Is this rivalry in psychology? Is it partnership in management?

Is this rivalry in psychology? Is it partnership in management? Definitions. Rivalry options. Rivalry as a form of activity.

Hello, dear readers of my blog!

Let's look at two more technological approaches to negotiations: competition and partnership! In both cases, you and I are able to achieve our goal. Both approaches are effective and can be alternated in the same negotiations. The previous article, which dealt with dominance and submission, can be read here “Dominate or Submit! What to choose? Negotiator's advice!

Block 1. Rivalry. Definition.

COMPETITION
This is a set of communication techniques, using which a person demonstrates to the opposite party the intention to fight to gain access to the goal and to block the opponent's passage to obtain his benefit.

In such an interaction, one side does not have decisive power over the other side; a “tug of war” occurs.

Why do two teams of participants start a tug of war in a competition?

In order to win and/or in order not to lose!

Moreover, it is difficult to reliably determine the leading motive of the participants. Victory brings joy and pride. The more difficult the struggle, the more acute the experience of short-term happiness from not losing or from winning.

Becoming the first is wonderful, as many people see it. If the sperm had not become the first, then the reader of this article would never have been born.

It turns out that becoming the first is the best way to both be born and live your life safely? Is this so clear?

I think that Arthur Schopenhauer would hardly agree with this approach. Let’s imagine that one of the winning tug-of-war teams strained himself so much that he was hospitalized with a diagnosis of an inguinal hernia a couple of weeks later, and another, after the tug-of-war procedure from overexertion next to a tree, was freed from the contents of his stomach (a common phenomenon among inexperienced athletes), and the third with a medal around his neck, the beautiful spectator liked him, after which they got married, and five years later they divorced in hatred of each other.

Would these three want to once again be at the “celebration” of life in a tug of war and again become the first, where the price is known in advance?

In competition, a powerful evolutionary law is mercilessly exploited - the best survives. However, many survive in society, and far from the best, and are satisfied with the quality of life.

And if the cultural environment in which the participants of the competition would be somewhat different from the conventional one, and the team that defeats one then gives the opportunity to win to the other team. As a result, the overall score is 1:1. The winner is friendship, partnership!

Aren't people's emotions likely to run high in this case?

Block 2. Rivalry. Options.

The opponent strives to gain advantages through which he can gain access to the target resource and at the same time block similar access to benefits for the opposite party.

Rivalry is most pronounced when parties compete for access to the same target resource, which in turn is a helping resource in order to gain access to another resource.

2.1. Emotional benefit.

Situations arise when, during the interaction of a GUARDIAN and a RIVAL, rivalry arises on the part of one or another opponent. A GUARDIAN, for example, blocks access to a resource for a RIVAL, while winning practically nothing material, but gaining access only to emotional experiences. In the same way, the RIVAL is determined to “break” the resistance of the GUARDIAN, guided by the fact that the very fact of the concession of the opposite side is “good”, i.e. also gains access to positive emotional experiences. Usually, in such situations one has to admit the absence of constructive quality, when emotions, “ red buttons ” control people’s behavior in an explicit manner. Thus, rivalry is clearly expressed in disputes when the key target final result is proof of one’s own rightness and, accordingly, proof of the wrongness of the opposite side.

2.2. “OUR OWN” and “ALIENS”.

In game theory, rivalry is correlated with the “I’ll tear everyone up” strategy, with a zero result, when the subject’s gain is achieved at the expense of the other side’s loss. Rivalry also correlates with the identification of people as “OURS” and “ALIENS”. If they do not compete with “OUR” group, then they strive to “destroy” the “ALIENS” because they are “ALIENS” and therefore, even if at a given time they do not lay claim to similar material target resources, then they can potentially do so, as is presented in cognitive model of the world of a competing person.

2.3. Individual and group.

Rivalry is an evolutionarily older mechanism than partnership. There is rivalry, both individual and group. Both of these types of competition in some cases involve behavioral acts that are a manifestation of the subject's implicit intention to carry out the continued survival of his own genes. There is competition for access to potential sexual partner(s). Such competition in the individual version fades with age due to the suppression of the functioning of the gonads that produce sex hormones and remains in the group version until the death of the individual.

Another reason for competition is gaining access to resources to help for individual and group survival: food, water, “cave”, conditions for well-being.

2.4. Survival of ideas.

There is also daily competition for the survival of one’s own ideas and achieved results, both false and true. Often the subject does not distinguish between where he is a champion of the products of his own mental activity, and where he is a carrier of other people's ideas. The subject is also inclined to take credit for the results of other people's work, considering this as a resource for helping the descendants ultimately gain memory of themselves. Information in the memory of descendants, in turn, allows one to spread the influence of one’s own personality, one’s own person. Thanks to this, the subject gains access to going beyond the limits of individual human life, in fact, to POWER over the life of descendants. This activity starts from the moment the child acquires speech until the very moment of death.

What is competition? Its varieties

Competition is an extremely popular phenomenon in today's world. It permeates all layers of society, as well as all spheres of life. Education, entrepreneurship, art - it is difficult to find an area that excludes competition and the struggle for primacy.

But why is competition needed? She makes our world move forward. This is the main factor of progress and evolution. Competition drives innovation and controls global markets. Thanks to this, we have our livelihood.

The main benefit of competition is not winning, but increasing efficiency. It releases hidden “reserves” and helps to make great efforts. Participants in such a struggle will find new strength in themselves, they will get a “second wind.” With an adequate approach, this happens even in a situation where it is impossible to win. It forces us to improve ourselves.

As for species-specific competition, biologists highlight competition among individuals within a species, as well as among representatives of different species due to the limited amount of resources in the world - water, food, shelters, etc.

In the economic sphere, there is business competition among entrepreneurs; each of them, through his own actions, limits the ability of rivals to unilaterally influence market conditions and the turnover of goods. This refers to the level of dependence of the market on the behavior of its participants.

In everyday life, there is competition in relationships of all ages. Children compete with each other no less than adults.

Block 3. Rivalry. Form of activity.

Rivalry as a form of activity is regarded by the subject explicitly or implicitly as a way to ultimately live forever (genes) and gain POWER, both within one’s own life and beyond. As a hypersocial being, man, unlike all other living things, has received, due to the development of the brain, a GREAT OPPORTUNITY to live outside of personal life, in the memory of numerous indirect descendants, while everyone else tends to scatter only genes and is limited by personal history.

It is important to take into account that in the overwhelming majority of cases, the content of the rationalizations of many individuals who deny the desire for immortality and POWER, as a result, does not matter. This is also a way to gain immortality and POWER. The very development of human civilization is determined by these mechanisms.

From an evolutionary standpoint, rivalry is significantly inferior to another form - partnership.

Kinds

Psychologists identify several types of rivalry, each of which has its own characteristics.

Structural

Structural rivalry is called one of the most important, since such competition involves a struggle for truly valuable things, without which one cannot live. For example, this type of rivalry can be seen among animals in the wild, who fight for food, drink, and so on.

Motivational

The peculiarity of motivational competition is that it appears in cases where prestige comes first. This could be a sporting competition where you need to show your superiority or the advantage of your team. Thus, winning such competitions is not vital, but it does allow one to gain public recognition.

Neurotic

Neurotic rivalry is actively studied in modern psychoanalysis. Among the distinctive features of such competition are the following.

A neurotic constantly compares himself to other people , even when he shouldn’t.
Ambition does not calm down even when a certain goal is achieved , and success ceases to bring joy. A person is simply trying to become unique and inimitable.
hidden aggression may appear , especially if someone else achieves the same or superior results.

Neurotic rivalry suggests that what comes first for a person is not the competition itself, but the impression that comes from it. If with a normal healthy form of competition a person calms down when he receives success, then with a neurotic type the main thing is to obtain complete superiority. If it is impossible to obtain the desired result, a feeling of disappointment is caused, which is a destructive element and can lead to serious consequences in relationships with other people or society.

In such people you can often see a tendency to prevent others from winning, using any means and methods for this. Because of this, a feeling of constant anxiety arises, which leads to mental problems.

Neurotics work in two directions at once, trying to dominate everyone, but at the same time remain the darlings of society.

Block 4. Partnership. Definition.

PARTNERSHIP

This is a set of communication techniques, using which participants provide access to benefits to each other on a mutual basis in equal or unequal proportions, depending on the contribution of each party to the common cause, guided by a sense of fairness and preliminary agreements.

A partner is “YOUR.” These techniques are designed to interact with “ONE.” This is not the case in all previous technologies (dominance, submission, competition). Everywhere there contact is made with the “ALIEN”.

A partner is a comrade, brother-in-law, friend, participant, lover, gentleman, accomplice, cohabitant, co-owner, friend, accomplice, comrade, bro, sidekick, etc.

Partnership involves treating the opposite party as conditionally equal in rights and limited by the rights of other parties. The quantity and quality of the rights of each party varies depending on previous agreements, the quality and quantity of the contribution to the relationship, the obligations assumed, and the presence of greater/lesser interest in the current relationship.

In partnership, subjects demonstrate openness. They speak freely about their own desires and reveal their positions, and do not manipulate. The use of interrogative and declarative sentences is typical.

The partner offers cooperation as a result of successful negotiations. Partnership involves respect for the other party, respect for the other party's goals, and even caring for the other party. At the same time, partnership as a technology does not at all imply that people in partnerships are smart, fair, altruistic, sincere, “clear,” “cool,” “high,” mature individuals who enrich relationships and contribute to their opponents, because they are GOOD!

The subject, using communication technologies of partnership, can be a sociopath with a pronounced deficit of mirror neurons in the limbic system (“emotional structures of the brain”) and after he has gained access to subjectively significant target results, he will “pulverize” his “bro” - partner without any remorse.

Read the article “Neurophysiology of the human brain. Mirror systems of the brain."

Read the article “Mirror Neurons of the Brain. How did they influence evolution?

It is important to realize this and not to equate the demonstrated communication technologies with the structure/content of the opponent’s personality. Partnership as a model of behavior involves various options for strategies: “An eye for an eye”, “The strong know how to forgive”, “Forgiveness”.

Read the article “What is a zero-sum game? Is this a prisoners' dilemma?

Read the article “Game Theory for Dummies. Is this a human behavior strategy?

Read the article “Why do they betray those who saved and helped? Game theory strategy."

The advantage of partnership over other sets of communication technologies is that the opponent begins to perceive the opposite subject as “HIS” and the subjectivity “I + YOU = WE” of commonality and mutual importance for each other is formed.

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