The relationship between the concepts individual, subject of activity, personality, individuality - Man

Human

Man is a biological being belonging to the class of mammals (Homo sapiens) and endowed with consciousness, i.e. the ability to know the nature of both the external world and one's own being, and act and reason accordingly. Man is the bearer of consciousness, which in itself is a social product. The culmination of the development of human consciousness is his self-awareness.

Let's start with this definition. Indeed, the structure of the baby's body has the potential to walk upright, the structure of the brain has the potential for the development of intelligence, the structure of the hand has the potential to use tools, etc., and with all these abilities, the baby distinguishes itself from the animal baby and asserts its membership in the human race. As mentioned above, a person is a biological being and, like all living beings, has an organism, a body, interacts with the outside world and is subject to biological and physiological laws.

Man is a multilayered, multidimensional, complexly organized being. He is endowed with consciousness, language, the ability to work, create value, etc. These qualities are not transmitted to a person by heredity, but are formed by him during his life, in the process of assimilating the culture created by previous generations. Human development is impossible without the active transmission of human culture to new generations. Without society, without assimilating the socio-historical experience of humanity, it is impossible to become a person, to acquire special human qualities, even if a person has biological value. There is evidence that children who develop from an early age outside of society remain at the level of development of animals; they do not form language, consciousness, thought and do not have an upright gait. No person’s personal experience can lead him to independently assemble a system of concepts. Through participation in work and in various forms of social activity, a person develops in himself those specific human abilities that are already formed in a person. On the other hand, without the biological qualities inherent in man as a biological species, it is impossible to achieve the highest human qualities even under the influence of society, upbringing and education.

Man is the bearer of consciousness, and therefore he is conscious, for consciousness is the result of the involvement of consciousness in events. Consciousness as a way of life, in turn, is the ability to accompany with consciousness a habit, its current states, its actions, its activities, the course of its life.

And finally, self-knowledge. Self-knowledge is the study of one’s mental and physical characteristics, awareness of oneself. It begins in infancy and continues throughout life. Gradually, it is formed as a person reflects on the outside world and gets to know himself.

From this we can conclude that the child who comes into the world is a human being because he has all the external characteristics of Homo sapiens. He is small, defenseless, but has great potential for development. He has a desire for excellence and self-knowledge that develops as he grows.

Self-awareness

In social psychology, there are three areas in which the formation and formation of personality takes place: activity, communication, self-awareness.

The image of “I”, or self-awareness, does not arise in a person immediately, but develops gradually throughout his life under the influence of numerous social influences and includes four components (according to V. S. Merlin):

• awareness of the difference between oneself and the rest of the world;
• consciousness of “I” as the active principle of the subject of activity;
• awareness of one’s mental properties, emotional self-esteem;
• social and moral self-esteem, self-respect.

Self-awareness criteria:

1. separation of oneself from the environment, consciousness of oneself as a subject, autonomous from the environment;
2. awareness of one’s activity – “I control myself”;
3. awareness of oneself “through another”;
4. moral assessment of oneself, the presence of reflection - awareness of one’s internal experience.

In the structure of self-awareness we can distinguish:

1. awareness of near and distant goals, motives of one’s “I”;
2. awareness of your real and desired qualities;
3. cognitive, cognitive ideas about oneself;
4. emotional, sensual self-image.

In general, three layers of human consciousness can be distinguished:

1. attitude towards oneself;
2. attitude towards other people;
3. expectation of other people's attitude towards oneself.

The attitude towards other people, the awareness of this attitude can be qualitatively different:

1. egocentric level of relationships;
2. group-centric level of relationships;
3. prosocial level;
4. estocholic level – level of outcomes.

Personality structure according to Freud

No movement has become as famous outside of psychology as Freudianism; its ideas influenced art, literature, medicine and other areas of science related to man. This direction is named after Sigmund Freud (1856-1939).

“IT”, “I”, “SUPER-I”.

“IT” is the unconscious part of the psyche, a seething cauldron of biological innate instinctual drives: aggressive and sexual. “IT” is saturated with sexual energy – “libido”. A person is a closed energy system, the amount of energy in each person is a constant value. Being unconscious and irrational, “IT” obeys the pleasure principle, i.e. pleasure and happiness are the main goals in human life. The “I” level of consciousness is in a state of constant conflict with “IT” and suppresses sexual desires.

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The study of individual properties and their role in the development of human personality

...personality.[3, p.220]. Individual properties - phenomena of ontogenetic evolution of a person - age and gender, constitutional and neurodynamic properties, the relationships between which determine the more complex formations of the individual: structure ... since individual properties, without representing personality properties, being included in activity, influence the formation of personality, so being...

The “I” is influenced by three forces: “IT”, “SUPER-I” and society, which makes its demands on a person. The “I” tries to establish harmony between them, obeying not the principle of pleasure, but the principle of “reality”.

The “SUPER-I” serves as the bearer of moral standards; it is that part of the personality that plays the role of critic, censor, and conscience. If the “I” makes a decision or takes an action to please “IT”, but in opposition to the “SUPER-I”, then it experiences punishment in the form of feelings of guilt, shame, and remorse. The “SUPER-I” does not allow instincts into the “I”, and then the energy of these instincts is sublimated, transformed, embodied in other forms of activity that are acceptable to society and man. To escape the conflict between “I” and “IT”, means of psychological defense are used: repression, suppression - involuntary elimination from consciousness of unauthorized thoughts, feelings, desires into the unconscious “IT”; projection is an unconscious attempt to get rid of an obsessive desire or idea by attributing it to another person; rationalization is an unconscious attempt to rationalize, to justify an absurd idea. Fearing castration, the child overcomes sexual attraction to his mother, overcomes the Oedipus complex (by the age of 5-6) and develops a “SUPER-I”, a conscience.

Individual

A person is a specific person with all the characteristics given to him by nature (gender, age, height, weight, nervous system, etc.). It manifests itself in characteristics that change during the process of individual development. The individual is the smallest unit in the Homo sapiens species system.

So let's look at what the term "individual" means. The concept of an individual indicates the similarity of a person with all other people, his belonging to the human race. It follows that every person is an individual. But they also say that he differs from others in characteristics such as height, skin color, weight, eye color, and so on. In the same way, they talk about how he manifests himself everywhere, given his individual development. In fact, there are no people with the same external characteristics, just as there are no people with the same character. There may be some similarities, but a perfect match is simple - nothing happens. Thus, we can conclude that the individual is the only (specific) representative of the species “homo sapiens”. Individuals differ from each other not only in morphological characteristics (such as height, build and eye color), but also in psychological characteristics (abilities, temperament and emotionality). Another question is at what point a person is considered an individual. There is an opinion that a person is born and then becomes an individual, but is this true? There is evidence that in the second month of pregnancy, the fetus begins to form a central and peripheral nervous system; the embryo begins to respond to pain and tries to distance itself from light directed directly at the mother’s abdominal cavity. A five-month-old embryo is able to hear loud noises, respond to hugs and words, and become scary or angry. Thus, the behavior of the embryo completely depends on the mood of the pregnant mother, which leads to the formation of the emotional and intellectual life of the child at this stage. Thus, a person develops in the prenatal period. Thus, we can conclude that the concept of an individual is formed at conception.

Definition and correlation of the concepts “subject”, “individual”, “personality”, “individuality” (p. 1)

1. Definition and correlation of the concepts “subject”, “individual”, “personality”, “individuality”.

Definition and correlation of the concepts “subject”, “individual”, “personality”, “individuality”. A person is a living being who has thinking and speech, the ability to create tools and use them. A rational, social being who acts as an individual in the process of its existence.

Personality is a relatively stable system of individual behavior, built primarily on the basis of inclusion in the social context. The core formation of personality is self-esteem, which is built on the assessment of the individual by other people and his assessment of these others. An individual is a person who has characteristics unique to him, both external and internal.

Individuality is a person characterized by socially significant differences from other people: the uniqueness of the psyche and personality of the individual, its uniqueness, characteristics of character and psychological make-up that distinguish one individual from another. Subject - an individual or group as a source of knowledge and transformation of reality; carrier of activity.

Differences: An individual expresses the general properties of a person as an organism. Individuality expresses the specificity of an individual person. Personality is the result of the process of education and self-education, that is, one becomes a person in the process of life. The subject of the psyche is the interacting subjects of life.

What unites: In such a concept as an individual, the generic affiliation of a person is expressed, i.e. any person is an individual. If “man” includes all human qualities characteristic of people, regardless of whether a given person has them or not, then the concept “individual” characterizes him and also has psychological and biological properties, which, along with personal ones, also inherent.

Personality defines a person in the totality of his social, acquired qualities. A person, being born as an individual, acquires an important social quality, he becomes a personality.

The concept of “personality” includes such properties that indicate a person’s individuality, defining his actions that are significant for people. Individuality is the narrowest concept in content. This concept contains only those personal properties that distinguish a given person from other people. The concept of personality, like the concept of an individual, expresses the integrity of the subject of life. Individuals are not born, they become individuals.

2.The problem of personality in psychology.

Turning to the study of personality, psychologists hope to understand a person, on the one hand, as a whole, to combine, “configure” various ideas about him received in different psychological theories, and on the other hand, as a unique and individual subjective formation.

Main directions in developing the problem of personality abroad

Typological direction

Within this direction, personality psychology is understood as the study of personality types, and the main characteristic of a particular person is considered to be his belonging to a certain type.

Within the typological direction, in turn, some of its types and variants are distinguished. Thus, an attempt to connect the typological characteristics of a personality with the type of organism and type of body structure has become quite widespread.

The representative of this trend is W. Sheldon. Before Sheldon, this idea was introduced in the work of Ernst Kretschmer.

The second version of the typological approach to the study of personality is the point of view of Hans Jurgen Eysenck. Unlike Sheldon, he sought to connect personal characteristics with some dynamic features of the functioning of the nervous and hormonal systems of the body.

Typological studies of personality, as a rule, focus on biological foundations, biological prerequisites for personality development and pay insufficient attention to socio-cultural aspects, as well as interpersonal relationships as factors and conditions for the formation of an individual’s personality. This applies to Eysenck's concept and, to an even greater extent, to Sheldon's concept.

Direction related to the study of personality traits

The second direction of personality research, which remains quite popular today, is associated with the study of personality traits. This direction is represented, in particular, by the works of James Cattell. Cattell's theory is called the theory of personality traits.

This theory, like the direction as a whole, is characterized by the following basic postulate: the personality of a particular person can be adequately described by localizing it in a system of scales, the totality of which represents a set of personality traits.

Within the framework of this direction, not enough attention is paid to the problem of variability of personality traits, not to mention their formability, purposeful change. Traits here are understood as something stable, stable, as something that needs to be identified using special equipment, and then correlations can be calculated. But the problem of variability does exist. This side of the personality remains outside of research.

Psychoanalytic theory of personality

There are two aspects of the psychoanalytic concept of personality. One aspect concerns the interpretation of personality development in ontogenesis, the second aspect is associated with the dynamics of personality functioning at each stage of its development. This is, of course, a conditional distinction, but nevertheless it works.

What is the main idea of ​​the psychoanalytic doctrine of the ontogenetic development of personality? The process of ontogenesis is described as a sequence of stages of psychosexual development. It is believed that at each of these stages certain crises and conflicts may arise, and if these crises are not overcome, then the phenomenon of fixation arises. Fixation is the consolidation and preservation of characteristics characteristic of a person at a specific stage of psychosexual development for all subsequent years.

Social-cognitive direction

In recent years, the social-cognitive direction in the theoretical understanding of the problem of personality has become quite popular. It is represented, in particular, by Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory of personality and Julian Rotter's social learning theory.

The subject of research here is not stable and universal personality characteristics, but situational, changeable characteristics. This direction focuses on the study of compliance, variability of behavior and methods of directed behavior change. These theories, in essence, absorbed the traditions of behaviorism to the greatest extent.

This direction of personality research, although called the theory of social behavior, is not sufficiently developed, it comes down to very simple provisions and, of course, is vulnerable to criticism, since, with all the reservations, the personality seems to “dissolve” in actual behavior.

Cultural direction

A significant area of ​​personality research is associated with the analysis of culture, that is, the influence of social experience on the individual. The influence of culture on a specific person within a given direction is concretized through the concept of role. A role is a certain system of social functions that a person must perform, a system of expectations associated with the performance of these functions, this is what is expected of a person if he accepts a given social position. The requirements for the same role vary across cultures.

Within this approach, a distinction is made between types of roles. Roles stand out that we do not choose, which are, as it were, assigned to us. For example, male and female roles. There are roles in which we are more independent in choosing, let’s say profession.

The positive aspect of this direction is the attempts to overcome the rather popular biological orientation in the study of personality types, to go beyond the physiological approach and turn to socio-cultural factors.

However, this approach has one significant limitation: culture itself, sociality is understood within its framework quite narrowly. Here attention is concentrated, as a rule, on the immediate social environment, on the immediate social environment. If we are talking about ontogenesis, then these are relationships with parents, with closest friends, neighbors, etc. This, of course, is an important part of social factors. But it should in no way obscure a broader class of social influences, factors associated with the inclusion of a person in real productive labor, in the system of industrial relations. This point is not taken into account within this direction.

Experimental studies of personality

In addition to the above-mentioned personality studies, there are a large number of specific experimental studies that address individual, private problems of personality psychology. They address specific issues, and most researchers, when studying personality, consciously refuse broad theoretical generalizations.

Thus, experimental research on personality can be identified as a special direction, characterized by a conscious orientation towards the empirical study of individual manifestations of personality. This in itself is important and interesting, but, naturally, does not lead to the creation of new theories of personality. As a result, it turns out that experimental approaches to personality need to be increasingly supplemented by theory.

Domestic approaches to studying the problem of personality in psychology

An approach

The first approach is characterized by a fairly wide range of phenomena related to personality psychology. This approach is presented and implemented in the works of his followers, in particular in the works of Slavskaya.

For Rubinstein, the main, meaning-forming, so to speak, ideas when developing personality problems were two ideas. The first idea is a statement of the thesis about the public, social nature of the individual. The second idea is related to overcoming the mechanistic concept in psychology. While fighting the mechanism in psychology, Rubinstein proposed a definition of personality (precisely psychological, not sociological), according to which personality is an integral set of internal conditions through which all external influences are refracted. [3, p. 283]

This approach reflects the idea that there are no “anyone’s” mental phenomena or properties, that they must exist somewhere and be localized. The place of existence of mental phenomena is the personality. This idea was subsequently formulated as the principle of the personal approach in psychology.

The second idea is the idea of ​​the mediation of external influences by internal states.

Sergei Leonidovich has the concept of “personal property”. In his concept, the distinction between personality and personal properties proper was not very strictly made, but the introduction of this concept is a manifestation of an important tendency to narrow the list of those characteristics that belong to the category of internal conditions.

Another idea repeatedly emphasized in Rubinstein’s works is the idea of ​​the formation of personal characteristics in the course of human activity. Personality, as Rubinstein argued, not only manifests itself, but is also formed in activity. This is a very important position, since it reflects the aspect of personality development and formation, and not an elementary statement, cataloging isolated personality traits with all the subsequent searches for effective correlations between them.

Ideas about personality at school

The Leningrad psychologist made a great contribution to the study of personality and offered his interpretation, his version of what personality is as a specific entity. His central concept was the concept of “relationship”. It is a person’s relationship to the world around him, to people and to himself, according to Myasishchev, that most fully and comprehensively characterize the personality of a particular person.

Myasishchev worked primarily on the problems of personality anomalies, in particular neuroses. Therefore, he was especially interested in the area of ​​violations of a person’s relationship with the outside world, their disharmony, characteristic of neurotic development.

At the same time, it should be noted that the concept of “attitude,” which undoubtedly reflects a certain reality, has not been subjected to detailed analysis. There is reason to believe that this concept captures a fairly wide range of mental phenomena. Consequently, the task of clarifying this concept and differentiating its meanings, further analytical research into what a relationship is remains relevant.

Implications of attitude research for personality psychology

Representatives of the school of Georgian psychology and his followers made a significant contribution to the development of the problem of personality. Within the framework of this school, the concept of “attitude” was central, with the help of which researchers tried to express the most essential in a person’s personality.

However, despite the importance of the specific research carried out in this school, it should be noted that the same term here denotes too large a range of phenomena: these are illusions of perception and interpersonal relationships. Moreover, the authors themselves explained the concept of attitude through the concept of personality: for example, “attitude as a modification of personality,” “attitude as a mode of personality.”

Very important work has been done to systematize and critically rethink attitude research. In particular, it was clearly shown that it is necessary to distinguish between types of installations and levels of installation. Apparently, only one class of attitudinal phenomena - the so-called semantic attitudes - actually belongs to the area of ​​personality, and in no way can all attitudinal phenomena be associated with personality.

An approach

Within the framework of this approach, the parameter of the correlation of motives, their hierarchy, or the hierarchy of activities that a person implements is chosen as the main parameter of personality characteristics. These are almost synonymous expressions, since each activity is relevant to some motives, so you can use the term “hierarchy of activities”, or you can use “hierarchy of motives”.

According to this approach, the presence or absence of certain abilities in a person does not describe personality. In addition, a person’s character, as something that expresses a stable style of relationships between a person and the people around him, does not in itself characterize the personality.

Personality, according to Leontyev, is a special type of psychological formation generated by a person’s life in society.

The subordination of various activities creates the basis of personality, the formation of which occurs in the process of social development (ontogenesis). Leontiev did not include the genotypically determined characteristics of a person in the concept of “personality” - physical constitution, type of nervous system, temperament, biological needs, affectivity, natural rudiments, as well as acquired knowledge, skills and abilities, including professional ones.

The categories listed above, in his opinion, constitute the individual properties of a person. The properties of an individual do not transform into personality properties. Even transformed, they remain individual properties, not defining the emerging personality, but constituting only the prerequisites and conditions for its formation.

Concept

The tendency towards a narrower interpretation of the concept of “personality” is presented in the works of a Russian psychologist.

Bozhovich identifies the following main features and personality characteristics. The main one among them is the ability to manage one’s behavior and activities. This is essentially an expression in other words of the same thought about a conscious person, because a person can control his behavior and activities only on the basis of self-awareness.

Other personality traits include the following: perception of oneself as a single whole, different from the surrounding reality and other people; experiencing one's “I”; the presence of one’s own views and one’s own attitude to the world, one’s own moral requirements and assessments, which make a person relatively stable and independent of the situational influences of the environment.

A special feature is identified that is associated with a special form of activity, suggesting the presence of a hierarchy in the motivational sphere. This sign is the ability to act following not only immediate impulses, but also in accordance with consciously set goals and accepted intentions.

Psychophysiological studies of individual differences

One of the initiators of psychophysiological studies of individual characteristics was. At one time, he took a very clear position on this issue, emphasizing that there is no clear connection between the properties of the nervous system and their manifestations in real life.

Despite the importance of differential studies of the psychophysiological characteristics of a person, there is no need to absolutize their significance for the development of problems of personality psychology. However, one should not go to the other extreme - think that all these individual characteristics have no meaning at all. Thus, in extreme conditions, in situations of overload, they can have a significant impact on the results of operations.

3. Natural subject: individual properties. Relationship between type and trait

An individual is that in which a given person is similar to others; individuality is what makes him different.

“One is born an individual, but one becomes a person” (,).

The biological characteristics of man consist precisely in the fact that he does not have inherited instinctive forms of activity and behavior. This is confirmed by the very small weight of the newborn’s brain relative to an adult, his helplessness and the long period of childhood. Individual properties express the tendency of a person as an “element” in the developing system of society to be preserved, ensuring broad adaptability of the human population.

The study of individual prerequisites for personality development is under what circumstances, in what way and in what the patterns of maturation of an individual in personal development find their expression, as well as how they are transformed.

Individual characteristics (age-sex and individual-typical properties). The highest form of integration of individual properties is temperament and inclinations.

The role of individual properties:

1. Individual properties characterize primarily the formal-dynamic features of a person’s behavior, the energetic aspect of the flow of mental processes.

2. Determine the range of possibilities for choosing a particular activity (for example, extroversion-introversion predisposes to a certain choice of types of activity).

3. Individual properties acquire special meaning if they become conscious, that is, they acquire a symbol, meaning (a cripple cannot know about the limitations of his actions until he is told about it).

If a person’s individual properties become signs, they are subject to conscious self-regulation and can become not only a prerequisite, but also a result of personality development.

The use of individual properties as signs underlies the origin of individual styles and opens up great possibilities for compensation and correction.

Selected individual properties and their role.

Age - sensitive and critical periods in a person’s life are associated with it, as well as age periodization.

Sensitive periods are periods of increased receptivity, responsiveness, and sensitivity of an individual at a given age to a certain kind of influence.

Critical periods are the greatest sensitivity to inadequate stimuli (“damageability”).

Needs - if they manifest themselves at the level of the conditions of existence of activity, they can obey the mechanisms of homeostasis. But if they take the place of meaning-forming motives (for example, a hunger strike), they are included in the context of the behavior of an individual or personality.

Gender is a prerequisite for the development of a person’s psychological gender, since an adequate gender role is not a given, but a result of development.

4. Typologies of temperament.

Choleric:

Fast, passionate, impetuous, but completely unbalanced, with sharply changing moods with emotional outbursts, quickly exhausted. He does not have a balance of nervous processes, this sharply distinguishes him from a sanguine person. A choleric person, getting carried away, carelessly wastes his strength and quickly becomes exhausted.

Phlegmatic person:

Slow, calm, has stable aspirations and mood, outwardly stingy in the manifestation of emotions and feelings. He shows perseverance and perseverance in his work, remaining calm and balanced. He is productive at work, compensating for his slowness with diligence.

Sanguine:

A lively, hot-tempered, active person, with frequent changes of mood and impressions, with a quick reaction to all the events happening around him, quite easily coming to terms with his failures and troubles. Sanguine people usually have expressive facial expressions. He is very productive at work when he is interested, becoming very excited about it; if the work is not interesting, he is indifferent to it, he becomes bored.

Melancholic:

A person is easily vulnerable, prone to constantly experiencing various events, he reacts little to external factors. He cannot restrain his asthenic experiences by force of will; he is highly impressionable and easily emotionally vulnerable.

5. Properties of temperament. Modern concepts of temperament.

Temperament is a set of individual mental characteristics of a person. Temperament is the basis for human character development.

Temperament is individually unique properties of the psyche, reflecting the dynamics of a person’s mental activity, and manifesting themselves regardless of its goals, motives and content and remaining almost unchanged throughout life.

Temperament properties are innate and stable individual characteristics of the psyche. They determine the dynamics of various human activities - play, study, work, as well as recreation.

The properties of temperament can be general, characteristic of all its types and representatives, and specific - differently developed in representatives of one or another type of temperament. Combinations of temperamental properties create a type of temperament, that is, a type of temperament is understood as a certain set of psychological properties that are naturally interconnected and common to a given group of people.

It is customary to distinguish the following properties of temperament.

Sensitivity is the smallest force of external influence necessary for the occurrence of a person’s mental reaction, and the speed of development of this reaction.

Reactivity is the degree of involuntary reactions of a person to external or internal influences of the same strength (a critical remark, an offensive word, a threat, an unexpected sharp sound).

Activity is the degree of energy with which a person influences the outside world and overcomes obstacles on the way to his goals. Activity determines such mental manifestations as focus and perseverance in achieving a goal, concentration in long-term work, etc.

Rate of reactions - the speed of various mental reactions and processes (speed of movement, rate of speech, speed of memorization, speed of mind, etc.).

Plasticity is the ease, flexibility and speed of a person’s adaptation to changing external conditions (new company, different school, etc.).

Rigidity is the opposite quality of plasticity. Expressed in inertia, rigidity of behavior, habits, judgments.

Extraversion is a person’s behavior and reactions, mainly determined by external impressions that arise at the moment. An extroverted person is directed outward.

Introversion is the predominant conditioning of human behavior and reactions by images and ideas associated with the past and future. An introverted person is turned inward.

Emotional arousal is the level of influence required to cause an emotional reaction and the speed at which this reaction occurs.

Modern concepts of temperament:

Kremcher

Based on the criteria he developed, Kretschmer identifies the main constitutional types of physique and makes an attempt to determine temperament precisely through these types of morphological constitutions. For example, the asthenic type of constitution, characterized by a long and narrow chest, long limbs, elongated face, weak muscles, corresponds, according to Kretschmer, to a schizoid (schizotemic) temperament, which is characterized by individual characteristics located mainly along the “psychoethetic” scale, from excessive vulnerability, affectivity and irritability to insensitive coldness and dull, “wooden” indifference. Schizoids are also characterized by isolation, withdrawal into the inner world, inconsistency of reactions to external stimuli, contrasts between convulsive impetuosity and constraint of action.

Another main constitutional type - pyknic, characterized by a wide chest, stocky, wide figure, round head, protruding belly, corresponds, according to Kretschmer, to the cycloid (cyclothymic) temperament, which is characterized, first of all, by individual characteristics running along the “diathetic” scale, i.e. i.e. from a constantly elevated, cheerful mood in manic subjects to a constantly reduced, sad and gloomy state of mind in depressive individuals. Cycloids are also characterized by correspondence of reactions to stimuli, openness, the ability to merge with the environment, naturalness, softness and smoothness of movements. E. Kretschmer erroneously determined the role of constitutional characteristics as factors in the mental development of the individual. His theory inevitably leads to the vicious idea of ​​an individual’s fatal predisposition to the psychological makeup that is prepared for him by his hereditarily given physical appearance, and is essentially reactionary in nature.

Sheldon.

Morphological theories of temperament also include the concept of the American psychologist W. Sheldon, who identifies three main types of somatic constitution (“somatotype”): endomorphic, mesomorphic and ectomorphic. The endomorphic type, in his opinion, is characterized by a soft and round appearance, poor development of the skeletal and muscular systems; it corresponds to a viscerotonic temperament with a love of comfort, sensual aspirations, relaxation and slow reactions. The mesomorphic type is characterized by cruelty and harshness of behavior, the predominance of the musculoskeletal system, athleticism and strength; associated with it is a somatotonic temperament, with a love of adventure, a tendency to take risks, a thirst for muscular action, activity, courage, and aggressiveness. The ectomorphic type of constitution is characterized by grace and fragility of the body, the absence of pronounced muscles; This somatotype corresponds to a cerebrotonic temperament, characterized by low sociability, a tendency to isolation and loneliness, and increased reactivity. Sheldon, like Kretschmer, holds the idea of ​​the fatal somatic conditioning of a wide variety of mental personality traits, including those that are entirely determined by the conditions of upbringing and the social environment.

The main disadvantage of humoral and morphological theories is that they accept as the root cause of behavioral manifestations of temperament such body systems that do not and cannot have the properties necessary for this.

Pavlov.

The basis for the development of a truly scientific theory of temperament was created by the doctrine of the typological properties of the nervous system of animals and humans. Pavlov's greatest achievement was a detailed theoretical and experimental substantiation of the position on the leading role and dynamic features of the behavior of the central nervous system - the only one of all body systems that has the ability to exert universal regulatory and controlling influences. Pavlov identified three main properties of the nervous system: strength, balance and mobility of excitatory and inhibitory processes. From a number of possible combinations of these properties, Pavlov identified four, according to his data, basic, typical combinations in the form of four types of higher nervous activity. Pavlov put their manifestations in behavior in direct connection with the ancient classification of temperament. A strong, balanced, mobile type of nervous system was considered by him as the corresponding temperament of a sanguine person; strong, balanced, inert - phlegmatic temperament; strong, unbalanced - choleric temperament; weak - melancholic temperament.

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Personality

Personality is a conscious person who occupies a certain position in society and performs a certain social role. The position of an individual is manifested through the system of its social relations. A person constantly plays some role. A role is a social function of an individual. Each person is formed as an individual only in society and manifests himself in communication with other people. There is no individual outside of society. It is characterized by five potential capabilities: cognitive, value, creative, communicative, artistic.

Translated into simple language, we can say that a person is a person who builds and controls his own life, a person as a responsible subject of will. A person is one who is not equal to his natural aspirations, who should not be their slave, should be above them. Normal children who have survived the crisis of three years can already subordinate their momentary aspirations to social norms: to what is necessary.

A person is one who is able to consciously control his own behavior. “Spontaneous morality” is found in obedient children: a person, not to mention a child, may not know what exactly made him act in a certain way, but, nevertheless, he acts quite morally. This is his upbringing, these are his habits. But he did not act, but his habits guided him.

A person is someone who has his own “I”. Many people live mechanically, following the preferences of their body and thoughtlessly, according to a pattern, reacting to external demands. If the body is well motivated, external requirements are reasonable, and social habits are adequate, then you will become a fairly decent socialized person. But not a person. He has no self.

A person is called a person who is not just strong inside, but powerful. Not just a person who knows a lot, but also smart. Not only interesting in communication, but also a person with a rich inner world. Not just naturally gifted, but also “self-made” - a person who created himself. Not only was he lucky, but he was able to succeed.

Personality formation is the process of socialization of a person, which consists in acquiring his general, social character. This assimilation always takes place in the specific and historical circumstances of human life. The formation of personality is associated with the acceptance of individual social functions and roles that have developed in society, social norms and rules of behavior, and the formation of skills for building relationships with other people. An educated person is a subject of free, independent and responsible behavior in society.

At all times, people who stand out from the crowd with their inner qualities have attracted attention. A personality is always a person who stands out, although not everyone who stands out is a person. Although everyone has personality traits, not everyone is called a “person.” A person is spoken of with respect: “He is a person who stands out from others because of the characteristics inherent in him that make him worthy.”

Summarizing. From the above it is clear that a person is also a person, but from the point of view of his social significance and social activity. Personality is the most important characteristic of a person, his most important social attribute.

The personality, first of all, contains its social essence. Outside of society, outside of a social and professional group, a person cannot become an individual and form a human character, that is, it is nature that creates a person, and society that forms a person. Depending on the expression of personal qualities, one can judge his positive and negative moral and spiritual qualities.

And the main thing is that a person is not born, but becomes a person! Or someone won't...

Individuality.

Individuality is a person in his uniqueness, which distinguishes a person from other people by the originality and uniqueness of his personality. Individuality is described by a person’s life history, his experiences, the entire sum of personal qualities, and the importance of the products of his activity. Individuality is the form of existence of a person. Motivation, temperament, ability and character are the main parameters of individuality.

Individuality, like personality, literally does not appear in a person from birth. A newborn child is a person who does not have human individuality, because he is not capable of independent individual activity. Only with age does a person acquire a social personality and the ability to independently choose his own path in life and develop individually. The essence of individuality lies in the autonomy of a person and his ability to be himself in the sphere of the social system. The most important role of the innate tasks and developmental characteristics of each person is mediated by social factors. In the process of dynamic influence of various qualities, one’s own personal characteristics are formed in all spheres of life. The development of individuality in itself is a necessity for the movement of progress in human history. The improvement and individualization of personality is associated with a change in society, mutual assistance in society and the conditions of cooperation. Individuality is understood as the uniqueness of each person; uniqueness is manifested in the totality of personality traits that are unique to a particular person.

Individuality is an irreplaceable and essential characteristic of a person. Individuality is a more specific, detailed and complete characteristic of a person. It is a constant object of study in the study of personality psychology and other areas of psychology. Typically, the word “individuality” defines some predominant characteristic of a person that distinguishes him from others. Each person is individual, but some have a very bright personality, while others have a barely noticeable one.

Thus, personality is a set of distinctive traits and characteristics that distinguish one person from another. And it certainly does not grow due to biological conditions or in a vacuum.

Social environment and personality

The social environment is everything that surrounds a person in his social life, it is a specific manifestation, the originality of social relations at a certain stage of their development. The social environment depends on the type of social economic formations, on class and nationality, on intra-class differences of certain strata, on everyday and professional differences.

Necessary conditions for a child to assimilate socio-historical experience:

1) communication between a child and adults, during which the child learns adequate activities and assimilates human culture;

2) in order to master those objects that are products of historical development, it is necessary to carry out not just any activity in relation to them, but such adequate activity that will reproduce in itself the essential socially developed ways of human and human activity.

Human life and activity are determined by the unity and interaction of biological and social factors, with the leading role of the social factor.

Psychology takes into account that the personality is not only an object of social relations, not only experiences social influences, but refracts and transforms them, since gradually the personality begins to act as a set of internal conditions through which the external influences of society are refracted. Thus, the personality is not only an object and product of social relations, but also an active subject of activity, communication, consciousness, and self-awareness.

3 pages, 1398 words

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