“Attention as a cognitive process” educational and methodological material on correctional pedagogy

What are mental processes

Note 1
The concept of “mental processes” is one of the key ones in psychology. This term refers to the processes of human mental activity that have special functions in the holistic structure of the psyche.

Mental processes have a number of specific characteristics, such as:

• short-term
• fast flowing
• are a response to what is happening
• closely related

Mental processes merging together form the psyche of the individual. The psyche is constantly changing under the influence of the surrounding reality. The study of the psyche always occurs in dynamics, in the process of interaction. Mental processes are also studied in dynamics.

Psychology of cognitive processes

The human psyche is a complex structure that ensures the receipt and processing of new information; it allows us to guide human behavior, make correct (as well as erroneous) decisions and creates our inner world. Cognitive processes connect the human person with the real world and allow him to interact with it.

We can say that the entire content of the human psyche is the result of his cognitive activity. The psyche is a reflection of the surrounding world, namely those of its elements with which this person interacted.

To understand the importance of cognitive processes for humans, we should remember which part of the brain is responsible for them. This is primarily the gray matter, which provides higher nervous activity. This structure is a distinctive part of the vertebrate brain, and the proportion of gray matter has steadily increased as evolution has progressed. In lower vertebrates (fish, amphibians), gray matter occupies a small part of the brain and acts as a kind of superstructure that contributes to better survival of the animal. But in higher primates, including humans, the gray matter is the main part of the brain, compared to which the more “ancient” parts are small in size. These highest representatives of the animal world are also distinguished by an extremely high level of mental cognitive processes. Cognizing reality and managing it from a “pleasant bonus” has turned into a vital necessity and the main type of mental activity.

Violation of cognitive processes really makes a person, to one degree or another, inferior and dependent. Mild impairments do not allow a person to take a worthy place in society, get a good job and achieve an acceptable standard of living. And more serious violations can even threaten physical health and life.

What are the mental processes

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Today, psychological processes are divided into separate subgroups conditionally, since in modern psychology it is no longer customary to distinguish between them. This is explained by the fact that some mental processes are impossible without others, for example, attention is impossible without thinking.

All mental processes are conventionally divided into:

• educational
• emotional
• strong-willed

Cognitive mental processes include:

• Feel
• reflection
• speech
• perception
• performance
• attention
• thinking
• memory
• imagination

Emotional mental processes include:

• emotions
• affects
• stress
• feelings

Volitional mental processes are divided into:

• goal setting
• decision-making
• struggle of motives

This article will examine in more detail such a cognitive mental process as attention.

Attention as a type of mental process

Definition 1

Attention is a mental process that is aimed at concentrating consciousness on a particular object, phenomenon, or activity. Attention includes 2 main components: direction and concentration.

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By direction we mean the choice of an object, and by concentration we mean abstraction from everything that is not connected with this object. In animals, attention manifests itself as alertness and vigilance.

In the evolutionary spectrum, the development of attention has a relationship with the development of tonic reflex innervation. Tonic reflex inversion is needed so that the individual can reactively enter a state of active rest in order to observe the object.

Unlike some other mental processes, the process of attention cannot be separated from perception, thinking and some other mental processes.

Attention is a characteristic feature of cognitive activity. Another characteristic of attention is direction; an individual can choose what he will focus on. In the process of attention, the individual’s perception of an object changes: when concentrating on an object, the individual receives more information about it, the object becomes clearer, clearer, and understandable. The process of attention is two-way. This means that, on the one hand, an individual can pay attention to an object, and on the other hand, the object itself can attract the individual’s attention, therefore the process of attention is divided into voluntary and involuntary.

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3.1.3 Attention

A person is constantly exposed to many different stimuli. Human consciousness is not able to simultaneously comprehend all these objects with sufficient clarity. From the many surrounding objects - objects and phenomena - a person selects those that are of interest to him and correspond to his needs and life plans. Any human activity requires highlighting an object and focusing on it. Attention is a special property of the human psyche. It does not exist independently - outside of thinking, perception, memory, movement. You cannot just be attentive; you can only be attentive while doing something. Therefore, the direction and concentration of consciousness on certain objects or certain activities when distracted from everything else is called attention [18]. The forms of attention are varied. It can be aimed at the work of the senses (visual, auditory, etc. attention), at the processes of memorization, thinking, and motor activity. If a person does not mobilize his attention, then errors are inevitable in his work, and inaccuracies and gaps in his perception. Without paying attention, we can look and not see, listen and not hear, eat and not taste. Attention organizes our psyche for all the variety of sensations [18]. Speaking about the physiological mechanisms of active attention, it should be noted that the selection of significant influences is possible only against the background of general wakefulness of the body associated with active brain activity. Detection of wakefulness levels is possible both by external signs and with the help of an electroencephalograph. There are five stages: deep sleep, drowsy state, quiet wakefulness, active wakefulness, excessive wakefulness. Effective attention is possible only at the stage of active and quiet wakefulness, while at other stages the main characteristics of attention change and can only perform certain functions. For example, in a drowsy state, a reaction to only 1-2 of the most important stimuli is possible, while reactions to the rest are completely absent. Attention is associated with the direction and selectivity of cognitive processes. Attention determines [18]: — accuracy and detail of perception (attention is a kind of amplifier that allows you to distinguish the details of the image); - strength and selectivity of memory (attention acts as a factor contributing to the retention of necessary information in short-term and operative memory); — focus and productivity of thinking (attention acts as a mandatory factor in correctly understanding and solving a problem). In the system of interpersonal relations, attention contributes to better mutual understanding, adaptation of people to each other, prevention and timely resolution of interpersonal conflicts. An attentive person achieves more in life than an inattentive person. The main functions of attention [18] in sensory, mnemonic and mental processes, as well as in the system of interpersonal relationships, are the following: direction - the selective nature of mental activity, the intentional or unintentional choice of its objects. The concept of direction also includes the preservation of activity for a certain period of time. It is not enough to just choose one activity or another, to be attentive, you need to maintain this choice, preserve it. It is relatively easy to direct attention to a particular object or action; it is much more difficult to maintain it for the required time. When we talk about attention, it also means concentration and deepening into activity. The more difficult the task facing a person, the more intense, intense, and in-depth his attention will be, and, conversely, the easier the task, the less in-depth his attention will be. At the same time, concentration is associated with distraction from everything extraneous. The more a person is focused on solving a given problem, the less he notices his surroundings, or rather, he notices what is happening, but not clearly. Thus, with attentive attention to a certain object, it turns out to be in the center of a person’s consciousness, everything else is perceived weakly at the moment, and turns out to be on the periphery of what is perceived. Thanks to this, the reflection becomes clear, distinct, ideas and thoughts are retained in consciousness until the activity is completed, until its goal is achieved. Thus, attention provides another function - control and regulation of activity. Attention is inextricably linked with consciousness as a whole [18]. This connection is revealed in the most famous psychological theories of attention. According to the motor theory of T. Ribot, the intensity and duration of voluntary attention are directly determined by the intensity and duration of the emotional states associated with the object of attention. The state of attention is always accompanied not only by emotional experiences, but also by certain changes in the state of the body. As a physiological state, attention includes a complex of vascular, respiratory, motor and other reactions. The state of concentrated attention is accompanied by movements of all parts of the body, which, together with organic reactions, act as a necessary condition for maintaining attention. The motor effect of attention is that some sensations, thoughts and memories receive special intensity and brightness due to the concentration of all motor activity on them. In accordance with the theory of A.A. Ukhtomsky, the physiological basis of attention is the dominant focus of excitation in the cerebral cortex, which intensifies under the influence of extraneous stimuli and causes inhibition of neighboring areas. According to the concept of attention P.Ya. Galperin, attention is one of the components of orientation-research activity. It represents control over the content of an image, thought, or other phenomenon currently present in the human psyche. This control is carried out using a pre-compiled criterion, a sample, which creates the opportunity to compare the results of the action and clarify it. All acts of attention that perform the control function are the result of the formation of new mental actions. Let's consider the main types of attention [18]. 1. Depending on the activity of the individual, the following are distinguished: - involuntary; - arbitrary; - post-voluntary attention. Involuntary attention, the simplest and most genetically original, is also called passive, forced, so it arises and is maintained without a person’s intention to see or hear anything, without a predetermined goal, without efforts of will. The activity captivates a person in these conditions by itself, due to its fascination or surprise. A person involuntarily surrenders to the objects and phenomena of the activity that influence him. As soon as a person hears interesting information, he is involuntarily distracted from work and listens. The occurrence of involuntary attention is associated with various physical, psychophysiological and mental reasons. These reasons are closely related, but they can be divided into categories. The first group of reasons includes the nature and quality of the stimulus, primarily its strength and intensity. Quite strong irritation: loud sounds, bright lights, pungent smells involuntarily attract a person’s attention. Therefore, if during the day steps along the corridor do not attract much attention, then at night the same steps in complete silence will force a person to listen. Of particular importance is the contrast between stimuli. The same applies to the duration of the stimulus, as well as to the spatial size and shape of the object. This same group of reasons should also include such a quality of the stimulus as its novelty. Moreover, “novelty” is understood not only as the appearance of a previously absent stimulus, but also as a change in the physical properties of existing stimuli, the weakening and cessation of their actions, the absence of familiar stimuli, and the movement of stimuli in space. The second group of reasons that cause involuntary attention includes those external stimuli that correspond to the internal state of a person, and primarily to his needs. Thus, a well-fed and a hungry person will react differently to a conversation about food. The third group of reasons is related to the general orientation of the individual. The orientation of a person is closely related to his previous experiences and feelings, so they are also included in this group of reasons. What is interesting to a person, what causes a certain emotional reaction in him, is the most important reason for involuntary attention. In contrast to involuntary, voluntary attention is an active, purposeful concentration of consciousness, maintaining the level of which is associated with certain volitional efforts necessary to combat stronger influences [18]. Therefore, it is often called active, strong-willed, intentional. Having made a decision to engage in some activity, a person carries out this decision, consciously directing his attention even to what is not interesting to him at the moment, but what needs to be done. The stimulus in this situation is a thought or order pronounced to oneself and causing corresponding excitation in the cerebral cortex. Voluntary attention depends on the state of the nervous system (it decreases when upset, overly excited) and is determined by motivational factors: the strength of the need, the attitude towards the object of cognition and the attitude (an unconscious readiness to perceive objects and phenomena of reality in a certain way). This type of attention is necessary for mastering work skills; performance depends on it. The main function of voluntary attention is the active regulation of mental processes. The reasons for voluntary attention are social in origin: it does not mature in the body, but is formed in the child during his communication with adults. Subsequently, children begin to set goals on their own. The development of voluntary attention in a child manifests itself first in the subordination of his behavior to the speech instructions of an adult, and then, as he masters speech, in the subordination of his behavior to his own speech instructions. Despite the qualitative differences from involuntary attention, voluntary attention is also associated with feelings, interests, and a person’s previous experience. However, the influence of these moments during voluntary attention is not direct, but indirect. It is mediated by consciously set goals, therefore in this case the interests act as the interests of the goal, the interests of the result of the activity. The activity itself may not directly occupy a person, but since its implementation is necessary to solve the task at hand, it becomes interesting in connection with this goal. The characteristic of post-voluntary attention is contained in its very name: it occurs after voluntary attention, but is qualitatively different from it [18]. Post-voluntary attention, like voluntary attention, is purposeful in nature and requires initial volitional efforts, but then the person seems to get into the work and when the first positive results appear, interest arises and the content and process of the activity, and not just its result, become significant, and automation occurs activity, its implementation no longer requires special volitional efforts and is limited only by fatigue, although the purpose of the work remains the same. Post-voluntary attention is characterized by prolonged concentration, intense intensity of mental activity, and high labor productivity. This type of attention is of great importance in educational and work activities. 2. According to the nature of the direction, they distinguish [18]: - externally directed; - internal attention. Externally directed (perceptual) attention is directed to surrounding objects and phenomena. Internal - on your own thoughts and experiences. 3. By origin they distinguish [18]: - natural; - socially conditioned attention. Natural attention is a person’s innate ability to selectively respond to certain external or internal stimuli that carry elements of information novelty. Socially conditioned attention develops during the life of the subject (intravital) as a result of training and upbringing; it is associated with a selective conscious response to objects, with volitional regulation of behavior. 4. According to the mechanism of regulation, they are distinguished [18]: - direct; - indirect attention. Direct attention is not controlled by anything other than the object to which it is directed and which corresponds to the actual interests and needs of the person. Indirect attention is regulated using special means, such as gestures and words. 5. According to their focus on the object, they distinguish [18]: - sensory (attention is directed to perception); — intellectual (attention is directed to thoughts and images in the human mind, to thinking and memory work); - motor (increased concentration on physical actions). Attention means the connection of consciousness with a certain object, its concentration on it. The features of this concentration determine the properties of attention. These include: - concentration; - stability; - volume; — distribution; - switchability. Concentration of attention is expressed in the degree or intensity of concentration on an object. The main indicator of its severity is the focus in which mental or conscious activity is concentrated. Concentration of attention depends on age and work experience (increases slightly over the years), as well as on the state of the nervous system (with low neuropsychic tension it increases slightly, and with high stress it decreases). Sustainability of attention is a temporary characteristic of attention, the duration of concentration on an object or phenomenon, the ability not to be distracted for a certain period of time. The stability of attention depends on a number of conditions. These include: 1) Individual physiological characteristics of the body (properties of the nervous system and the general condition of the body at a given time). 2) Mental states (excitability, lethargy, etc.). 3) Motivation (the presence or absence of interest in the subject of activity, its significance for the individual). 4) External circumstances during the implementation of activities. The overall stability of attention is most often determined by a combination of all these factors. The volume of attention is determined by the number of objects to which attention can be simultaneously directed in the process of their perception. However, it is known that a person cannot think about different things and perform different jobs at the same time. This limitation forces information coming from outside to be divided into parts that do not exceed the capabilities of the processing system. In the same way, a person has very limited abilities to simultaneously perceive several objects independent of each other. The volume of attention is therefore a variable value, depending on how connected the content on which attention is focused is, and on the ability to meaningfully connect and structure the material. An important and defining feature of it is that it is practically impossible to regulate during training and training. The distribution of attention is understood as the subjectively experienced ability of a person to keep a certain number of heterogeneous objects in the center of attention at the same time. It is this ability that allows you to perform several actions simultaneously, keeping them in the field of attention. But this does not mean that these types of activities are literally performed in parallel. As practice shows, a person is able to perform only one type of conscious mental activity, and the subjective feeling of simultaneously performing several is due to a quick switch from one type of activity to another, managing to return to the interrupted action before forgetting occurs. However, sometimes a person is actually capable of performing two types of activities. In fact, in such cases, one of the types of activities performed should be completely automated and not require attention, but if this condition is not met, the activity cannot be performed. The distribution of attention depends on the psychological and physiological state of a person. When tired (in the process of performing complex activities that require increased concentration), the area of ​​its distribution narrows significantly. Switchability of attention is the ability to quickly switch off from certain types of activities and join new ones that correspond to changed conditions. In general, switching attention means the ability to quickly navigate a complex, changed situation. Such a process can be carried out both on an involuntary and on a voluntary basis. Involuntary switching of attention may indicate its instability. However, this is not always a negative quality, since it contributes to the temporary rest of the body and analyzer, preserving and restoring the nervous system and the body's performance as a whole. The ease of switching attention in all people is different and depends on a number of conditions. This is, first of all, the ratio between the previous and subsequent activity and the attitude of the subject to each of them. The more interesting the activity, the easier it is to switch to it. The switchingness of attention depends on the mobility of the nervous system, and, therefore, it is higher in people of a younger age. In a state of neuropoly voltage, this indicator decreases (possibly compensatory) by increasing stability and concentration. The switchingness of attention is among the well -trained qualities. Various properties of attention are largely independent of each other. So, high concentration can be combined with weak switching. But the types of violation of attention are also noted. These include [18]: - distraction; - distracting; - Apathy. Dispency is a person’s inability to focus on something determined for a long time. Two types of distraction are found: imaginary and genuine. Expressive absent-mindedness is a person’s inattention to directly surrounding objects and phenomena, caused by the extreme concentration of his attention on any object. Expressive absent -mindedness is the result of great concentration and narrowness of attention. The physiological basis of imaginary distraction is a powerful focus of optimal excitement in the cerebral cortex, causing inhibition in the surrounding areas according to the law of negative induction. The obscenity of the reflection of various kinds of external influences with multiple attention is explained by the fact that it occurs in areas of the cerebral cortex that are in a state of inhibition. Dispency as a result of internal concentration does not cause much harm to the cause, although it complicates the orientation of a person in the surrounding world. Worse genuine absent -mindedness. A person suffering from this kind of absent-mindedness hardly establishes and holds arbitrary attention on any object or action. To do this, he needs more volitional efforts than a person not absent -minded. The arbitrary attention of the scattered person is unstable, easily distracted. Physiologically genuine absent -mindedness is explained by the insufficient force of internal inhibition. Excitation arising under the action of speech signals easily radiates, but hardly concentrates. As a result of this, unstable foci of optimal excitability are created in the cerebral cortex in the cerebral cortex. The reasons for genuine distraction are diverse, their knowledge is necessary not to strengthen distraction, but to fight it. The cause of genuine absent -mindedness may be a general disorder of the nervous system (neurasthenia), anemia, diseases of the nasopharynx, which make it difficult to ventilation of the lungs and, therefore, impoverish oxygen nutrition of brain cells. Sometimes absent -mindedness appears as a result of physical and mental fatigue or overwork, severe experiences. One of the reasons for genuine absent -mindedness is the overload of the brain with a large number of impressions. Scattering of interests can also lead to genuine distraction, disordered hobbies strengthens its absent -mindedness. Another reason for genuine distraction may be the incorrect education of the child in the family: the lack of regime in the classes, entertainment and relaxation of the child, fulfilling all his whims, and exemption from duties. A boring teaching that does not encourage to think, to feel does not require will voltage - one of the sources of the distraction of students' attention. In an involuntary movement of attention from one object to another-distracting attention arises under the action of extraneous stimuli on a person who is currently engaged in any activity. Distractibility can be external or internal. External distraction arises under the influence of external stimuli, while arbitrary attention becomes involuntary. The most distracting objects or phenomena that appear suddenly and act with changing strength and frequency. In response to these stimuli, a person has a hard -to -fading indicative reflex. The internal distractiveness of attention arises under the influence of strong experiences, extraneous emotions, due to the lack of interest and a sense of responsibility for the matter that a person is currently busy. The physiological basis of the external distillation of attention is the negative induction of processes of excitation and inhibition, caused by the action of external stimuli that are not related to the activity performed. With internal distracting attention due to strong feelings and desires, a powerful focus of excitation appears in the cerebral cortex, a weaker focus corresponding to the volume of attention cannot compete with it, in accordance with the law of negative induction in it, inhibition occurs. In cases of internal distraction due to the lack of interest, it is explained by transcendent inhibition, which develops under the influence of fatigue of nerve cells with boring monotonous work. Apathy (impassiveness, equanimity) is a philosophical concept denoting a detachment from all passions, the liberation from the feelings of fear and problems of the surrounding reality, or a similar state. In modern Russian, apathy is understood as a synonym for laziness, insensibility, indifference, indifferent attitude to the environment, lack ofless. Apathy in medicine is a condition due to an indifferent, detached attitude to what is happening around. It is accompanied by the lack of external emotional manifestations, and, often, a decrease in mental activity. Attention is one of the most important mental functions and has a significant impact on mental processes, ensuring the purposefulness and concentration of cognitive activity of a person, enhancing perception and memory, activating thinking. Attention plays an important role in various professions related to the comprehension of a large amount of information and communication. That is why it is important to create the conditions necessary for its appearance, preservation and development. Among such conditions, the following can be called the following: 1. Ensuring high performance of all human organs and systems: - the correct daily routine, good nutrition and rest; - timely diagnosis and treatment of visual impairment, hearing, diseases of internal organs; - taking into account the daily rhythm of performance (the peak of our activity falls on 5, 11, 16, 20 and 24 hours); - The alternation of mental and physical exercises. 2. Creation of a favorable working environment: - the absence of strong external stimuli - ensuring silence (light noise contributes to concentration), transfer of other matters to another time; - ensuring hygienic working conditions (clean air, comfortable air temperature); - the optimal physical factor (a pose in which nothing distracts, lack of unnecessary movements); - The usual working conditions. 3. Organization of activities: - establish priorities (determine what is the main thing and what is secondary, giving preference to the main); - set specific tasks (determine what needs to be done to solve a particular issue); - Determine the ultimate goal and break into the stages of the paths of its achievement. In addition: • Search for ways to appear in the task: you should pay attention to curious and unusual details, look at what is happening in a new way. • The education of a critical attitude to yourself and work: after the completion of the activity, it is necessary to analyze whether the goal has been achieved, which contributed to its achievement and what prevented it. • as well as the development of sensations (music, works of art), the education of susceptibility and observation, increasing the intellectual level are of great importance for the development of attention. Attention is a complex, multifaceted mental function. It characterizes the state of mental processes and is one of the aspects of mental activity. Attention is characterized by a common personality warehouse, a social orientation of a person. It can be expressed in observation (intellectual quality) and attentiveness (the moral character of the personality, which is manifested in sensitivity, responsiveness, understanding of another person). Attention is a necessary condition for mastering any type of activity. Changes in attention depend on the individual typological, age and other characteristics of a person. Control questions 1. The role of attention in the cognitive activity of a person. Determination of attention. 2. Forms of manifestation of attention. 3. Anatomical and physiological foundations of attention. The role of the reticular formation of the brain in the mechanism of attention. 4. Criteria of attention and its functions. 5. Factors determining attention. 6. Classification of types of attention. Involuntary, arbitrary and postproof attention. 7. The main properties of attention. The relationship of various properties of attention. 8. Types of violation of attention: distraction, distractiveness, apathy. 9. Development of attention. 3.2 rational forms of mastering reality, as already mentioned, the process of a person’s knowledge of the surrounding reality is carried out in the unity and the relationship of his steps - sensual and logical. Sensual knowledge includes sensations, perceptions and representations, logical knowledge is carried out through concepts, judgments and conclusions. The sensual form of knowledge is discussed in detail above. And this section is devoted to the study of rational forms of mastering reality.

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Properties of attention

There are 6 main properties of attention; in different individuals they are developed to varying degrees:

• concentration
• sustainability
• volume
• distribution
• switching
• absent-mindedness

Focus refers to the retention of information about an object or event in short-term memory. Nervous processes of excitation have a close relationship with concentration or, in other words, concentration.

Stability of attention refers to the ability of an individual to resist things that distract his attention. Sustainability of attention is not a constant characteristic; it can wax and wane.

That property of attention that determines how much information can be stored in the area of ​​increased attention of an individual is called memory capacity. The attention span of different people may differ, but on average an adult is able to simultaneously hold 4-6 objects in his attention, a school-age child from 2-5 objects.

Note 2

A tachistoscope is a device that can be used to measure attention span. The essence of the measurement is as follows: the device shows a person certain objects for 0.1 second - how many objects the person managed to remember, such is the amount of memory he has.

The concept of distribution is the ability of an individual to simultaneously monitor several heterogeneous objects or the execution of an action.

Switching attention is a change in the direction of consciousness from one object, situation, or action to another. This change is conscious, meaningful, and associated with new goal setting.

The concept of “distraction of attention” is understood as the inability of an individual to concentrate his attention on objects, situations, and actions. Absent-mindedness can lead to errors of attention and selective inattention. Absent-mindedness appears for various reasons. Reasons include:

• unconscious desire to do something
• physical ailments (fatigue, insomnia, headache)
• monotonous activity
• brain damage
• mental illness (neurosis, depression)

Structure and functions

Cognitive processes in psychology are considered the “youngest”. Even the centers of these processes are located in the neocortex - the youngest part of the cerebral cortex, with the exception of the centers of attention and memory.

However, these processes are at the same time extremely important for humans, since they perform a number of necessary functions:

• Reception of new information and its differentiation, for which there are different channels of information (visual, auditory, olfactory, etc.).
• Processing primary information and creating holistic subjective images.
• Data storage.
• Establishing connections between different types of sensory information, concepts, images, as well as connections between new information and existing information.
• Creation of concepts and signs, establishment of patterns between phenomena and processes of the surrounding world; signs are also used for communication, which is the basis of speech.
• Creating a strategy of behavior and its motives.
• Formation of goals and long-term objectives of activity.
• The ability to foresee the results of actions and plan one’s behavior.

A person's level of intelligence is determined by how effectively his cognitive processes perform their functions. Understanding the world around us, of course, does not happen spontaneously and chaotically.

It has a certain structure and consists of several stages

:

• First, the brain receives new information and processes the received data.
• Then he uses methods of analysis, synthesis, comparison and generalization.
• The information received is remembered and saved.
• From the information received, new information is created - in the form of images and concepts.
• Finally, at the highest level of cognition, complex operations with data, including those of a predictive nature, are carried out.