material. Thus, if you are not very good at solving anagrams, but you are strong in mathematics, then the test will objectively show the level of your intellectual abilities.

There are three more special tests - for visual, mathematical and verbal abilities, with the help of which you can evaluate the work of the mind and intelligence even more fully and thoroughly.

Eysenck's classic group tests have 40 questions, you need to answer them within 40 minutes - a timer will help you navigate the time. The additional tests contain 50 questions, but you will only have 30 minutes to solve them.

The test is intended for adults from 18 to 50 years old, as in the classic IQ test, the result is measured relative to the average level of 100 points, a result of 70 most likely indicates mental retardation.

Try to take Eysenck's intelligence tests when you are at your best, in a good mood and rested. In this case, the result will not be distorted for the worse.

Good luck!

The meaning of the scales in the Eysenck test

Neuroticism

The “neuroticism” scale determines the personality trait expressed by emotional instability, anxiety and depression. Moreover, all these features manifest themselves both in ordinary daily activities and in stressful situations.

The presence of high values on this scale does not necessarily indicate the presence of neuroses in the subject; it allows for the possibility of their progression under prolonged stress and depression. If this test nevertheless reveals a high level of neuroticism in a person, such an individual is likely to be impressionable, impulsive, insecure, and with an unstable emotional component.

Psychoticism

This is a personality trait that is characterized by a number of behavioral characteristics, such as rich fantasy and vivid imagination, the ability to associate, originality, a subjective view of the world, detachment from reality, egocentrism and many others. High scores on the psychoticism scale can indicate increased conflict in a person, inappropriate behavior and inadequate emotional reaction to stimuli, and a tendency toward antisocial behavior.

Extraversion

Extraversion is a character trait that presupposes the orientation of a person and his experiences towards the outside world, other people, and interaction with them. A typical extrovert is sociable, impulsive in behavior, optimistic about the future, and at the same time ready to take risks.

Introversion

Introversion defines closed people who are immersed in their experiences, emotionally restrained, prefer to be at a distance from others, while having a very narrow circle of friends. An introvert tries not to take risks, trying to think through every step without making spontaneous decisions. Able to restrain impulsive manifestations, pessimistic.

Types of temperament

Taking into account these characteristics, classical types of temperament are distinguished: sanguine, phlegmatic, melancholic, choleric.

Thus, the original EPI methodology, aimed at determining the type of temperament, is accessible to anyone and is easy to interpret.

Choleric

It has the highest excitability, but at the same time a low level of inhibition of the nervous system. This makes him active, impulsive, sometimes hot-tempered and aggressive with constant mood swings. Speaks quickly with active gestures and facial expressions. Almost unable to control his emotions.

Melancholic

This species also has poor ability to control its emotions. They are extremely susceptible to external stimuli, very sensitive. But unlike choleric people, they are unsociable, withdrawn, conservative, and do not like change.

Sanguine

He is balanced and able to control his emotions. Able to quickly change activities, plans, interests, quickly adapts to new circumstances. If he is interested in any activity, he can be very active. The sanguine person is sociable, cheerful, but to some extent frivolous.

Phlegmatic person

People of this type are distinguished by amazing calm. It is very difficult to piss them off, to upset their emotional balance. Because of this, they have low ability to adapt, to engage in work and switch activities. From the outside it may seem that they are slow. Show restraint.

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History of creation

The first MMQ personality questionnaire

MMQ

(Maudsley Medical Questionnaire, from the name of the clinic where Eysenck worked) - a technique proposed in 1947. It was intended to diagnose neuroticism. The questionnaire consists of 40 statements with which the subject is asked to agree (yes) or disagree (no).

Statements were selected from questionnaires already known by that time, and the author relied on clinical descriptions of neurotic disorders. The MMQ was standardized on the basis of a survey of two groups: “neurotics” (1 thousand people) and “normal” (1 thousand people). A detailed analysis of the responses received for each MMQ statement (taking into account differences in psychiatric diagnoses) showed that using the questionnaire, two types of neurotic disorders can be differentiated - hysterical and dysthymic. Based on these results, G. Eysenck suggested that the answers to the MMQ statements will make it possible to draw a conclusion about the position of the subject on the scale of another personality dimension postulated by this researcher - extraversion - introversion. This began work on the construction of a new personality questionnaire. As a result, the MMQ did not find any use in psychodiagnostic research.

Second MPI Personality Inventory

MPI

(Maudsley Personality Inventory) is a personality questionnaire published in 1956. It consists of two internal scales: extraversion-introversion and neuroticism, with 24 questions for each scale. Later, 2 empty “masking questions” and 20 questions were also added to form a scale of the subject’s sincerity. There are three answer options: Yes (2 points), Don't know (1 point) and No (0 points). Practical use of MPI has shown significant discrepancies between the data obtained and the author's theoretical predictions (especially in clinical groups).

Third Personality Inventory EPI

EPI

(Eysenck Personality Inventory) was published in 1963 and contains 57 questions, 24 of which are aimed at identifying extraversion-introversion, 24 others - at assessing emotional stability-instability (neuroticism), the remaining 9 constitute a control group of questions designed to assess the sincerity of the subject , its relationship to the survey and the reliability of the results.

G. Eysenck developed two versions of this technique (A and B), which differ only in the text of the questionnaire. The instruction, key and data processing are duplicated. The presence of two forms allows the psychologist to conduct repeated research.

Adapted in Russia by A.G. Shmelev.

EPQ Personality Questionnaire Four

EPQ

(Eysenck Personality Questionnaire) is the result of further research work by Hans and Sibylle Eysenck. The EPQ was created in 1968 based on the PEN (Psychoticism, Extraversion, and Neuroticism) model proposed by the authors. Thus, a third factor, “psychoticism,” was added to the two-dimensional structure of the previous questionnaires, without changing the original “two-axis concept.

The EPQ consists of 91 statements, to which a further 10 “empty” statements can be added (items 92 to 101).

Your psychologist. The work of a psychologist at school.

By using Eysenck's techniques determine extraversion (the personality’s focus on the outside world) and neuroticism (the result of imbalance in the processes of excitation and inhibition) - properties that underlie temperament. There are 57 questions in the Eysenck questionnaire. They must be answered “yes” or “no”. The results obtained are compared with the key, which has three scales: extraversion - introversion; neuroticism, lie scale.

Belonging to a temperament type is determined using a coordinate system on which the results on the “neuroticism” scale and the “extraversion” scale are noted. The personality questionnaire consists of two forms “A” and “B”, which allows for repeated testing. The questionnaires contain 57 questions. The answers to them are only “Yes” or “No”.

Instructions You will be asked several questions about the characteristics of your behavior in various conditions and situations. This is not a test of intelligence or ability, so there are no good or bad answers. We are interested in truthful answers. The content of individual questions is not analyzed, only the final result is important. Questions should be answered one at a time, without returning to previous answers. Work quickly, don't spend too much time thinking about the answer - your first reaction is the most interesting. The question can be answered “yes” or “no”. The answer you select for each question should be marked on your answer sheet. Don't skip any question. Get started! Text of the questionnaire (option A). 1. Do you often experience a craving for new experiences, to be distracted, to experience strong sensations? 2. Do you often feel that you need friends who can understand, approve or sympathize with you? 3. Do you consider yourself a carefree person? 4. Is it very difficult for you to give up your intentions? 5. Do you think about your affairs slowly and prefer to wait before acting? 6. Do you always keep your promises, even if it is unprofitable for you? 7. Do you often have ups and downs in your mood? 8. Do you usually act and speak quickly, and do you spend a lot of time thinking? 9. Have you ever had the feeling that you are unhappy, although there was no serious reason for this? 10. Is it true that “on a dare” you can decide on anything? 11. Do you feel embarrassed when you want to meet someone of the opposite sex who you like? 12. Does it ever happen that when you get angry, you lose your temper? 13. Do you often act thoughtlessly, on the spur of the moment? 14. Are you often bothered by thoughts that you shouldn’t have done or said something? 15. Do you prefer reading books to meeting people? 16. Is it true that you are easily offended? 17. Do you often like to be in company? 18. Do you ever have thoughts that you didn’t want to share with other people? 19. Is it true that sometimes you are so full of energy that everything in your hands burns, and sometimes you feel very lethargic? 20. Do you try to limit your circle of acquaintances to a small number of your closest people? 21. Do you dream a lot? 22. When people shout at you, do you respond in kind? 23. Do you consider your habits to be good? 24. Do you often have the feeling that you are to blame for something? 25. Are you sometimes able to give free rein to your feelings and have carefree fun with a cheerful company? 26. Can you say that your nerves are often strained to the limit? 27. Are you known as a cheerful and lively person? 28. After something is done, do you often mentally return to it and think that you could have done it better? 29. Do you feel restless when in a large company? 30. Does it happen that you spread rumors? 31. Does it happen that you can’t sleep because different thoughts come into your head? 32. What do you prefer if you want to know something: find it in a book or ask your friends? 33. Do you have strong heart palpitations? 34. Do you like work that requires concentration? 35. Do you have tremors? 36. Do you always tell the truth? 37. Do you sometimes find it unpleasant to be in a company where everyone makes fun of each other? 38. Are you irritable? 39. Do you like work that requires fast action? 40. Is it true that you are often haunted by thoughts about various troubles and “horrors” that could happen, although everything ended well? 41. Is it true that you are leisurely in your movements and somewhat slow? 42. Have you ever been late for work or a meeting with someone? 43. Do you often have nightmares? 44. Is it true that you love to talk so much that you don’t miss any opportunity to talk with a new person? 45. Do you have any pain? 46. Would you be upset if you couldn’t see your friends for a long time? 47. Would you call yourself a nervous person? 48. Are there people you know that you clearly don’t like? 49. Would you say that you are a confident person? 50. Are you easily offended by criticism of your shortcomings or your work? 51. Do you find it difficult to really enjoy events that involve a lot of people? 52. Does the feeling that you are somehow worse than others bother you? 53. Would you be able to bring some life into a boring company? 54. Does it happen that you talk about things that you don’t understand at all? 55. Are you worried about your health? 56. Do you like to make fun of others? 57. Do you suffer from insomnia?

Text of the questionnaire (option B). 1. Do you like the excitement and bustle around you? 2. Do you often have a restless feeling that you want something, but you don’t know what? 3. Are you one of those people who don’t mince words? 4. Do you feel sometimes happy and sometimes sad for no reason? 5. Do you usually keep a low profile at parties or in company? 6. As a child, did you always do immediately and resignedly what you were ordered? 7. Do you sometimes have a bad mood? 8. When you are drawn into a quarrel, do you prefer to remain silent, hoping that everything will work out? 9. Are you easily susceptible to mood swings? 10. Do you like being around people? 11. Have you often lost sleep because of your worries? 12. Are you stubborn sometimes? 13. Would you call yourself dishonest? 14. Do good thoughts often come to you too late? 15. Do you prefer to work alone? 16. Do you often feel apathetic and tired for no good reason? 17. Are you a lively person by nature? 18. Do you sometimes laugh at indecent jokes? 19. Do you often get so bored with something that you feel “fed up”? 20. Do you feel awkward wearing anything other than casual clothing? 21. Do your thoughts often wander when you are trying to focus your attention on something? 22. Can you quickly express your thoughts in words? 23. Are you often lost in your thoughts? 24. Are you completely free from all prejudices? 25. Do you like April Fools' jokes? 26. Do you often think about your work? 27. Do you really like to eat delicious food? 28. Do you need a friendly person to talk you out when you're angry? 29. Do you find it very unpleasant to borrow or sell something when you need money? 30. Do you sometimes brag? 31. Are you very sensitive to certain things? 32. Would you rather stay alone at home than go to a boring party? 33. Do you sometimes get so restless that you can’t sit still for a long time? 34. Do you tend to plan your affairs carefully and earlier than you should? 35. Do you ever feel dizzy? 36. Do you always answer letters immediately after reading them? 37. Do you handle things better by thinking them through on your own rather than discussing them with others? 38. Do you ever feel short of breath even if you haven't done any strenuous work? 39. Would you say that you are a person who does not care that everything is exactly as it should be? 40. Do your nerves bother you? 41. Do you prefer to make plans rather than act? 42. Do you sometimes put off until tomorrow what you have to do today? 43. Do you get nervous in places like an elevator, subway, tunnel? 44. When meeting people, are you usually the first to take the initiative? 45. Do you have severe headaches? 46. Do you usually think that everything will work itself out and go back to normal? 47. Do you find it difficult to fall asleep at night? 48. Have you ever lied in your life? 49. Do you sometimes say the first thing that comes to mind? 50. How long do you worry after the embarrassment that happened? 51. Are you usually closed with everyone except close friends? 52. Do troubles often happen to you? 53. Do you like to tell funny stories to your friends? 54. Do you prefer to win than to lose? 55. Do you often feel awkward in the company of people above you in position? 56. When circumstances are against you, do you usually think that something else is worth doing? 57. Do you often get a “sick feeling in the pit of your stomach” before an important task?

Option B differs from option A only in the method test. The instructions, key, data processing of option B are the same as for option A.

Of these 57 questions, 9 represent the reliability (lying) scale. 3 of them are positive (YES), 6 are negative (NO). For example, the sixth question - the subject answers “YES” (I always fulfill), such an answer, of course, does not correspond to reality, since there is no person who would always fulfill a promise that is unfavorable for him. An unreliable answer to 5 out of 9 questions (more than 50%) on the reliability scale means that the remaining answers are unreliable and therefore the experiment is not valid. To fill out the questionnaire, the subject is given 10 minutes, timed using a stopwatch. The time can be extended, but this circumstance must be taken into account in the assessment. Restrained, internally conflicted subjects spend a lot of time filling out the questionnaire, establishing contact with the outside world not directly, in a natural rhythm, but on the basis of an act of intense objectification.

Key: EXTRAVERSION: “YES” to Nos. 1, 3, 8, 10, 13, 17, 22, 25, 27, 39, 44, 46, 49, 53, “NO” – Nos. 5, 15, 20, 29, 32, 34, 37, 41, 51. (The answer “YES” to the questions of this numbering is an indicator of introversion.) NEUROTISM: “YES” – No. 2, 4, 7, 9, 11, 14, 16, 19, 21, 23, 26, 28, 31, 33, 35, 38, 40, 43, 45, 47, 50, 52, 55, 57. FALSE ANSWER SCALE: “YES” – No. 6, 24, 36; “NO” – No. 12, 18, 30, 42, 48, 54.

The coordinate system looks like this:

Neuroticism 18 Melancholic 16 Choleric 14 Introvert 12 Extrovert 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 8 Phlegmatic 6 Sanguine 4 2 0 Emotional stability

Eysenck Questionnaire (adolescent)

Temperament test

The Eysenck Temperament Test or “EPI Personality Inventory” is a method for assessing personality based on three indicators: introversion, extraversion and neuroticism. The author understood these scales as innate indicators of the central nervous system, on which the character and temperament of any person depend.

Over the course of 20 years, the author refined his method several times. As a result, three versions of this methodology were developed: MMQ and MPI (40 questions) - outdated and EPI (57 questions) - updated modern. It is the latest version that we offer you to go online on our website.

Principles of assessment

As a result of passing the test, you can obtain data on the scales of neuroticism, extraversion, introversion and by marking the corresponding point on the graph - determine your type of temperament: choleric, melancholic, phlegmatic, sanguine.

Inroversion-extraversion is a characteristic of temperament that determines the dependence of a person’s activity or reaction on external (extraversion) or internal (introversion) impressions.
Neuroticism is a characteristic of temperament that characterizes the speed with which mental processes occur, as well as human reactions (gestures, facial expressions, rate of speech).

You can see a detailed table with descriptions of all four psychological types of temperament here.

School of Modern Psychotechnologies

Trying to combine the views of Pavlov and Jung, Eysenck proposed two parameters of individuality as basic ones: extraversion-introversion, neuroticism-emotional stability. This differential concept is based on the empirical identification of two types of neurotic disorders: hysterical neurosis, which is characteristic of persons of choleric temperament (unstable extroverts) and obsessive-compulsive neurosis, which is characteristic of persons of melancholic temperament (unstable introverts). Correspondence to the types of temperament according to Hippocrates (sanguine, phlegmatic, choleric, melancholic) was given by Eysenck himself.

Eysenck (1964) connects extraversion and nitroversion with the degree of excitation and inhibition in the central nervous system, considering this factor as a certain result of the balance of excitation and inhibition processes, which is largely innate. In his 1967 work “Biological Foundations of Individuality,” Eysenck proposed a neurophysiological interpretation of his factors: a high score on the “neuroticism” scale corresponds to a decrease in the threshold of activation of the limbic system (specific activation - in this sense, increased “emotional instability” reactivity in response to events in the internal environment organism, in response to fluctuations in organismic needs and states), at the same time, a high score on the “introversion” scale corresponds to a decrease in the activation threshold of the reticular formation (non-specific activation - in this sense, introverts experience higher activation in response to exteroceptive (external) stimuli) . These ideas to some extent correspond to the idea of “activation levels” that was made by Soviet psychophysiologists (Nebylitsyn, 1976).

Phenomenologically, in behavior, extroverts manifest themselves as “excitable and mobile”, and “introverts” - as inhibited and inert.

According to Eysenck, an extrovert is sociable, loves parties, has many friends, and does not like to read and study on his own. He craves excitement, takes risks, acts on the spur of the moment, and is impulsive. An extrovert likes tricky jokes, doesn’t mince words, and usually likes change. He is carefree, good-naturedly cheerful, optimistic, loves to laugh, prefers movement and action, tends to be aggressive, and has a quick temper. His emotions and feelings are not strictly controlled, and he cannot always be relied upon.

In contrast to the extrovert, the introvert is calm, shy, and introspective. He prefers books to communicating with people. Reserved and distant from everyone except close people. Plans his actions in advance. Does not trust sudden impulses. She takes decision making seriously and loves order in everything. He controls his feelings, rarely acts aggressively, and does not lose his temper. You can rely on an introvert. He is somewhat pessimistic and highly values ethical standards.

The factor of neuroticism or instability is the result of an imbalance in the processes of excitation and inhibition. It indicates emotional and mental stability or instability, stability or instability and is considered in connection with the innate lability of the autonomic nervous system. The neuroticism factor is a parameter according to which all individuals can be placed in a row, at one pole of which there is a personality type characterized by extreme stability, maturity and excellent adaptation, and at the other - an extremely nervous, unstable and poorly adapted type. Using the instruction to imitate the “ideal self,” it was shown that the neuroticism scale is linearly negatively related to social desirability (the “stability” pole is desirable); this is a drawback of the scale, especially in the situation of expertise. In addition, the Neuroticism scale is not protected from systematic error due to the possible positional tactics of the subject’s answer (all questions are direct). These shortcomings are inherent in the main original version of the Eysenck questionnaire.

Currently, 2 adult options (A and B) and a children’s option, consisting of 60 points, have been developed and tested. 24 questions on the extraversion-introversion scale, 24 on the neuroticism scale, and 12 on the lying scale. The lie scale was introduced to identify subjects with a “desirable reactive attitude,” i.e. with a tendency to respond to questions in such a way as to produce the results desired by the person being examined. When processing the results, scoring is carried out primarily on the lie scale. If the result is higher than 5, then the results are considered unreliable and are not interpreted. The severity of the studied characteristics is assessed using the following tables:

extroversion-introversion
introversion			extroversion
significant	moderate	moderate	significant
1-7	8-11	12-18	19-24

neuroticism
stability			instability
high	average	high	very high
to 10	11-14	15-18	19-24

You can also use the Eysenck circle or special type tables developed by T.V. Matalina. (St. Petersburg, “The best psychological tests”, 1992).

Using this technique, you can determine the type of temperament and the prevailing character traits. As a rule, temperament types do not occur in their pure form in life, and we can only talk about the predominant combination.

SANGUINE - quickly adapts to new conditions, quickly gets along with people, is sociable. A sanguine person's feelings arise and change easily, his facial expressions are rich, mobile, and expressive. In the absence of serious goals, deep thoughts, and creative activity, a sanguine person develops superficiality and inconstancy.

CHOLERICK - impetuous. Characterized by increased excitability and great emotionality. The manifestations of choleric temperament largely depend on the orientation of the individual. In people with public interests, it manifests itself in initiative, energy, and integrity. Where there is no richness of spiritual life, choleric temperament often manifests itself negatively: in irritability, affectivity.

In PHLEGMATIC, new forms of behavior are developed slowly, but are persistent. Usually a phlegmatic person is even-tempered and calm, he rarely loses his temper, and is not prone to emotions. Depending on the conditions, in some cases a phlegmatic person may develop positive traits: endurance, depth of thoughts, etc., in others - lethargy and indifference to the environment, laziness and lack of will.

The reaction of a MELANCHOLIC often does not correspond to the strength of the stimulus; external inhibition is especially strong in him. It is difficult for him to concentrate on something for a long time. Strong influences often cause a prolonged inhibitory reaction in a melancholic person. Under normal conditions, a melancholic person is deep and meaningful. Under unfavorable conditions, a melancholic person can turn into a withdrawn, fearful, anxious person.

Instructions

Dear friend!

You will be asked several questions about the characteristics of your behavior in various conditions and situations. This is not a test of intelligence or ability, so there are no good or bad answers. We are interested in truthful answers. The content of individual questions is not analyzed, only the final result is important. The questions should be answered one by one. without going back to previous answers. Work quickly, don't spend too much time thinking about the answer - your first reaction is the most interesting. The question can be answered “yes” or “no”. The answer you choose for each question should be marked on the answer sheet with a cross under the selected item. Don't skip any question. Get started!

Stimulus material

Do you like noise and bustle around you?
Do you often need friends who can support you?
Do you always have a quick answer when asked about something?
Does it ever happen that you are irritated by something?
Do your moods change often?
Is it true that you find it easier and more enjoyable with books than with guys?
Do different thoughts often prevent you from falling asleep?
Do you always do as you're told?
Do you like to make fun of someone?
Have you ever felt unhappy even though there was no real reason for it?
Can you say about yourself that you are a cheerful, lively person?
Have you ever broken the school rules?
Is it true that you are often irritated by something?
Do you like to do everything at a fast pace (if, on the contrary, you are inclined to leisurely, answer “no”)?
Are you worried about all sorts of terrible events that almost happened, although everything ended well?
Can you be trusted with any secret?
Can you easily add some life to a dull group of peers?
Does it ever happen that your heart beats for no reason (physical activity)?
Do you usually make the first move to become friends with someone?
Have you ever told a lie?
Do you get upset easily when people criticize you and your work?
Do you often joke and tell funny stories to your friends?
Do you often feel tired?
Do you always do your homework first and everything else later?
Are you usually cheerful and happy with everything?
Are you touchy?
Do you really like to communicate with other guys?
Do you always comply with your family’s requests for help with housework?
Do you ever get dizzy?
Does it ever happen that your actions and actions put other people in an awkward position?
Do you often feel like you're tired of something?
Do you like to brag sometimes?
Do you most often sit and remain silent when you find yourself in the company of strangers?
Do you sometimes worry so much that you can't sit still?
Do you usually make decisions quickly?
Do you never make noise in class, even when the teacher is not present?
Do you often have scary dreams?
Can you give free rein to your feelings and have fun with your friends?
Are you easily upset?
Have you ever spoken badly about someone?
Is it true that you usually speak and act quickly, without stopping especially to think?
If you find yourself in a stupid position, do you worry for a long time?
Do you really like noisy and fun games?
Do you always eat what is served to you?
Do you find it difficult to say “no” when asked for something?
Do you like to visit often?
Are there times when you don't want to live?
Have you ever been rude to your parents?
Do guys consider you a cheerful and lively person?
Do you often get distracted when doing homework?
Do you sit and watch more often than take an active part in the general fun?
Do you usually find it difficult to sleep because of different thoughts?
Are you ever completely confident that you can handle the task you have to do?
Do you ever feel lonely?
Are you embarrassed to speak first to strangers?
Do you often realize when it’s too late to fix something?
When one of the guys yells at you, do you also yell back?
Does it happen that you sometimes feel happy or sad for no reason?
Do you find it difficult to truly enjoy the lively company of your peers?
Do you often worry that you did something without thinking?

Keys:

Extraversion-introversion

“yes”: 1, 3, 9, 11, 14, 17, 19, 22, 25, 27, 30, 35, 38, 41, 43, 46, 49, 53, 57

"no": 6, 33, 51, 55, 59

Neuroticism

"yes": 2, 5, 7, 10, 13, 15, 18, 21, 23, 26, 29, 31, 34, 37, 39, 42, 45, 47, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 60

Lie

"yes": 8, 16, 24, 28, 36, 44,

“no”: 4, 12, 20, 32, 36, 40, 48

Interpretation

Characterological manifestations of personality behavior	Ways to correct personal behavior
Type No. 1 E: 0-4; H: 0-4
Serene, peaceful, unperturbed. He is modest in the group. He doesn’t force friendship, but he doesn’t reject it either if it’s offered to him. Tends to be stubborn if he feels he is right. Not funny. The speech is calm. Patient. Cold-blooded.	There is little concern for managers; it suffers from the inattention of the management team. The main thing in the approach is to increase self-esteem by emphasizing the value of qualities such as modesty and composure. It is advisable to give the opportunity to choose the pace of work.
Type No. 2 E: 21-24 N: 0-4
Joyful, sociable, talkative, loves to be seen, optimistic, believes in success. He is superficial in his work, gets carried away, but quickly loses interest in work. Easily forgives insults and turns conflicts into a joke. Impressive, loves novelty.	Encourage hard work, use a penchant for novelty. Gradually teach perseverance, discipline, and organization by offering original tasks, involving them in work on new, previously undeveloped projects.
Type No. 3 E: 21-24 N 21-24
Active, ambitious, mocking. He strives to communicate with everyone arrogantly, is very ambitious, and in case of disagreement with the position of the leader, he takes an actively opposing position. Cannot tolerate indifference and criticism addressed to him. Mental processes are unbalanced. Emotionally unstable. Touchy. Conflicted. Grudge-bearing. Has psychosomatic illnesses. We get tired quickly.	The main tactic is emphatic respect. The relationship should be built on conviction, a calm, friendly tone of communication. You should not sort things out at the time of conflict. It is advisable to focus attention on the problem, the possibility of solving problems without emotional stress. In case of protracted conflicts, it is advisable to get rid of this employee.
Type No. 4 E: 0-4 N: 21-24
The type is restless, wary, unsure of himself. Needs care, highly vulnerable. Adaptation to new operating conditions takes a long time, so actions are slow. Does not like an active lifestyle. Contemplative, prone to philosophy. Easily dramatizes the situation. Unsociable, therefore his assessments and self-esteem differ from his social environment.	Support in communication and, if possible, protect from ridicule. Highlight and encourage positive qualities - thoughtfulness, accuracy. It is most advisable to use it in monotonous work that does not require active communication or strict regulation. It is difficult to tolerate inclusion in a rigid chain of command. It is necessary to intensify interest in those around you, gradually bringing you into contact with friendly and energetic people.
Type No. 5 E: 0-4 N: 5-8
Contemplative, calm. Has a low level of interest in improving his social and financial situation, and as a result has low performance in his core activities. Obediently indifferent. Aimed at fictitious or subtracted contradictions.	There is an urgent need to increase self-esteem through encouragement, which destroys indifference, increases the level of aspirations, and therefore the quality of work. It is necessary to engage in work and encourage strengths
Type No. 6 E: 0-4 N: 17-20
Reserved, timid, sensitive, gets lost in an unfamiliar environment or situation. Unconfident, dreamy, does not like crowds. Has a tendency to doubt. He has little faith in himself. In general, he is balanced and not prone to panic or dramatization of the situation. Prone to fantasies and sometimes indecisive.	Try to support and emphasize positive qualities in front of your colleagues - seriousness, good manners, sensitivity; you need to be captivated by an idea, a solution to a problem, and encourage the solutions found. This will increase self-esteem and give rise to a more optimistic feeling about life.
Type No. 7 E: 0-4 N: 9-16
A modest, active, business-oriented employee. A fair, devoted friend. A very good, skillful assistant, but a poor organizer. Shy, prefers to remain in the shadows, avoids large companies. Attaches great importance to relationships. Sometimes boring and moralizing. We are submissive by nature.	In activities, it is desirable to provide more initiative, free mode - this will intensify his activities. Try to liberate important matters on the basis of trust, so that he acts independently, and not under orders. Avoid public criticism. Instill confidence in your abilities. Avoid blind faith in someone else's authority
Type No. 8 E: 5-8 N: 0-4
Calm, communicative employee. Aesthetically gifted. More of a contemplator than a doer. Balanced. Indifferent to success. Likes to live “like everyone else.” In relationships he is even, but does not know how to worry deeply. Easily avoids conflicts	The main task is to intensify activities, entrust the solution of various possibly independent, creative tasks. Encourage success. Communication from management is required. Use at work in a group. It is advisable not to give an independent, responsible area
Type No. 9 E: 9-16 N:0-4
Active, cheerful, sociable employee. He is not discriminating in communication, which can lead to ending up in antisocial groups due to poor resistance. Prone to novelty, inquisitive. May have trouble building adequate self-esteem. Often there are no firm principles. Energetic. Balanced	Control and mobilization to complete assigned tasks are necessary. Establish a friendly relationship, make it clear that he is being watched. Assist in planning activities as needed. Fix deadlines for completing assigned tasks, volumes, and strictly control implementation.
Type No. 10 E: 17-20 N: 0-4 Artistic. Loves to entertain. Not persistent enough in completing assigned tasks. Sociable with colleagues and clients. He is not deep in his feelings. Balanced. Superficial in work. What is started may not be completed.		Support efforts aimed at achieving goals. Set new, interesting tasks (you yourself have enough initiative to choose a goal, but lack perseverance). Encourage artistry. Monitor task completion
Type No. 11 E: 21-24 N: 5-8

Active, sociable, noble, ambitious. Easily agrees to risky entertainment. Not always picky about friends, about means of achieving goals. Often selfish. Has organizational skills Encourage and develop organizational inclinations. Can be a leader, but control is required. Keep from arrogance. A leadership position will force you to get rid of laziness and carelessness. . You can allow criticism in the presence of colleagues, but not subordinates. Type No. 12 E: 21-24 N: 9-16 Easily submits to discipline. Has self-esteem. Organizer. Inclined towards art and sports. Active, amorous. Easily gets carried away by people and events. Impressive. A leader by nature, both emotionally and business-wise. Leadership efforts must be supported; help and guide in business and personal terms. Type No. 13 E: 21-24 N: 17-20 Complex type, vain, energetic, cheerful. As a rule, it does not have a high spiritual orientation. Immersed in the joys of life, he puts everyday needs at the forefront. He worships prestige and strives with all his might to achieve good luck, success, and profit. He despises losers. Sociable with clients and employees. Rigidly puts forward and defends his demands. The main strategy is to keep others within limits, to avoid arrogance and subjugation of others. Set tasks calmly and firmly, insist on strict adherence to the time and scope of task completion. You can offer the role of organizer, leader, while demanding strict fulfillment of official duties Type No. 14 E: 17-20 N: 21-24 Powerful, suspicious, suspicious, pedantic. Always strives for championship. Petty, enjoys any superiority, sarcastic. Tends to mock the weaker. Vengeful, disdainful in communication. Despotic. We tire easily. You can't be indifferent. To give the opportunity to take a leadership position, however, one should choose a post in which he would pay more attention to papers than to people. Encourage will and perseverance. Encourage a positive attitude towards others. Encourage persistence in achieving a leading position within a group or service. Type No. 15 E: 9-16 N: 21-24 Always dissatisfied, grumpy and prone to nit-picking. Petty and demanding. Easily offended over trifles. Often gloomy and irritable. Envious. In business he is insecure, in relationships he is subordinate. He gives in to difficulties. Stays aloof in the group. He is vindictive and, as a rule, has no friends. The voice is quiet and sharp. Not inclined to be sarcastic. It is advisable to establish at least minimal relationships based on the suspiciousness of this person. You can be interested in his well-being and success. Does clerical work well - pedantic qualities are highly developed. Encourage for accurate performance of official duties, do this in the presence of colleagues - this will somehow improve relationships with colleagues. Type 16 E: 5-8 N: 21-24 Highly sensitive, distrustful, silent, withdrawn and touchy type. Proud, independent and has a critical mind. Pessimist. Tends to generalized thinking. Often unsure of himself. He is secretly passionate by nature. The following are desirable in the approach: a protective regime, encouragement in the presence of colleagues, goodwill, and respect. Fair critical judgments should be supported, but criticism should not be allowed. Encourage the desire to achieve success as part of a group or service. Type No. 17 E: 17-20 N: 5-8 Very emotional, enthusiastic, cheerful, sociable, amorous. He is indiscriminate in his contacts and has a friendly attitude towards everyone. Fickle, naive, childish, enjoys the sympathy of others. Dreamer. Does not strive for leadership. Prefers intimate friendships. Maintain a positive attitude and encourage the desire to develop new ideas. When performing the duties of the head of the service, the group, demand strict adherence to deadlines and the volume of work performed, Encourage perseverance in achieving success as part of the group. Pay attention to the development of strong-willed qualities. Type No. 20 E: 17-20 N: 17-20 He is very demonstrative, does not know how to empathize, is emotionally poor, loves to oppose himself to the team. Very assertive in achieving goals and values that are significant to oneself. Prestigious. Often false, practical. The mode of interaction is soft, tolerant, so as not to aggravate negative qualities. Encourage the desire to achieve success as part of a group or service. It is necessary to control the volume and quality of work in an unobtrusive manner. The struggle for primacy must be presented in a form acceptable to the organization. Type No. 21 E: 13-16 N: 9-12 Very energetic, cheerful, “a crowd favorite.” Gifted, artistic, low-fatigue. Does not strive to work seriously towards achieving the goal. He gives up everything easily and often breaks off friendships. Superficial, has little social experience. Requires a strict attitude. In a team, you should not choose for leadership positions. Strictly demand fulfillment of the scope and accuracy of the assigned task. When setting tasks, schedule deadlines and monitor their implementation. Encourage the acquisition of new skills, such as learning a foreign language. Help you plan your work day. Type No. 22 E: 9-12 N: 9-12 Passively indifferent. Self-assured. In relation to others he is strict and demanding. He is vindictive. Often displays passive stubbornness. Very pedantic, petty, cold-blooded, reasonable. Rigid, prefers familiar activities and the monotony of everyday life. Speech intonations are not expressive. Unaesthetic. Create a feeling that managers are interested in him. You should be interested in the little things of everyday life and your well-being. Use your inherent meticulous traits when assigning highly responsible work. Reward for performance. It is advisable not to appoint to leadership positions, especially those related to managing people. Type No. 23 E: 17-20 N: 9-12 Sociable, active, proactive, enthusiastic. Can control himself. Able to • achieve the set goal. Ambitious, loves to lead, enjoys the trust of others. Good organizer. The character is easy. Aesthetic. Lively. Create leadership opportunities. Help in solving group and individual problems. Make sure you set realistic goals. Maintain leadership skills and, if possible, set tasks to help colleagues in a sensitive manner. Don't give too much overhead. Type No. 24 E: 13-16 N: 5-8 Active, balanced, proactive, energetic type. Attached to few friends. Able to set goals and achieve solutions. Not competitive. Sometimes touchy. Ordered. Prefers a calm, trusting attitude on the part of colleagues and management. Requires little supervision. It is advisable to establish clear business contacts. Type No. 25 E: 9-12 N: 5-8 Active, sometimes explosive, sometimes carefree and cheerful. Often calm and indifferent. Shows almost no initiative, prefers to act as directed. Passive in social contacts. Not disposed to emotional experiences. Tends to monotonous, painstaking work. A calm businesslike attitude is desirable. Find and recommend better individual tasks. Place in a position that has little to do with active communication with clients. Copes well with administrative work. Type No. 26 E: 5-8 N: 9-12 Calm, balanced, patient, pedantic. Ambitious. Purposeful. Has strong principles. Touchy at times. Likes a trusting relationship and a calm pace of work. Not prone to familiarity. It is advisable to reward colleagues for accuracy and diligence. Support efforts aimed at increasing self-confidence - entrusting complex tasks more often Type No. 27 E: 5-8 N: 13-16 Balanced and melancholic. Subtly sensitive, affectionate. Values confidential and intimate relationships, calm. Appreciates humor and is generally optimistic. Sometimes he panics, sometimes he gets depressed. However, more often he is calm and thoughtful. Create an environment of active and calm activity. It is advisable to avoid strict regulation. Does good customer service work. In order to increase self-confidence, more often assign tasks with a high degree of responsibility. Type No. 28 E: 9-12 N: 17-20 Melancholic, ambitious, persistent, serious. Sometimes prone to a sad and anxious mood. He is friends with a small circle of people. Not touchy. Sometimes suspicious, independent in decisions regarding fundamental issues, but dependent on loved ones in emotional life. It is recommended to focus efforts on increasing self-esteem, strengthening self-confidence and self-confidence. Does good customer service work. Criticism is allowed, but not in the presence of subordinates or a large number of colleagues. Type No. 29 E: 13-16 1И7-20 Severely demanding of others: stubborn, proud, very ambitious. Energetic, sociable, often in a combative mood. Hides failures. Loves to be seen. Cold-blooded. Build relationships on the basis of respect and high demands for fulfilling your duties. Possible criticism is an additional incentive to achieve your goals. Has good organizational skills. Type No. 30 E: 17-20 N: 13-16 Proud, strives for primacy. He is vindictive, strives for leadership in everything. Energetic, persistent, calm, calculating. Loves risk, adamant in achievements. Not devoid of artistry, although a bit dry. Avoid arrogance. Support positive initiatives. Help in leadership, but do not allow a command style in relationships with colleagues, neutralize anger, encouraging achievement of success as part of a group. Help in assessing your capabilities. Type No. 31 E: 9-12 N: 13-16 Shy, unenvious, strives for independence, affectionate, friendly, shows observation and a sense of humor with close people. Prone to deep trusting relationships. Avoids situations of risk and danger. Cannot stand the imposed pace. Sometimes prone to quick decisions. He often repents of his actions and blames only himself for failures. Provide a calm, friendly environment and try to involve them in active resolution of business issues. Encourage social activity, involve in participation in events - seminars, conferences, etc.

LITERATURE

1. Bleikher V.M. Clinical pathopsychology. - Tashkent: Medicine, 1976. — 324 p.

2. Gamezo M.V., Domashenko I.A. Atlas of psychology. - M.; Enlightenment, 1986 — p.218-225.

3. Experimental psychology. Ed. Fresse P., Piaget J. - M.; Progress, 1875 - issue 5, - p.240-243.

Theoretical basis

G. Eysenck, having analyzed the materials of a survey of 700 neurotic soldiers, came to the conclusion that the entire set of traits that describe a person can be represented through 2 main factors: extraversion (introversion) and neuroticism.

The first of these factors is biopolar and represents a characteristic of a person’s individual psychological make-up, the extreme poles of which correspond to the personality’s orientation either to the world of external objects (extraversion) or to the subjective inner world (introversion). It is generally accepted that extroverts are characterized by sociability, impulsiveness, behavioral flexibility, great initiative (but little persistence) and high social adaptability. Introverts, on the contrary, are characterized by unsociability, isolation, social passivity (with sufficient persistence), a tendency to introspection and difficulties in social adaptation.

The second factor - neuroticism (or neuroticism) - describes a certain property-state that characterizes a person in terms of emotional stability, anxiety, level of self-esteem and possible autonomic disorders. This factor is also bipolar and forms a scale, at one pole of which there are people characterized by extreme stability, maturity and excellent adaptation, and at the other - an extremely nervous, unstable and poorly adapted type. Most people are located between these poles, closer to the middle (according to the normal distribution).

The intersection of these 2 bipolar characteristics allows us to obtain an unexpected and rather interesting result - a fairly clear assignment of a person to one of the four 4 temperaments.

The third factor - psychoticism - was added in the fourth version of the questionnaire and is a characteristic of a tendency towards antisocial behavior and inadequacy of emotional reactions. This factor is not bipolar; its high values may indicate difficulty in social adaptation, although there is no clear justification for the legitimacy of identifying this category, and it is disputed by many foreign researchers.

G. Eysenck's temperament test

Goal of the work. Determine the properties and leading type of temperament.

Instructions. In order to determine the place of the subject’s temperament type in G. Eysenck’s two-factor model, an adapted version of his questionnaire is used. Each question asked should be answered “yes” (+) or “no” (-). There is no average for the answer.

Questionnaire

1. Do you often feel a craving for new experiences in order to distract yourself and experience strong sensations?

2. Do you often feel that you need friends who can understand you and express sympathy?

3. Do you consider yourself a carefree person?

4. Is it very difficult for you to give up your intentions?

5. Do you think about your affairs slowly and prefer to wait before acting?

6. Do you always keep your promises, even if it is unprofitable for you?

7. Do you often have ups and downs in your mood?

8. Do you usually act and speak quickly and do you spend a lot of time thinking?

9. Have you ever had the feeling that you are unhappy, although there was no serious reason for this?

10. Is it true that you can decide on anything in a dispute?

11. Do you feel embarrassed when you want to meet someone of the opposite sex who you like?

12. Does it happen that when you get angry, you lose your temper?

13. Do you often act thoughtlessly, on the spur of the moment?

14. Do you often worry about the idea that you shouldn’t do or say something?

15. Do you prefer reading books to meeting people?

16. Is it true that you are easily offended?

17. Do you often like to be in company?

18. Do you ever have thoughts that you would not like to share with other people?

19. Is it true that sometimes you are so full of energy that everything in your hands burns, and sometimes you feel very lethargic?

20. Do you try to limit your circle of acquaintances to a small number of your closest friends?

21. Do you dream a lot?

22. When people shout at you, do you respond in kind?

23. Do you often feel guilty?

24. Are all your habits good and desirable?

25. Are you able to give free rein to your own feelings and have fun in a noisy company?

26. Can we say that your nerves are often tense to the limit?

27. Are you considered a lively and cheerful person?

28. After something is done, do you often return to it in your mind and think that you could have done it better?

29. Is it true that you are usually silent and reserved when you are among people?

30. Does it happen that you spread rumors?

31. Does it ever happen that you can’t sleep because different thoughts are popping into your head?

32. Is it true that it is often more pleasant and easier for you to read about what interests you in a book, although it is faster and easier to learn about it from friends?

33. Do you have palpitations?

34. Do you like work that requires close attention?

35. Do you have tremors?

36. Is it true that you always say only good things about people you know, even when you are sure that they will not know about it?

37. Is it true that you find it unpleasant in a company where they constantly make fun of each other?

38. Is it true that you are irritable?

39. Do you like work that requires quick action?

40. Is it true that you are often haunted by thoughts about various troubles and “horrors” that could happen, although everything ended well?

41. Is it true that you are leisurely in your movements?

42. Have you ever been late for a date or for work?

43. Do you often have nightmares?

44. Is it true that you are such a lover of conversation that you never miss an opportunity to talk with a stranger?

45. Do you have any pain?

46. Would you be upset if you couldn’t see your friends for a long time?

47. Would you call yourself a nervous person?

48. Are there people you know that you clearly don’t like?

49. Are you easily offended by criticism of your shortcomings or your work?

50. Would you say that you are a confident person?

51. Do you find it difficult to truly enjoy events with many participants?

52. Does the feeling that you are somehow worse than others bother you?

53. Would you be able to bring some life into a boring company?

54. Does it happen that you talk about things that you don’t understand at all?

55. Are you worried about your health?

56. Do you like to make fun of others?

57. Do you suffer from insomnia?

Processing and interpretation of the Eysenck test.

Test processing should begin with determining the reliability of the test subjects' answers. If the answers match those indicated in the key, then each of them is assigned 1 point. The key to the questionnaire is given below. If the total score for the sincerity of responses is 5 or 6, then the results obtained are questioned. If the sum of points is more than 7, then the testing data is considered unreliable and further processing of the results is not performed. With a total score of 0 - 4, the answers are reliable.

Key to the Eysenck Questionnaire

Indicators of temperament properties	Indicators of sincerity of responses
extroversion	neuroticism
1+ 3+ 5- 8+ 10+ 13+ 15- 17+ 20- 22+ 25+ 27+	29- 32- 34- 37- 39+ 41- 44+ 46+ 49+ 51- 53+ 56+	2+ 4+ 7+ 9+ 11+ 14+ 16+ 19+ 21+ 23+ 26+ 28+	31+ 33+ 35+ 38+ 40+ 43+ 45+ 47+ 50+ 52+ 55+ 57+	6+ 12- 18- 24+ 30- 36+ 42- 48- 54-

On a blank sheet of paper, two mutually perpendicular axes of extroversion and neuroticism are drawn, as indicated in the figure, with scale values 0 - 24. The intersection point of the axes corresponds to the value 12.

The sum of points is calculated according to the indicator of extroversion - introversion. Points for answers to this indicator are awarded in the same way as for the “sincerity of answers” indicator (for each answer that matches the extraversion indicator in the “key” of the questionnaire, 1 point is assigned).

Suppose that when calculating points on the extraversion indicator, the sum turned out to be equal to 15. In this case, a vertical line is drawn through the value of 15 on the extraversion axis. The total score for the neuroticism indicator is calculated in the same way. Let the sum of points for this indicator be 19. A horizontal line is drawn through the value of 19 on the neuroticism axis. The point of intersection of the horizontal and vertical lines will show the subject’s place in G. Eysenck’s two-factor model. In this case, a choleric temperament was identified.

Obviously, according to the data in the figure, the subject is a clear extrovert with somewhat pronounced emotional instability.

According to the extroversion factor (extraversion - introversion), the subjects can be divided into two groups. If the subject scores less than 12 points on the extroversion indicator, then he is more likely to be introverted. If the sum of points is more than 12, then the subject is characterized by extraversion. Score values from 0 to 12 reflect the severity of introversion, from 12 to 24 - extroversion.

Scoring for the neuroticism indicator is done in the same way. With a total score of less than 12, subjects are classified as representatives distinguished by emotional stability (stability). With a total score of more than 12, subjects are classified as emotionally unstable personality types. It is necessary to make a reservation that the reliability of the test results, as is generally recognized by psychologists, does not exceed 0.8 (that is, 80%).

When determining the place of a subject’s personality in G. Eysenck’s two-factor model in terms of extroversion and neuroticism, it should be borne in mind that the very concept of “neuroticism” is not identical to neurosis. However, in individuals with high scores on the neuroticism scale (22–24) in unfavorable, stressful situations, the manifestation of neurosis is not excluded.

Extroversion is a characteristic of a person’s individual psychological differences, the extreme poles of which correspond to the personality’s focus either on the world of external objects (extraversion) or on the phenomena of his own subjective world (introversion).

Neuroticism is a concept characterized by emotional instability, anxiety, poor health, and autonomic disorders. This factor is also bipolar. One of its poles has a positive meaning, characterized by emotional stability, the other pole – emotional instability. Emotional stability is inherent in sanguine and phlegmatic people, emotional instability is inherent in choleric and melancholic people.

Extroverts (sanguine people, choleric people) are characterized by sociability, impulsiveness, flexible behavior, great initiative, high social adaptability, but also low persistence.

Introverts (phlegmatic people, melancholic people) are characterized by observation, isolation, a tendency to introspection, difficulty in social adaptation, fixation of interests on the phenomena of their own inner world, social passivity with sufficient persistence.

Sanguine: stable personality. Social, directed towards the outside world, sociable, carefree. Cheerful, cheerful, talkative, responsive, proactive. Loves leadership and has many friends.

Choleric: unstable personality. Responsive. Touchy, excitable, unrestrained, aggressive, restless, impulsive, optimistic, active (but performance and mood are unstable), cyclical. Gives in to moods. In a situation of stress, he is prone to hysterical-psychopathic reactions. Reactive.

Phlegmatic: stable personality. Slow, calm, passive, calm, cautious, prudent, thoughtful, peace-loving, friendly, reliable, restrained, calm in relationships, reasonable, able to withstand long-term adversity without disruption of health and mood.

Melancholic: Unstable personality. Anxious, pessimistic, outwardly reserved, sensitive, emotional, uncommunicative. Easily upset. In a situation of stress, he is prone to depression and deterioration in performance.

Improved techniques

In 1963, the EPI (Eysenck Personality Inventory) questionnaire was proposed - a new technique, the questions of which, in the amount of 48 pieces, are intended to diagnose the “neuroticism” and “extraversion-introversion” scales, and 9 add up to the “lie” scale - with its help it is determined a person’s desire to “embellish” himself (a total of 57 points were identified).

The EPI methodology was developed based on responses received from more than 30 thousand people, which is several orders of magnitude greater than the number that was involved in the creation of MMQ and MPI.

The test uses two versions with different questions, but identical in form and meaning (to be used twice).

Six years later, Hans and Sibylle Eysenck offer the EPQ, a personality questionnaire that diagnoses not only the previous two described scales and the “lie” scale, but also psychoticism. Its high level is associated with the severity of special conditions in which the presence of inadequate mental reactions (psychosis) is possible. The test involves passing 101 questions.

The name of Eysenck is also known due to the fact that he proposed a method for identifying self-assessment of mental states, during which the presence of a prevailing psychotype is determined - frustration, anxiety, aggressiveness and rigidity.

Currently, the EPQ is not very popular, and not only because the previous test includes 57 questions - almost half as many as the present one. Many foreign researchers argue that the psychoticism scale cannot have a scientific basis, and the results obtained during experiments are often contradictory.

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