Personality typology in psychology. What is this briefly, tests

What is personality typology in psychology

Personality typology in psychology is based on the division of people into psychotypes, depending on innate or acquired characteristics of character and temperament.

According to the scientific definition, a psychotype is a system of dominant behavioral attitudes of an individual when interacting with the outside world, based on the individual typological characteristics of an individual.

The systematization of behavioral stereotypes aims to explain the differences between people. Many psychologists and psychiatrists, representatives of various schools and directions, devoted their research to this topic.

What is a psychotype

Any person represents a unity of the general and the individual. Recognizing the right of everyone to be a bright and unique personality, we must understand that the laws by which the psyche works are common to everyone, which means there are many similarities between people. This allows psychologists to draw general conclusions and develop effective and applicable methods of psychotherapy and correction to all individuals.

But along with general and individual traits, there are also typical ones, that is, they allow people to be united into groups (types) based on some common characteristics. In this case, we will talk about psychological characteristics and, accordingly, psychotypes. A psychotype is a complex of mental characteristics that make up a generalized model of human behavior and his reactions to external stimuli. These patterns are characteristic of many people, which allows them to be grouped together.

Why are such classifications needed? Psychologists need them to use different approaches to working with clients according to their types. However, too general methods and advice are not always effective, and it takes a lot of time to understand the individual “cockroaches” of each person. It’s easier to start from typological features and start analyzing individual problems and choosing work methods from them.

Here's an example. According to the characteristics of contacts with the outside world, all people can be divided into two types: extroverts and introverts:

• Extroverts are open to the world and other people and draw their energy from outside themselves.
• Introverts are closed in their inner world; they have difficulty building relationships with others and focus on their own resources.

It is clear that in order to develop the correct strategy for communication and interaction with a client, a psychologist needs to know what type he is.

It is also useful for ordinary people to know about their own psychotype. Such information allows you to interact with the world more effectively and avoid many mistakes. That is, knowledge of psychotypes is a useful thing, and special tests have been developed to determine them.

True, there is one problem: there are so many different typologies, classifications and their descriptions that it is not easy for even a psychologist to understand them. Therefore, I will introduce you only to the most popular ones.

The reason for dividing people into types

The question of why in the same situation people behave differently, sometimes in sharply opposite ways, has arisen before everyone at least once in their life. In the modern world, which is developing at an accelerated pace, more and more attention is being paid to the study of psychotypes, both by specialists and individual citizens.

In psychology, with the help of typology, an individual psychological portrait of a person is compiled, which includes such qualities as:

• temperament;
• character;
• capabilities;
• inclinations;
• emotionality;
• motivation;
• personal values.

Despite the fact that the identified psychotypes according to any of the theories are practically never found in their pure form, everyone can identify the predominant features of one of the types. Based on the compiled psychological portrait, experts can predict the behavioral model of an individual in a given situation.

• Knowing the prevailing psychotype in oneself helps a person quickly find his purpose in life and increase self-esteem. A personal psychological portrait will tell you how to put your best qualities into practice and hide your shortcomings.
• Data from psychological tests and questionnaires are increasingly used by HR specialists when hiring. The same tests allow you to determine which assignment is best given to which employee. It is also important to select team members whose interaction will be aimed at optimally performing tasks accurately.
• Psychoanalysis allows you to identify weaknesses and predict the actions of a criminal or enemy. Used in law enforcement and military operations.
• Many people use personality typology when choosing a suitable partner for starting a family. Knowing the psychotypes of relatives and understanding their actions helps resolve or smooth out family conflicts.
• Drawing up a psychological portrait is of great importance for teenagers, as well as for their parents. Sometimes we have to admit that the goal chosen by parents is not suitable for the temperament and character of their child. Personality typology is an important component of choosing a professional direction.

Understanding personality structure in various psychological theories

There are a number of psychological theories that describe the structure of personality. Russian and Soviet psychological schools are represented in the works of I.P. Pavlova, A.N. Leontyeva, B.G. Ananyeva, K.K. Platonova and others.

In Soviet psychology there is a tradition of distinguishing between an individual and a personality. Two Soviet psychologists did the most towards this distinction: B.G. Ananyev and A.N. Leontyev. With some differences in understanding of personality, and with some general differences or approaches, these authors defined the essence and characteristics of personality and drew the line of distinction (“line of demarcation”) at the same place. Man, in their opinion, is a natural, biological being, possessing both innate and life-formed characteristics. Personality is a socially constructed trait.

According to A.N. Leontiev, a person as a natural being is an individual with one or another physical constitution, type of nervous activity, temperament and dynamic forces of biological needs.

Characterizing a person as a person, B.G. Ananyev wrote that there is reason to distinguish two main classes of individual characteristics:

• Age-gender;
• Individually typical.

The first class includes:

• Age-typical characteristics that unfold during the formation of an individual (stages of ontogenetic development), and sexual dimorphism, the intensity of which corresponds to the ontogenetic stages;
• Constitutional characteristics (physical and biochemical individuality), neurodynamic properties of the brain and features of the functional geometry of the cerebral hemispheres (symmetry-asymmetry, function of paired receptors and effectors).

Defining the above characteristics as primary, and psychophysical functions and organic needs as secondary, these authors note that in temperament and predisposition there is a higher integration of all these characteristics. Defining the difference between a personality and an individual, A.N. Leontyev wrote that personality, like the individual, is a product of the integration of processes that carry out the relations of the subject. As the main difference of personality, he called the social relations specific to the individual into which he enters in his objective activity.

For B.G. Ananyev, the starting point of the structural-dynamic properties of a personality is its position in society, where this personality is formed and formed.

A.N. Leontiev believes that personality is a relatively late product of human socio-historical and ontogenetic development.

Personality as a general scientific and secular concept means:

• Human personality as a subject of relationships and conscious activity;
• A stable system of socially significant traits that characterize a person as a member of a particular society or community.

In psychology, personality is understood as a core, an integrating element that connects the various mental processes of an individual and gives his behavior the necessary consistency and stability. Depending on what exactly is seen at such a beginning, theories of personality are divided into psychobiological (W. Sheldon), biosocial (F. Allport, K. Rogers), psychosocial (K. Adler, K. Horney and other neo-Freudians), psychostatic ( “factorial”) - (R. Cattell, D. Eysenck and others).

Based on these theories, a personality typology is carried out. A distinction is made between specific historical personality types, ideal types corresponding to certain theoretical concepts, and empirical groupings of interviewed individuals. In sociology, the identification and existence of various social personality types is associated with the characteristics and properties of socio-economic formations (class, social group personality types). The category “socio-historical personality type” is used to designate certain sets of personality traits determined by a particular historical era and the social structure of society.

In Western psychology, there are widespread typologies that mainly take into account personality traits (traits and characteristics of individuals due to their initial innate orientations).

What is temperament in psychology?

Temperament is translated from Latin as “proper proportion of parts.” This term refers to the totality of a person’s individual characteristics, which determines his activity throughout his life. First of all, temperament manifests itself in emotionality, in the degree of manifestation of experiences, features of adaptation to the world around us. Temperament is manifested by the power of impulsiveness.

Temperament and character are concepts, although related, but they mean completely different categories. If temperament is determined already at the birth of a child and is a biologically determined parameter, then character is formed under the influence of the social environment and acquired experience.

Temperament does not change throughout a person's life; character traits can develop and change over time.

Personality typing according to Pavlov

From a review of classifications of temperament and character, it becomes clear that when identifying personality types, their stable individual or socially formed characteristics are taken into account, such as physique features, features of the nervous system, accentuations, etc. However, along with psychophysiological and psychiatric assessment criteria, we can identify the most general grounds that allow us to typify a personality in its integrity and the specificity of mental activity.

Such an attempt was made by Ivan Petrovich Pavlov, who, in addition to describing four types of temperament, identified three “purely human types” of higher nervous activity: mental, artistic and average. Pavlov's typology is based on the relative participation of the first and second signaling systems in the perception of the world and the organization of human activity.

According to Pavlov, representatives of the thinking type, characterized by the predominance of the activity of the second signaling system of the left hemisphere of the brain, are very rational and prone to a detailed analysis of life phenomena and abstract logical thinking. Their feelings are characterized by moderation and restraint and, as a rule, are expressed outwardly only after passing through the “filter of the mind.” People of this type are usually interested in mathematics, philosophy, and are attracted to scientific activities.

The activity of the first signaling system of the right hemisphere of the brain and developed imaginative thinking predominate in people of the artistic type, with high emotionality, vivid imagination, spontaneity and vividness of perception of reality. They are mainly interested in art, poetry, music, theater, and they successfully realize themselves in creative writing and artistic activities. In contrast to the skepticism of the thinking type, people of the artistic type often turn out to be “romantic natures.”

Most people (up to 80%) belong to the “golden mean”, the average type. Their character is easily dominated by rational or emotional elements, mainly depending on their upbringing and life circumstances. These typological characteristics begin to appear at the age of 12-16: Some teenagers devote most of their time to literature, music, art, others to chess, physics and mathematics, so adolescence is quite favorable for professional training.

Another example of the systematic development of problems of personality typology is the theory of psychological types by C. G. Jung. He associated typological differences with two factors:

1. the predominance of a certain attitude of consciousness in the mental activity of the individual;
2. predominance of one of the main mental functions.

Jung's theory identifies two attitudes or orientations of consciousness, corresponding to two directions of psychic energy: Introversion and extraversion.

Introversion implies the focus of mental activity on the phenomena and content of the subject’s inner world, his thoughts, fantasies, and experiences. In this case, the motivation for action comes from the subject himself and depends to a lesser extent on external (“objective”) circumstances.

An introvert is a person who looks inward, listens to his “inner voice,” has an intense inner life, and shows little interest in his surroundings.

Extraversion, on the contrary, turns a person to the world of external phenomena and events. In this case, the orientation towards the external, towards the object predominates: dependence on it or increased interest in it.

An extrovert tends to obey in his thinking, feelings and actions the “objective” external demands or “attractiveness” of the object. Jung emphasized that these two types are not rigidly fixed.

Introversion and extroversion are observed in the soul of every person and alternate in the natural process of life, for example, in the phases of systole (contraction of the heart, after which blood is pumped into the arteries) and diastole (expansion of the cavities of the heart due to relaxation of its muscles, the heart “rests”). Introversion or extroversion refers only to the predominant orientation of consciousness. (Note that Jung’s understanding does not fully correspond to the interpretation of introversion and extraversion established by G. Eysenck in his famous test).

Classification of personality psychotypes

Personality typology in psychology is studied by various psychological schools. More than 2 centuries have passed since the time of Hippocrates, but his theory of dividing people into 4 types of temperament is still relevant today. But since this division is very conditional due to the many individual qualities of an individual, many psychologists offer their own classification methods.

It is difficult to say which theory is the most accurate, because, despite the commonality of certain traits in certain groups of people, the picture of an individual personality turns out to be more complex than the descriptions of the most advanced classifier. The higher the level of development of an individual, the more difficult it is to fit him into template definitions. There are about 4 thousand classifications of psychotypes today.

Here are some of the theories that are used more often:

• Division into 4 types of temperament according to Hippocrates.
• Kretschmer's character theory.
• Shelton's classification of temperaments.
• Jung and Myers-Briggs personality typology.
• Personality accentuations according to Leonhard.
• Division into psychotypes according to Gannushkin and Lichko.
• Socionic types of Aušra Augustinavičiute.

Personality structure as a totality, domestic approach

“Structure is a set of stable relationships between the many components of an object that ensure its integrity and self-identity. The concept of structure implies viewing an object as a system...”

The problem of personality structure in psychology is even more confusing than the concept of “personality” itself. Let's first consider the views of household psychologists. B.G. Ananyev offers a fairly detailed analysis of the characteristics of the psychological structure of the individual, pointing, in particular, to the works of A.G. Kovaleva, V.N. Myasishchev and K.K. Platonov, noting that their differences “in the interpretation of the concept of personality structure are quite characteristic of the current state of the problem.”

A.G. Kovalev presents personality as a synthesis of complex structures, such as:

• Temperament (structure of natural traits);
• Orientation (system of needs, interests and ideals);
• Abilities (system of intellectual, volitional and emotional qualities).

All these structures arise as a result of the interaction of psychological characteristics of the individual, which “characterize a stable, constant level of activity that allows the individual to best adapt to inactive stimuli due to the greatest adequacy of their reflection.” In the process of activity, the features are interconnected in a certain way, in accordance with the requirements of the activity.” Moreover, he believes that the “structure of an individual’s mental life” is formed by the relationship between mental processes, mental states and mental properties of the individual.

Unlike him, V.N. Myasishchev adhered to the two-dimensional structure and functioning of the psyche - potential and procedural. He referred to potential as such qualitative personality traits as intelligence, talent, character, abilities; to processes - activity, the experience of thinking, and their functioning always represents a dialectical unity in which “the potential can be judged by its implementation in the process, while the process itself is internally determined by the nature of the potential.” According to his concept, the unity of personality is characterized by direction (dominant attitude towards certain objects), level of mental development, dynamics of personal reactions (temperament) and personality structure, which includes “... proportionality, harmony, integrity of personality, its breadth and depth, its functional profile, those. the relationship between various mental properties or what is primarily called the character of a person.” So, according to B.G. Ananyev, from the point of view of V.N. Myasishchev, personality structure is “only one of the definitions of its unity and integrity, i.e. a more special personality property, the integrative features of which are associated with the motivation, attitudes and tendencies of the individual.”

K.K. Platonov presents the degree of integration in the personality structure in different ways. In accordance with a set of criteria, he identifies a dynamic functional psychological structure of personality, consisting of four substructures:

• Socially conditioned traits formed by upbringing (orientations, moral traits);
• Biologically determined traits (temperament, gender and age characteristics, pathological organic changes, predispositions, instincts, simple needs);
• Personal experience acquired, including as a result of training (the volume and quality of existing knowledge, skills, abilities and habits);
• Individual characteristics of various mental processes or mental functions as a form of reflection (mostly dependent on biologically determined characteristics).

In addition “to the four main, so to speak, lines, two more substructures are superimposed on them - character and abilities. Moreover, K.K. Platonov calls this structure functional, “since both the entire structure and its constituent elements are considered as mental functions.” Sooner or later, this functional structure as a “psychological pattern” will almost completely cover the morphological and physiological structure as a physiological outline...” Moreover, he calls this structure psychological because “it generalizes the psychological characteristics of the individual, although it is associated with the social roles of the individual.”

Classification depending on temperament

Most often, a personality typology is compiled based on the division into temperaments. Despite its antiquity, the theory of Hippocrates is the most widely known and is still relevant today. Modern psychologists associate temperaments with the innate properties of the nervous system; Hippocrates associated them with the predominance of one type of fluid.

Carl Gustav Jung also considered it correct to divide humanity into psychotypes based on innate temperament.

In his theory, he went further than Hippocrates; his classification is based on the division into 2 main types according to the direction of perception:

• Introverts - attention is directed inward, the assessment of events and actions occurs based on personal perception.
• Extroverts are focused on society, more focused on the surrounding reality than on internal experiences.

Jung based the addition of the classification on 4 senses:

• thinking;
• intuition;
• emotions;
• Feel.

As a result, Jung's classification of types is as follows:

Myers-Briggs typology

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is based on Jung's typology. Both of its creators did not have a psychological education, but after reading Jung’s “Psychological Types” they began to actively type in practice, conducting observations of people’s behavior and his research. Living during wartime, they had the opportunity to observe large masses of people in unusual situations, and based on this material they described the differences between types in more detail.

Further, MBTI was effectively developed as a system that allows you to form work teams, select personnel, and predict the behavior of employees in a company. Specialists using MBTI aim to build proper management in connection with the personality types of both the manager and subordinates. MBTI allows you to separate not only the strengths, but also the weaknesses of the subject and, concentrating on the strong characteristics, place the employee in the most suitable position for him in the organization.

According to the MBTI, a person's type comes in four formats. The first is the source of energy from where a person draws energy. An extrovert receives energy from the outside, he needs to constantly act and communicate, this is his way of survival and comfort zone. It is in the process of interaction with the external world that he receives the impetus for development and the material for it. An introvert, on the contrary, draws energy from within himself and therefore loves solitude.

The next one is the center of attention, a way of obtaining information about the world around us. Here we are dealing with sensory as a reliance on the senses, intuition as a supraconscious process of analysis, forecasting and anticipation of events. The sensory type is based on the present and past experience, while the intuitive is able to see figuratively, the whole picture, as if from above.

Next comes the decision-making center using the thinking or feeling mode. The thinking type reasons based on right and wrong, while the feeling type reasons based on personal values.

And the last pair of characteristics, judgment and perception, are related to the individual's lifestyle. People of judgment live in an orderly, predictable world, while people of perception live in a deep, elemental world with open options for all kinds of choices, which is why they do not make decisions until the last moment.

Classification depending on character

Unlike temperament, which is considered an innate personality trait, character is a concept with a broader meaning. A person’s character is formed on the basis of innate temperament under the influence of the characteristics of the surrounding social environment throughout life.

Personality typology in psychology, based on character traits, determines types of people based on a set of constant behavior patterns and natural reactions to certain events.

Classification of characters according to Karl Leonhard identifies the following types of personality:

• Demonstrative.
• Pedantic.
• Stuck.
• Excitable.

Kretschmer's theory of determining character types, widespread in wide circles, proposes a division into 3 types of physique, which correspond to 3 types of characters:

• An asthenic is a thin person with long limbs, a narrow chest, and a belly without fat. This type corresponds to the character of schizothym. The behavior of these people is dominated by seriousness and coldness. Communication with others is superficial, without deep inner content. Shikhotims are people with steel energy, stable and unshakable.
• Picnic is a man of average height, with a dense figure, a wide chest and a massive belly. Character - cyclothyme, is determined by increased excitability, sociability, and a high degree of adaptability to the surrounding world.
• An athlete is a person with a stately, proportional physique. Character – iksotim. Such people are calm, restrained, and inclined to adequately assess events. Sometimes change is difficult to cope with.

Personality archetypes

One of the methods for assessing mental qualities was the definition of an archetype.

An archetype is the basis that determines a person’s feelings, thoughts, behavior and needs. Based on this knowledge, the psychotherapist helps to get rid of unwanted complexes and change the course of his life. Jung's archetypes are part of the universal unconscious, a genetic memory given to a person from birth that shapes his worldview.

6.1

6 Archetypes of Carl Jung

Self is the harmonious interaction of the conscious and unconscious in a person as a source of creative energy. The balance of opposing elements of the psyche is normalized. Jung formulated the prototype of the self as a basic, all-encompassing quality, a sign of balance and coexistence of opposites. Many people have not developed this quality and are unaware of its existence.

The person prefers to wear a mask and meet the expectations of the environment. Representative of the collective psyche. The chosen role helps to communicate with society, determines the choice of profession, attitude towards people, tastes. May suppress individuality.

Shadow. A manifestation of the unconscious, which is repressed due to social rejection. Thoughts, memories, feelings that are not recognized by a person. According to Jung's theory, the ego's task is to realize the potential of the Shadow for personality development.

Animus. The masculine component of feminine nature, the ability to express personal opinion and defend it. A positive animus means insight, wise, balanced actions. Negativity encourages recklessness. The animus strives to influence the world around it and is expressed in categorical and firm judgments.

Anima. Manifestation of the feminine principle in a man: sensual impulses, emotionality, frivolity, love at first sight, romance. Femininity is directed inside a person, towards awareness of feelings and self-awareness. Men under the influence of the animus are emotionally unstable, irritable, and impulsive.

The description of psychotypes makes it possible to determine the strengths and weaknesses of a person’s character, to avoid conflict situations and misunderstandings. This is an opportunity to understand the environment and the motives of their behavior in order to coexist harmoniously in the family and society.

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Features and methods for determining psychotype

Determining the psychological characteristics of a person for certain purposes is the responsibility of a separate branch of psychology - psychological diagnostics. To determine psychotypes, various methods are used: tests, questionnaires, conversations.

Psychological consultations provide a specific person with knowledge that helps them better understand a certain situation, as well as adjust their actions in it. Modern psychology has a number of studies that make it possible to determine psychotypes by appearance, habits and a number of other characteristics.

Psychodiagnostic methods are classified according to several parameters:

By type of task:

• projective;
• multifactorial;
• accentuation;
• physiological;
• effective.

By form:

• blank;
• computer;
• sensory.

To address:

• conscious;
• unconscious.

Online tests to determine personality types

The most accessible way to determine your personal psychotype is online tests that anyone can take using the Internet. Most tests are aimed at revealing a person’s internal potential, his ability to interact, and behavioral characteristics among close people.

There are also many modern classifiers for a variety of specific tasks.

Examples of online test categories:

• Multifactorial methods for personality research (Cattell test).
• Projective tests (Luscher color test)
• Leonhard tests for determining personal accentuations.
• Tests for temperament research (Eysenck, Strelyau).
• Questionnaires for intelligence research (IT intellectual potential test).
• Tests for research in various fields of activity (Torrance test)
• Methods of self-satisfaction, life values ​​(Muddy's vitality test).

Personality typology is receiving more and more attention in practical application. Specialists from all fields of activity are turning to the latest achievements of psychology. Methods for unlocking individual potential are being improved every day and allow us to understand the essence of a person with great accuracy.

Personality types. Jung's classification:

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Man is a biosocial being, a special, highest link in the development of living organisms on Earth. The biological principle (anatomy, physiology, the course of various processes in the body) is inextricably interconnected with social traits (team work, thinking, speech, creativity).

An individual is a member of homo sapiens, a separate living organism, an individual.

Personality is the social image of a person, consisting of his social image and internal appearance.

— The public image is determined by the activities and position of a person in society, the realization of his individual potential, the level of development and social activity of the individual.

— The internal appearance is the individuality of a person, his natural inclinations, traits and properties, relatively unchanged and constant in time and situation, distinguishing one individual from another.

Individuality is the totality of all inherited and acquired qualities that distinguish one person from another

The concept of “personality” expresses the totality of social qualities that an individual has acquired in the course of life and manifests them in various forms of activity and behavior. This concept is used as a social characteristic of a person. Is every person an individual? Obviously not. A person in the clan system was not a person, since his life was completely subordinated to the interests of the primitive collective, dissolved in it, and his personal interests had not yet acquired proper independence. A person who has gone mad is not a person. A human child is not a person. He has a certain set of biological properties and characteristics, but until a certain period of life he is devoid of signs of social order. Therefore, he cannot perform actions and actions driven by a sense of social responsibility. A child is only a candidate for becoming a human being.

Formation of man. In order to become an individual, an individual goes through the necessary path of socialization, that is, assimilating the social experience accumulated by generations of people, accumulated in skills, abilities, habits, traditions, norms, knowledge, values, etc., joining the established system of social connections and relationships.

Socialization is carried out through communication, upbringing, education, the media, a system of social control, etc. It occurs in the family, kindergarten, school, special and higher educational institutions, work collectives, informal social groups, etc. In the process of socialization, everyday, everyday views and ideas, production, labor skills, legal and moral norms of behavior, political attitudes and goals, social ideals, scientific knowledge, religious values, etc.

Socialization begins from the first minutes of an individual’s existence and continues throughout his life. Each person goes through his own path of socialization. A person is not born a personality, he becomes a personality. A person can be called a person when he reaches such a level of mental and social development that makes him capable of managing his behavior and activities, giving an account of the results and consequences of his actions. In other words, a person becomes a person when he is able to act as a subject of activity, when he has one or another degree of self-awareness. A person cannot become an individual without going through the process of socialization.

Addition:

Human. Individual. Individuality. Personality.

Since ancient times (starting with ancient Indian, ancient Chinese, and ancient philosophy), the problem of man has occupied the minds of philosophers. This problem becomes even more relevant in the 20th century, when the scientific and technological revolution became new factors in human life and the human personality risks being leveled out “in the clutches” of the information-technological society.

Man is a special being, a natural phenomenon, possessing, on the one hand, a biological principle (which brings him closer to higher mammals), on the other hand, a spiritual one - the ability for deep abstract thinking, articulate speech (which distinguishes him from animals), high learning ability, assimilation cultural achievements, high level of social (public) organization.

The problem of personality is one of the central ones in the entire system of humanitarian knowledge. And each of the theoretical disciplines that study personality outlines its image in its own way, expressing it in specific concepts, from its own point of view.

Philosophy analyzes the problem of personality in its own way. It is no coincidence that in the structure of philosophical knowledge, in the system of philosophical anthropology, such a branch as “personalism” has emerged - a philosophical concept of personality and its universal status, free development.

From the standpoint of philosophical personalism, a person is not an object among other objects, a thing among other things. It cannot be known from the outside. Personality is the only integrity that we both cognize and create from within. Russian personalism (N. Berdyaev) considers personality as something inimitable, unique, and valuable in itself. It must be understood only from itself, and not from anything external (nature, sociality, even the transcendent). The essence of personality is its freedom. It is a spiritual reality, the triumph of freedom over slavery, victory over the heaviness of the world.

Most philosophers believed that an individual becomes a personality, not by withdrawing into himself, but by entering into complex relationships with Others, appearing in an ensemble of social relations, presenting himself as a social individual.

Based on the fact that in different theoretical constructs a person “looks” differently, it can be argued with one degree or another of evidence that each individual is a person, and vice versa, that not everyone can be considered as a person. Thus, for a lawyer, a newborn is a person protected by law and possessing a certain set of rights (property, the right to protection of dignity, etc.). But for a teacher or psychologist, a newborn is only the potential of a full-fledged personality; he still needs to “stand out”, become a personality.

In philosophical humanism, it is still customary to consider all living individuals to be individuals, regardless of any differences (age, ethnicity, presence or absence of talent, etc.). Even those who have left us “to another world” are also individuals. Respect for the dead is an integral feature of any humanistically oriented culture.

Sometimes it is proposed (by M.S. Kagan) to separate three concepts that characterize an individual person in this way:

Individual is a designation for a person taken as an “individual”, a single representative of the species “Homo sapiens”;

Personality is a sociological interpretation of an individual, which includes his acquisition of a set of sociocultural roles and the maturation in the inner world of a set of value orientations.

To characterize the spiritual nature of a person, the concept of “personality” has been used for many centuries - the totality of a person’s innate and acquired spiritual properties, his internal spiritual content.

Personality is the innate qualities of a person, developed and acquired in the social environment, a set of knowledge, skills, values, goals.

Individuality is a cultural vision of an individual, in which his uniqueness, uniqueness, originality, his “self” and irreplaceability come to the fore.

Thus, man is a socio-biological being, and in the conditions of modern civilization, due to education, laws, and moral norms, the social principle of man controls the biological.

Life, development, upbringing in society is a key condition for the normal development of a person, the development of all kinds of qualities in him, and transformation into a personality. There are cases when people from birth lived outside human society and were raised among animals. In such cases, out of two principles, social and biological, only one remained in a person - biological. Such people adopted the habits of animals, lost the ability to articulate speech, were greatly retarded in mental development, and even after returning to human society did not take root in it. This once again proves the socio-biological nature of man, that is, that a person who does not have the social skills of educating human society, possessing only a biological principle, ceases to be a full-fledged person and does not even reach the level of animals (for example, in whom he was brought up).

Practice and work are of great importance for the transformation of a biological individual into a socio-biological personality. Only by engaging in any specific activity, and one that meets the inclinations and interests of the person himself and is useful for society, can a person assess his social significance and reveal all facets of his personality.

When characterizing a human personality, attention should be paid to such a concept as personality traits - innate or acquired habits, way of thinking and behavior.

People are distinguished by qualities, their presence, and development. Through qualities one can characterize a person’s personality. To a large extent, qualities are formed under the influence of family and society.

In philosophy, positive moral qualities are highlighted:• humanism;• humanity;• honor;• conscience;• modesty; generosity;• justice;• fidelity;• other qualities. and socially condemned-negative: • arrogance; • cynicism; • rudeness; • parasitism; cowardice;• nihilism;• other negative traits. Socially useful qualities include: • will; • determination; • wisdom; • skill; attitudes;• beliefs;• patriotism.

A person, as a rule, combines all types of qualities; Some qualities are more developed, others less.

A characteristic feature of every person and personality is the presence of needs and interests.

Needs are what a person feels they need. Needs may be:

• biological (natural) - in preserving life, nutrition, reproduction, etc.;

• spiritual - the desire to enrich the inner world, to join the values ​​of culture; material - to ensure a decent standard of living;

• social - to realize professional abilities, to receive proper assessment from society.

Needs are the basis of people’s activities, an incentive to perform certain actions. Need satisfaction is an important component of human happiness. A significant proportion of needs (except biological) are formed by society and can be realized in society. Each society has a certain level of needs and the ability to satisfy them. The more developed the society, the higher the quality of needs.

Interests are a specific expression of needs, interest in something. Together with needs, interests are also the engine of progress. Interests include:

• personal (individual);

• group;

• class (interests of social groups - workers, teachers, bankers, nomenklatura);

• public (of the whole society, for example, security, law and order);

• government

• interests of all humanity (for example, in preventing nuclear war, environmental disaster, etc.). Interests may also be:

• material and spiritual;

• normal and abnormal;

• long-term and immediate;

• permitted and unauthorized;

• general and antagonistic.

The presence of a different hierarchy of needs and interests, their conflict and struggle are the internal engine of the development of society. However, differences in interests contribute to progress and do not lead to destructive consequences only if the needs and interests are not extremely antagonistic, aimed at mutual destruction (of a person, group, class, state, etc.), and are correlated with common interests.

• A special aspect of the normal life of a person (person) in society is the presence of social norms.

Social norms are generally accepted rules in society that regulate people's behavior. Social norms are vital to society:

• maintain order and balance in society;

• suppress hidden biological instincts in a person, “civilize” a person;

• help a person join the life of society and socialize.

Types of social norms are: “^ moral norms;

• norms of the group, team;

• special (professional) standards;

• rules of law.

Moral norms regulate the most common types of human behavior. They cover a wide range of social relations and are recognized by everyone (or the majority); The mechanism for ensuring compliance with the requirements of moral norms is the person himself (his conscience) and society, which can condemn a violator of moral norms.

Group norms are special norms that regulate the behavior of members of narrow groups (they can be the norms of a friendly company, a team, the norms of a criminal group, the norms of a sect, etc.).

 —>

Social typology of personality allows you to: streamline ideas about the character, orientations, and incentive mechanisms of an individual’s behavior; predict the dynamics of personality development, identify its capabilities; reveal the unity of general, special and individual personality traits; analyze those qualities of a person that are determined by his existence as a special subject; characterize life activity, behavior, social connections, internal structure of the personality; to form criteria, signs, indicators that reflect the essential features of a particular group of people.

Currently, various variants of personality typology are known. It makes sense to highlight two main trends in personality typology: within the framework of socio-psychological typology, people are divided according to psychological characteristics (temperament, character, intellectual abilities, etc.); within the framework of sociological typology, indicators such as social status, lifestyle, nature and direction of interests, etc. are used as criteria for classification.

Social type is a generalized holistic social characteristic of an individual.

However, all these are just idealized models: in reality, there are individuals who have only some characteristics of one type or another.

In modern sociology, the following social personality types are distinguished.

Marginal personality (the concept of “marginality” denotes specific relationships between a social subject and a social community, relationships that are opposite to normal ones). The concept of “marginal personality” was formulated by American sociologist Robart Park in the 1920s to designate the socio-psychological characteristics of immigrants who have not adapted to the norms and demands of city life.

Characteristics of a marginal personality in sociology: immorality; passivity; aggressiveness.

Prerequisites for marginality: loneliness; loss of social connections; poverty and unemployment; social vulnerability; violation of civil rights and personal freedoms.

Authoritarian personality (described in detail by Douglas Kellner). Among the features of this personality type: orientation towards middle class values; inability to think critically, desire for humility; suspicion, the desire to “find the enemy”, to punish those who violate generally accepted norms; intolerance towards other people's views and beliefs; superstitiousness and stereotypical thinking; uncompromisingness, reaching the point of fanaticism - relationships with people are built on the principles of domination and subordination, strength and weakness; thirst for destruction and cynicism; catastrophism and eschatological worldview; exaggerated interest in sexual matters.

In addition to those indicated above, sociology also distinguishes such types as the cultural ideal of personality, basic personality, and normal personality. Cultural, ideal personality - a culturally determined desired image of an ideal personality. The basic personality (the concept was developed by D. Kardiner and others) is not an ideal personality, but a complex of traits that quite often manifest themselves in members of a particular community; personality that embodies

a set of common typical traits shared by a large number of individuals.

A normal person is usually called a statistically average person who has adapted to the conditions of a given society, acting within the framework of established social rules and included in the system of social relations.



Psychological typologies

are classifications used by psychologists to describe differences between people. The problem of finding an essential basis for the classification of psychological types - that is, a basis for defining a wider range of derived characteristics - is key in differential psychology.

Typology and classification of personality

Differential psychology

Test

Typology and classification of personality

Content

Introduction

Chapter 1. The concept of individuality

1.1 Methods of classification and typology of individual personality traits

1.2 Typology of personality by E. Kretschmer

Chapter 2. Classification of personality

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

There are a variety of mental characteristics of people studied in differential psychology. However, all of them - abilities and intelligence, temperament and character of a person, his personality traits - have a common fundamental characteristic, namely: they are deeply individual. The individuality of a person is that totality of mental characteristics that, taken as a whole, distinguishes him from others. The topic of this work is the typology and classification of individuality.

The individuality of a person can be considered precisely the totality, the set of his mental properties and qualities as individual elements that together make up a certain class. The result of the classification of individuals will be a collection of different sets of individual traits, combined according to the laws of statistics and observed empirically with varying frequency. On the other hand, individuality is defined as a type - an integral structure within which each specific property and quality of a person receives a natural explanation. As a result of constructing a typology, qualitatively unique types of individuals are identified, correlated with each other and fundamentally different from each other. The topic under consideration is relevant due to the growing interest of the population in individuality, in isolation from society. People strive to prove themselves, to become different from others. This gives rise to a lot of new classifications of individual personality traits that need to be sorted out. The object of the work will be the person, and the subject will be the individuality of the person.

The purpose of the work is to study human individuality. The tasks will be: defining the concept of individuality, studying various typologies and classifications of individuality.

Chapter 1. The concept of individuality

Individuality (from the Latin individuum - indivisible), the unique originality of a phenomenon, a separate being, a person. In the most general terms, i. as special, characterizing a given individuality in its qualitative differences, is contrasted with typical as general, inherent in all elements of a given class or a significant part of them. [5, p 54]

Identification of patterns of combination of individual traits of specific people has different strategies and results in scientific psychology. On the one hand, the individuality of a person can be considered precisely the totality, the set of his mental properties and qualities as individual elements that together make up a certain class. The result of the classification of individuals will be a collection of different sets of individual traits, combined according to the laws of statistics and observed empirically with varying frequency. On the other hand, individuality is defined as a type - an integral structure within which each specific property and quality of a person receives a natural explanation. As a result of constructing a typology, qualitatively unique types of individuals are identified, correlated with each other and fundamentally different from each other.

1.1 Methods of classification and typology of individual personality traits

The methods for identifying classes or types of individuals also differ in the nature of the criteria used. These may be empirical criteria obtained from the analysis and generalization of specific experimental data. As a rule, empirical classification is inductive, through a natural transition from particular cases to general ones. The deductive method of constructing a typology of individuals - from the general to the specific - involves the theoretical identification of its main fundamental features, distinctions and then the verification and justification of the resulting types on empirical material.

General approaches to the typology of individuality are determined by the main cognitive and practical tasks of its study. It is advisable to consider three corresponding approaches discovered in psychological science and applied fields. [3, p 23]

The first of them is associated with the search for the objective foundations of certain stable combinations of mental properties and qualities of specific people. This is the actual cognitive task of studying individuality. As a rule, attempts to explain it here go beyond the actual mental properties and are aimed at establishing their correspondence to the characteristics of the organism - analytical and physiological - given by nature. The presence of psychophysical correspondences, if only it is proven statistically, receives its practical significance: knowledge about them can become a good support for successful professional and interpersonal relationships.

The second approach of differential psychological research is to describe all possible combinations of individual mental traits. After all, knowledge about specific human behavioral reactions in certain social and everyday situations is necessary for the correct organization of interaction and communication between people. Recognition of the originality and uniqueness of each human individual is a characteristic feature of this approach. Of course, both of these approaches are empirical, based on direct experience, which determines the identification of individual types.

The third approach meets the task of awareness, a person’s comprehension of his own individuality. It is theoretical and consists in deductively identifying the principles for constructing a typology of individuals, abstracting from the abundance of empirical details. Essentially, this approach can also be called philosophical, because here the question arises of why empirically defined types of individuality develop in this way and not otherwise. However, a pure theory would hardly make sense when reflecting the constantly changing mental life. Therefore, the results of the third approach - knowledge about the fundamental types of human individuality - acquire the status of those real means with the help of which people can imagine their mental characteristics, typological differences from the individuality of other people.[ 4 p 67-71]

Each of these approaches is associated mainly with the study of one of the three main levels of individuality: the organism, the social individual, and the personality. Thus, the establishment of psychophysical correspondences of individual traits and cause-and-effect relationships between them is aimed at highlighting the contribution that the innate characteristics of his body make to a person’s individuality. The description of the variety of typical combinations of mental traits and behavioral reactions relates, first of all, to the lifetime education and changes of the social individual. Understanding the principles of dividing individuals into types gives a person the means of consciously mastering his behavior, self-determination, and personal development.

1.2 Typology of personality by E. Kretschmer

Even before systematic scientific research in this area, some people began to notice the correspondence of character with the expression of a person’s individual characteristics in his appearance. But it is usually customary to say that this is a “folk sign”, although as it turns out later, “folk” is when the name of the author has been forgotten. Thus, people who are prone to being overweight are seen as good-natured but lazy, thin people are seen as insightful and sarcastic, those with fiery red hair are considered to have an angry temper, and blue-eyed people are seen as incontinent in their actions, etc. It is interesting that, based on such data, some writers created an image your hero, even a fairy-tale one, starting from “Carlson who lives on the roof” and ending with Nikolai Vsevolodovich from Dostoevsky’s “Demons”.

Hippocrates was already searching for such grounds for classifying individuals. In addition to identifying types of temperament, he was the first to try to connect the constitutional characteristics and physique of people with their predisposition to certain diseases. Based on empirical comparisons, he showed that short, dense people are prone to apoplexy, while tall and thin people are prone to tuberculosis. These two types of body structure are, of course, the most general, but it was their descriptions that laid the foundation for the constitutional approach to the analysis of individuality, developed in modern psychology and psychiatry. The main idea of ​​this approach, the first step towards the classification of individual mental traits, was the establishment of a correlation between the types of bodily constitution, on the one hand, and specific mental illnesses, on the other. [5, p 76]

Kretschmer said that the bodily constitution is the totality of all the individual qualities of a person, which are either genetically determined or formed at the time of his birth. It is clear that these qualities - morphological, physiological, hormonal, etc. - are relatively stable. Therefore, their most typical aggregates can be isolated empirically, like composite photographs, that is, by combining individual cases, as a result of which their common, coinciding details are, as it were, strengthened, constituting a type, and particular ones are eliminated. Both body structure and character are determined, in his opinion, ultimately, by the innate endocrine system.

Following this course, he built an idea of ​​the main types of bodily constitution. Having examined about 260 patients, Kretschmer established a relationship in addition, which he divided into three types: a) asthenic (or leptosomal), b) athletic, c) pyknic.[ 7, p 45]

The asthenic (from the Greek asthenes - weak) body type is characterized, first of all, by a combination of average height in height and weak height in width, which makes people of this type seem taller than they really are. His overall picture is of a thin man with narrow shoulders, thin arms and hands, a long and narrow chest, and a belly devoid of fat. The face of an asthenic person is usually long, narrow and pale; in the profile there is a sharp discrepancy between the elongated nose and the small lower jaw, and therefore it is called angular in shape. Leptosomal women are generally similar to men, but they are not only thin, but often also short. The main features are revealed already in childhood. They look weak and tender, develop quickly, remaining thin, and in old age they are not prone to muscle development and fat deposition.

The athletic (from the Greek athletes - wrestler) type is distinguished by the strong development of the skeleton and muscles, the width of the torso is significantly reduced downwards. People of this type have medium or tall height, broad shoulders, a stately chest, and an elastic stomach. The head of athletes is dense and high, it is supported directly on a strong, free neck, and the face usually has an elongated ovoid shape. The athletic type of a woman corresponds to a man’s, only the development of fat is more intense. It becomes especially clear after 25 years. The asthenic shape of the face is characterized by increased development of bones and skin. The bone relief is manifested in the highly developed brow ridges, in the protrusion of the zygomatic bones and in the rough structure of the lower jaw. The nose is large and blunt. High chin and weak profile relief. The face is often very high, especially due to its middle part. From the front, the face is shaped like an egg or shield and resembles the pentagonal shape of a picnic face. In women, the middle part of the face often develops excessively in width.

Pyknic (from the Greek pyknos - dense) is distinguished by the strong development of the internal cavities of the body (head, chest, abdomen) - with a weak motor system (shoulder girdle and limbs). Picnics are people of average height and with a dense figure, their deep sash chest goes into a massive, fat-prone abdomen, which is a kind of center of this body type (compared to the shoulder girdle of athletes). The frontal outline of the face resembles a pentagon (due to fat deposits on the lateral surfaces of the jaws), while the face itself is wide, soft, and rounded. According to the general aesthetic impression, faces of the asthenic and athletic type are more interesting, while picnic faces are more correct. [ 6, p. 87]

Evidence of the connection between the physical and mental characteristics of people can be found in the correlation of these body types with two main types of mental disorders. Monomanic-depressive (circular) psychosis, expressed in periodic alternation of hyperactive, affectively elevated (manic) states of the patient and states of depression (depression), passivity and despondency. The second disease - schizophrenia - is characterized by poverty (flatness) of the emotional sphere and areality in thinking, often reaching the point of delusional fantasies and hallucinations. The correlation results showed a high correlation between these types of mental illnesses:

a) circular psychosis with a picnic body structure and b) schizophrenia with asthenic and athletic. [8, p 45]

This fact spoke in favor of Kretschmer’s ideas, but so far it was the only convincing argument, and besides, it was not enough. In order to consolidate the correctness of the assumption in the eyes of the scientific world, it was necessary to show the similarity of the typical mental qualities of the above diseases with the characterological data of normal people. Then Kretschmer’s assumption about the connection between the structure of the body and mental characteristics would be quite natural. Kretschmer tried to establish this similarity by suggesting that there is no sharp line in individual characters between normality and pathology.

He moved quite smoothly from scientific and clinical observation of types to analysis of the individuality of the people around him. Studying relatives and friends, Kretschmer identified intermediate forms that coincided in their main symptoms with circular and schizophrenic psychosis. He called these forms cycloid and schizoid. [4, p 54]

And most importantly, Kretschmer outlined two fundamental groups of people similar both in typical mental characteristics and constitutionally. Due to this generalization, diseases and forms close to them were understood as sharp, exacerbations of certain “biotypes” of individuals - cyclo- and schizothymic. Now the path from the hole to pathology has become divided into three levels: from the general circle of representatives of a certain constitutional type (cyclo- or schizothymics), cases of its abnormal “intensification” (cyclo- or schizoid), sometimes reaching the degree of mental disorder (circular psychosis, or schizophrenia).

Cycloids and schizoids are diametrically opposed both in relation to themselves and in relation to society and the world as a whole.

Cycloids are usually welcoming, gentle, smiling, sociable, and peaceful. They approach life quite realistically and easily adapt to changing conditions, do not put themselves in opposition to society and do not subjugate anyone. These are people who have a strong emotional aspect of nature rather than a cold mind and a balanced approach to the situation. In relationships with other people, they are able to deeply empathize with others, but at the same time they are not always consistent and principled. In their everyday state they are quite productive and inventive, except during periods of depression, but they lack perseverance, thoroughness and desire. They can easily abandon a task that they tackled ten minutes ago with the feverishness of a gold digger. As the emotional part of this type, we can identify a trait that makes the cycloid fluctuate throughout life from states of violent joy and fun to melancholy and sadness. These two diametrically opposed moods can change very often, but even if there is a feeling that a person is overwhelmed by a wave of mania, then somewhere there is a piece of a depressive mood, and vice versa. [5, p 63]

Schizoids are extremely withdrawn, irritated when people come to them with questions, and most of the time they are focused on their inner world. They are often indifferent to the world around them, although they can defend their point of view for some unknown reason, which may turn out to be useful or erroneous, but simply “in spite of the facts,” comparing them with accepted standards of life. Schizoids are very prone to introspection, sometimes reaching the point of systematicity. In dealing with people around them, they are extremely harsh. As a rule, they communicate only with a certain circle of people, which is usually very narrow, or they are simply indifferent and not interested in communication, talking without interest. If, nevertheless, a schizoid manages to establish such a relationship, then he is extremely jealous of the opposite side, demanding “without reserve” in order to maintain the relationship. The person he has chosen must meet the ideal he has established, and will most likely cause disfavor with himself if he somehow violates the existing relationship, since the schizoid will react to this extremely subtly. Emotionally, as in the case of cycloids, there are also two poles: extreme sentimental sensitivity to what is happening and a complete lack of any interest in what is happening around. In specific individual cases, both of these extremes, as well as in the cycloids, complement each other: behind the demonstrative indifference lies excessive tenderness and vulnerability, and the background of sensitive, intimate frankness is coldness and inaccessibility.

Chapter 2. Classification of personality

There are many criteria for classifying personality.

From the point of view of individual psychological data, typification is possible on the basis of the physical constitution and characteristics of the nervous system (Kretschmer, Sheldon, I.P. Pavlov). These include: [3, pp. 49-58]

* quite popular division into asthenics, pickwickians and athletes; sanguine people (strong, balanced, agile), choleric people (strong, unbalanced), phlegmatic people (strong, balanced, inert) and melancholic people (weak, unbalanced, inert);

* the division developed by Jung into extroverts (disposed to communicate, oriented outward) and introverts (not inclined to communicate, oriented inward);

* Heymans-Le Senne typology (eight personality types differing in emotionality, activity, impressionability), etc.

Of the personality psychotypes listed above, the division by temperament, which is understood as a certain ratio of the degree of emotional stability and orientation either to oneself or to the outside world, is of greatest practical importance.

It is important to consider here that

1) belonging to one type or another is determined by genetic predisposition;

2) “pure” psychotypes practically do not exist;

3) there is a direct connection between the temperament and business qualities of a particular individual. [6, p 83]

A choleric person does not have stable mental reactions, he is restless, fussy, hasty, he is characterized by harshness and straightforwardness, he is stubborn, resourceful in an argument, but not touchy or vindictive. It follows that he is prone to conflicts, does not know how to listen to other people, is prone to risk, and does not work well with inanimate objects, i.e. not suitable for routine work and long negotiations requiring patience. His capabilities as a boss are limited; a phlegmatic deputy is desirable.

A sanguine person has a different set of personal qualities: he starts a business with passion, but rarely completes it, is unstable in his likes and dislikes, is quick to make decisions, and easily adapts to a changing business situation. He is sociable and easy to communicate, knows how to listen to other people. At the same time, his focus on animate objects does not allow him to painstakingly work with business documents and personal computers. Sanguine is ideal for working with people, including as a leader.

The main quality of a phlegmatic person is an orientation towards inanimate objects, oneself. He is calm and cold-blooded, consistent and thorough in business, patient, stable in likes and dislikes, and indifferent to praise. At the same time, it is important to remember that his reaction to a changing business situation is delayed, it is difficult for him to establish a feedback emotional connection with his interlocutor and, therefore, to communicate and conduct a business dialogue. He is a pragmatist in the sense that the interlocutor is interesting to him only if he is interested in him. But a phlegmatic person is indispensable when working with documentation; he is an ideal accountant.

“A misunderstanding of nature” is what some call a melancholic person. Its main feature is heightened sensitivity to the surrounding world. This is an excellent quality, for example for an artist, but it has a negative impact on business communication. A melancholic person is shy and timid, suspicious, touchy, does not believe in his own strength, and is prone to suspicion. Along with these qualities, communication with other people is made difficult by secrecy and the desire to withdraw into oneself; a tendency to figurative rather than conceptual thinking makes it difficult to analyze a business situation, but creates excellent prerequisites for activities, for example, in the field of advertising.

By socio-psychological qualities we mean social attitudes, thinking stereotypes, and value orientations. This approach is characteristic of Merton (conformist and deviant types) and E. Fromm (accumulative and exploitative types), etc.

For the practice of business communication, the classification of the founder of sociometry, the American scientist Ya.L., is of greatest importance. Moreno (1892-1974), who studied informal relations in a group from the point of view of the distribution of likes and dislikes (“stars”, i.e. informal leaders, and isolated members of the group, representing, as it were, different poles of the informal structure).[ 2, p 90 ]

An interesting classification was proposed by the Russian scientist V.M. Shepel:

collectivists are sociable workers who actively support social causes;

individualists - those who gravitate toward personal responsibility and independence;

pretensionists - workers who are characterized by vanity, touchiness, and a desire to be in the center of attention;

imitators - employees who imitate other people's manners and avoid complications;

passive - weak-willed workers who do not show initiative;

isolated - workers with an intolerable character. [10, p 43]

It is also important to touch upon the topic of character accentuation as a criterion for determining individuality.

Accentuation is a character trait that is within the clinical norm, in which its individual traits are excessively enhanced, as a result of which selective vulnerability to some psychogenic influences is revealed while maintaining good resistance to others.[ 4, p 59]

Karl Leonhard identified twelve types of accentuation. According to their origin, they have different localizations.

Leonhard classified temperament as a natural formation into the following types:

hyperthymic - desire for activity, pursuit of experiences, optimism, focus on success

Dysthymic - lethargy, emphasizing ethical aspects, worries and fears, focus on failure

· affectively labile - mutual compensation of traits, focus on different standards

· affectively exalted - inspiration, sublime feelings, elevating emotions to a cult

Anxious - timidity, timidity, submissiveness

Emotive - kindness, timidity, compassion

To character, as a socially conditioned formation, he classified the following types:

· demonstrative - self-confidence, vanity, boasting, lies, flattery, focus on one’s own self as a standard

· pedantic - indecisiveness, conscientiousness, hypochondria, fear of inconsistency with ideals

stuck - suspiciousness, resentment, vanity, transition from elation to despair

excitable - hot temper, ponderousness, pedantry, focus on instincts

The following types were classified at the personal level:

· extroverted

· introverted, introduced by Jung.

Conclusion

personality individual typology mental

These are the main approaches to classification and typology of individuality. To conclude the topic, let us once again outline the objects of its study and the results of their theoretical applications.

1. Constitutional (morphological, physiological, etc.) properties of the organism, given genetically, are the biological basis of individuality. The theoretical result of the study of their connection with mental traits is general objective patterns that have high statistical reliability. In practice, these patterns can be taken into account when organizing professional training, an adequate psychological climate and communication in teams, although for accurate recommendations the facts of psychophysical correspondence require additional meaningful analysis.

2. A differential approach to the study of individuality showed a huge variety of classifications from temperament, extraversion - introversion to character accentuation.

3. All this adds up to a set of personality traits, which in psychology are called individuality.

List of used literature

1. Asmolov A.G. Psychology of individuality. M., 1986., - 321 p.

2 Eysenck G.Yu. Personality structure / Translation from English. O. Isakova and others - M.: KSP +; St. Petersburg: Yuventa.1999. — 464 p.

3 Anastasi A. Differential psychology. - M.: April - Press. 2001

4 Golubeva E.A. Abilities and individuality. - M.: Prometheus. 1993. — 306 p.

5 Egorova M.S. Psychology of individual differences. - M.: Planet of Children. 1997. — 328 p.

6 Ilyin E.P. Differential psychophysiology. - St. Petersburg: Peter. 2001. — 464 p.

7 Lichko A.E. Psychopathy and character accentuations in adolescents. M., 1963., 581 p.

8 Libin A.V. Differential psychology: at the intersection of European, Russian and American traditions. — M.: Meaning. 2000. - 549 p.

9 Mashkov V.N. Fundamentals of differential psychology. - St. Petersburg: Publishing house of S. - St. Petersburg University. 1998. — 132 p.

10 Merlin V.S. Essays on the integral study of individuality. - M.: Education. 1989. — 454 p.

11 The role of environment and heredity in the formation of human individuality / Ed. I.V. Ravich-Scherbo. - M.: Pedagogy. 1988. — 330 s.

12 Rusalov V.M. Biological bases of individual psychological differences. - M.: Science. 1979. - 352 p.

13 Teplov B.M. Problems of individual differences. - M.: Publishing house of the APN RSFSR. 1961. — 256 p.

14 Teplov B.M. psychology and psychophysiology of individual differences. - M.: Publishing house "Institute of Practical Psychology". 1999. — 544 p.

Historical background

Logic of development of classification hypotheses in psychology

The entire history of humanities research from a systemic and classification perspective is an arena of struggle between two opposing methodological directions, the goals of which were:

1) “catch” the central organizing link, a kind of engine of any structure, and distribute people according to the qualitative specifics of these central links;

“The typological approach consists of a global perception of man and the subsequent reduction of the diversity of individual forms to a small number of groups united around a representative type” (Maley, 1960).

2) decompose the psyche into its component parts in order to understand the work of its parts and create a classification based on differences in the structure and quality of the parts.

“It is necessary to reduce all personality traits to elementary mental elements and elementary forms of basic psychological laws that reveal the nature of the discovered connections” (Polan, 1894).

Currently, there are several thousand different psychological classifications that indicate certain differences between people or mental characteristics as such.

Classifications may have different basic scales of generalization and degrees of internal rigor.

Classification of people and psychological characteristics

The logic of the development of psychological classifications required the parallel existence of two scientific approaches: one of which was called “psychology of types”, and “others - psychology of traits”. Over time, both approaches shifted towards each other: the psychology of types - in attempts to understand the structure of the psychological traits of each type, the psychology of traits - in attempts to achieve a higher system of generalizations.

“As soon as the fact that the observed traits do not correspond to individual essential mental characteristics, but are only aspects of personality and behavior, received general recognition, the need immediately arose to identify the fundamental factors underlying these traits. Hymans and Wiersma, as well as other scientists after them, tried to solve this problem. However, all these studies were fragmentary, their results were determined by preliminary hypotheses, and the choice of features, as a rule, was determined by the personal opinion of the researcher "R. Miley.

An example of the development of trait psychology (stages):

1. Identification of types of love as psychology of traits. In ancient times, the typology of types of love was very popular, which included:

Sources used:

• https://healthperfect.ru/tipologiya-lichnosti-v-psihologii.html
• https://studopedia.ru/24_36269_chelovek-individ-individualnost-lichnost-tipologiya-lichnosti.html
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