Social adaptation: concept, examples, types, goals, stages

Man is an almost perfect example of how one can adapt to different environments of climate, flora and fauna. Just look at how different the conditions in which people live in different parts of the planet are: neither constant cold nor sweltering heat became a hindrance. But our habitat is not limited by climatic features.

Despite high adaptive capabilities, the instability and dynamism of the modern world require increased mobility. Human social adaptation is an urgent problem in a risky society, on which the emotional and psychological comfort of the individual depends. Finding himself in different conditions of existence, a person is forced to constantly interact and take on different social roles.

What is social adaptation?

Social adaptation (“adaptatio” translated from Latin as “adjustment”) is a continuous process during which an individual or group of people integrates into society, adapts to a new social environment, its requirements and conditions.

The result of social adaptation is the development of individual self-awareness, the formation of behavioral patterns, and the ability to self-realize. During this process, a person is trained to create harmonious relationships with other people , nature, and society. Throughout an individual’s life, there is not just the development and acceptance of socially significant norms and attitudes, but also their transfer to other members of society.

A person’s ability to self-actualize , identify and unleash their creative potential will directly depend on how quickly and easily adaptation occurs This process involves the creation of completely new social connections. If they are strong enough, then the goals set will be achieved. But adaptation should be understood not only as communication and habituation; this process is much deeper. Adapting to new conditions, the individual will evaluate his abilities and correlate the opportunities to meet his needs with the resources of society.

Role difficulties

Role tension and role conflicts

In the process of fulfilling social roles of an individual, difficulties (role tension) and conflicts (role conflicts) may arise. Role tension arises due to difficulties in fulfilling and combining role obligations and the incompatibility of the individual’s internal attitudes with the requirements of the role (for example, a preschooler is not ready for the role of a schoolchild, a high school graduate is not ready for choosing a profession). Role conflicts are manifestations of a more acute contradiction between roles or different parties, elements of one role, when these roles exclude each other.

Role strain is the difficulty in fulfilling role obligations.

Role conflict – 1) a situation in which an individual occupying a certain status is faced with incompatible expectations; 2) the need to satisfy the demands of two or more incompatible roles.

Types of role conflicts

Types of role conflicts

1) inter-role conflict - occurs when an individual plays several roles (for example, a woman must simultaneously satisfy role expectations as an employee, wife and mother);

2) intra-role conflict - (a) when an individual defines his role in one way, and those who, within the framework of their role, are associated with him, define his role differently, arises (for example, teachers adhere to a certain code of professional conduct, and parents put forward demands that are incompatible with this code); (b) the requirements of the same role contradict each other (the role of parents presupposes not only kind, affectionate treatment of children, but also demandingness and severity towards them);

3) personal-role conflict - a conflict situation when the requirements of a social role contradict the interests and life aspirations of the individual (work does not allow a person to reveal and demonstrate his abilities).

Role conflicts lead to poor performance or non-fulfillment of the corresponding role, as well as psychological experiences and stress of the individual.

Ways to resolve role conflicts

Ways to resolve role conflicts:

1. Rationalization of roles - 1) strengthening of an emotionally positive reaction to one role and negative emotions in relation to another role; 2) an unconscious search for the negative aspects of a desired but unattainable role;

2. Separation of roles - 1) temporary “withdrawal”, “turning off” from the consciousness of the obligations of one of the roles;

3. Regulation of roles – 1) a formal procedure for renouncing social responsibility for one of the roles; 2) a conscious way of resolving role conflict by shifting responsibility for its consequences to others.

Role regulation differs from the defense mechanisms of rationalization and role separation primarily in that it is conscious and intentional. In practice, this looks like an individual's reference to the influence of organizations, by virtue of which he is forced to act in a certain way. As soon as an individual experiences tension or role conflict, he immediately begins to seek justification in the organization or association in which he plays the conflicting role.

Example of social adaptation

Social environment - family, team at work, neighbors at home and other social groups. Social adaptation is necessary so that the individual can become involved in the processes in the social environment. In addition, social adaptation is one of the important tools that changes both the individual and the environment itself.

To better understand what social adaptation is, we can consider an example when new employees come to an enterprise. In modern applied sociology and social psychology, such adaptation is studied most widely. This is explained by the fact that this problem is of practical importance, because the economic component of the company’s work depends on its effective solution .

Two complex systems (person and company) begin to interact. The successful adaptation of new company employees largely depends on the following factors: material and technical equipment, type and level of work organization, characteristics of relationships within the team, the level of corporate culture and remuneration. The company's requirements lie in these characteristics, at the same time they show advantages that distinguish the company from other participants in the labor market.

Concept and definition in psychology

Social perception - what is it in psychology

The psychological definition of adaptability is associated with the physiological and mental properties of the organism. In sociology, adaptation is a type of personal activity, the goal of which is to achieve comfortable well-being in society. A person achieves this state through analytical abilities, an adequate assessment of his skills and potential, and developed self-control skills.

A socially adapted person is a person who is able to make thoughtful decisions and anticipate the development of a particular situation.

Adapted person

A socially adapted person is one who successfully solves problems of interaction at 3 levels: physiological, psychological, social.

Psychologists believe that social adaptation is a process of a person’s life in society in which he feels good, does not experience discomfort with minor changes in circumstances, and his psyche does not malfunction when exposed to negative external factors.

Additional Information. Social adaptation cannot exist separately from socialization. These two processes are interdependent and complementary.

Levels of social adaptation

Characteristic for a person’s adaptation is the process of his socialization, the assimilation of social behavioral norms, and “growing into” the social world. In other words, social adaptation is the most important mechanism ensuring effective socialization.

Thus, if “socialization” should be understood as a gradual process during which, under certain social conditions, a personality is formed, then social adaptation is a relatively short time period when an individual actively masters a new social environment.

Consideration of social adaptation should be three-level:

1. society (macroenvironment) . The individual and social strata adapt to the peculiarities of the development of society (economic, social, political, cultural, spiritual);
2. social group (microenvironment) . A person adapts or, conversely, his interests do not coincide with the interests of a social group (family, team at work or study, etc.);
3. individual (adaptation within the individual) . A person’s desire for harmony, achieving a balance of internal position.

Adaptation of a person in a given society occurs when he enters into a system of relationships (with other people, social, business, professional). Social adaptation consists of different types of adaptation processes that form a system, namely: industrial, professional, everyday, leisure, political, economic, adaptation to forms of social consciousness.

What are the principles of adaptability?

What principles is adaptability based on?

1. On homeostatic – when a person strives for balance in his external and internal world. No matter what conditions a person lives in, he will always strive to maintain balance and calm. If circumstances change, then the person will change along with them in the direction where he will again feel more or less balanced and calm.
2. On the hedonistic level - when a person strives in any situation to get as much pleasure as possible and reduce the amount of suffering, especially to avoid negative emotions. Thus, even in a bad situation, a person wants to find something useful for himself in order to reduce the level of his suffering.
3. Pragmatically, when a person wants to expend as little effort as possible, while receiving as much benefit as possible for himself. Man is an inherently lazy creature. Therefore, he is ready to make an absolutely unthinkable decision and consider it correct if it allows him to receive the maximum benefit while spending the minimum amount of effort.

Types of social adaptation

Social adaptation can be of several types, for the classification of which certain characteristics are used. These include:

• Managerial (organizational)
  . If there is no management, a person will not receive favorable conditions, the prerequisites will not be created for his social role to develop, to influence him, to ensure activities that meet the interests of the individual and society.
• Economic
  . This process is characterized by high complexity. During it, individuals and subjects learn new socio-economic norms and principles of economic relations. Here, the “social block” is of particular importance, which includes the process of adaptation to the social reality of the size of unemployment benefits, the level of wages, and pensions that exist in reality. It is important that they meet both the physiological needs of a person and the socio-cultural ones. Full social adaptation of a person is impossible if he lives in poverty and can barely make ends meet.
• Pedagogical
  . Adaptation of an individual to education, training, upbringing, as a result of which a system of his values ​​is formed. For teachers today, the problem of maladjustment of individuals in childhood and adolescence is especially relevant.
• Psychological
  . From a psychological point of view, the adaptation process involves adapting the senses to the stimuli that affect them, so that the receptors are better protected from unnecessary stress. Psychological adaptation is a continuous process in which an individual lives, because there are constant changes in socio-economic living conditions, political and moral orientations, ecology and other factors.
• Professional
  . During professional adaptation, an individual adapts to a new activity, a new environment, working conditions, and the characteristics of the profession. Success is determined by a person’s inclination towards a specific professional activity, the coincidence of personal and social motivations for work, etc.

How to write a term paper on speech therapy

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These guidelines are compiled to help students gain an understanding of the content and structure of coursework in speech therapy.

Logopedia of pedagogical science that studies anomalies of speech development with normal hearing, explores the manifestations, nature and mechanisms of speech disorders, develops the scientific basis for overcoming and preventing them means of special training and education.

The subject of speech therapy as a science is speech disorders and the process of training and education of persons with speech disorders.

The object of study is a person suffering from a speech disorder.

The main task of speech therapy as a science is the study, prevention and elimination of various types of speech disorders.

Coursework in speech therapy is a student's scientific and experimental research. This type of educational activity, provided for by the educational and professional program and curriculum, contributes to the acquisition of skills in working with literature, analyzing and summarizing literary sources in order to determine the range of insufficiently studied problems, determining the content and methods of experimental research, processing skills and qualitative analysis of the results obtained. The need to complete coursework in speech therapy is due to the updating of knowledge concerning the content, organization, principles, methods and techniques of speech therapy work.

As a rule, during their studies, students must write two term papers - theoretical and practical.

The first course work should be devoted to the analysis and synthesis of general and specialized literature on the chosen topic. Based on this analysis, it is necessary to justify and develop a method of ascertaining (diagnostic) experiment.

In the second course work, it is necessary to provide an analysis of the results obtained during the ascertaining experiment, as well as determine the directions and content of speech therapy work, and select adequate methods and techniques of correction.

So, let’s present the general requirements for the content and design of coursework in speech therapy.

The initial and most important stage of working on a course project is the choice of a topic, which is either proposed by the supervisor or chosen by the student independently from a list of topics that are consistent with the areas of scientific research of the department.

Each topic can be modified, considered in different aspects, but taking into account a theoretical and practical approach. Having chosen a topic, the student needs to think through in detail its specific content, areas of work, practical material, etc., which should be reflected both in the formulation of the topic and in the further construction of the study. It should be recalled that the chosen topic may not only have a purely theoretical orientation, for example: “Dysarthria. Characteristics of the defect”, “Classification of dysgraphia”, but also take into account the practical significance of the problem under consideration, for example: “Speech therapy work on speech correction for dysarthria”. It should also be taken into account that when formulating a topic, excessive detail should be avoided, for example: “Formation of prosodic components of speech in preschoolers of the sixth year of life attending a preschool institution for children with severe speech impairments.”

The course work includes such mandatory parts as: introduction, three chapters, conclusion, bibliography and appendix.

The text of the term paper begins with the title page . An example of its design can be seen here.

Then the content of the work is given, in which the names of chapters, paragraphs, and sections are formulated in strict accordance with the content of the thesis. An example of its design can be seen here.

In the text, each subsequent chapter and paragraph begins on a new page. At the end of each chapter, the materials are summarized and conclusions are formulated.

The introduction reveals the relevance of the problem under consideration in general and the topic being studied in particular; the problem, subject, object, and purpose of the study are defined. In accordance with the goal and hypothesis, objectives and a set of research methods aimed at achieving the objectives must be defined.

The relevance of the topic lies in reflecting the current level of pedagogical science and practice, meeting the requirements of novelty and usefulness.

When defining the research problem, it is important to indicate what practical tasks it will help to implement in training and educating people with speech pathology.

The object of research is understood as certain aspects of pedagogical reality, perceived through a system of theoretical and practical knowledge. The ultimate goal of any research is to improve this object.

The subject of research is some part, property, element of an object, i.e. the subject of research always indicates a specific aspect of the object that is to be studied and about which the researcher wants to gain new knowledge. An object is a part of an object.

You can give an example of the formulation of the object, subject and problem of research:

– The object of the study is the speech activity of preschool children with phonetic-phonemic speech disorders.

– The subject of the study is the features of intonation speech of children with phonetic-phonemic speech disorders.

– The research problem is to determine effective directions for speech therapy work on the formation of intonation expressiveness of speech in the system of correctional intervention.

The purpose of the study contributes to the specification of the object being studied. The goal of any research is to solve a specific problem. The goal is specified in tasks taking into account the subject of research.

The research objectives are formulated in a certain sequence, which determines the logic of the research. The research objectives are set on the basis of a theoretical analysis of the problem and an assessment of the state of its solution in practice.

The first chapter is an analysis of literary sources, which examines the state of this problem in historical and modern aspects, and presents the most important theoretical principles that formed the basis of the study.

When writing the first chapter, you should pay attention to the fact that the text of the course work must be written in a scientific style. When presenting scientific material, it is necessary to comply with the following requirements:

– Specificity – a review of only those sources that are necessary to disclose only a given topic or solve only a given problem;

– Clarity – which is characterized by semantic coherence and integrity of individual parts of the text;

– Logicality – which provides for a certain structure of presentation of the material;

– Reasoning – evidence of thoughts (why this and not otherwise);

– Precision of wording, excluding ambiguous interpretation of the authors’ statements.

A literary review of the state of the problem being studied should not be reduced to a consistent presentation of literary sources. It should present a generalized description of the literature: highlight the main directions (currents, concepts, points of view), analyze in detail and evaluate the most fundamental works of representatives of these directions.

When writing a work, the student must correctly use literary materials, make references to the authors and sources from which the results of scientific research are borrowed. Failure to provide required references will reduce your coursework grade.

As a rule, in coursework on speech therapy, references to literary sources are formatted as follows: the number of the cited source in the general list of references is placed in square brackets. For example: General speech underdevelopment is a speech pathology in which there is a persistent lag in the formation of all components of the language system: phonetics, vocabulary and grammar [17].

When using quotations, in square brackets, in addition to indicating the source number, the page number from which this excerpt is taken is indicated, for example: Speech rhythm is based on a physiological and intellectual basis, since, firstly, it is directly related to the rhythm of breathing. Secondly, being an element that performs a communicative function, “correlates with meaning, i.e. controlled intellectually” [23, P.40].

However, course work should not be of a purely abstract nature, so you should not abuse the unreasonable abundance of citations. Quoting should be logically justified, convincing and used only when really necessary.

In the second chapter , devoted to experimental research, the organization should be described and the program of the ascertaining experiment should be presented. The survey methodology, as a rule, consists of a description of several series of tasks, with detailed instructions, visual and lexical material, the procedure for completing tasks by experiment participants, and scoring criteria. This chapter also provides a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the results obtained.

When analyzing the results of an experiment, it is necessary to use a scoring system. Examples of various criteria for quantitative and qualitative assessment are presented in the following works:

– Glukhov V.P. Formation of coherent speech in preschool children with general speech underdevelopment. - M.: Arkti, 2002. - 144 p.

– Fotekova T.A. Test methodology for diagnosing oral speech of primary schoolchildren. - M.: Arkti, 2000. - 56 p.

– Levchenko I.Yu. Pathopsychology: Theory and practice. - M.: Academy, 2000. - 232 p.

In order to visually present the results obtained during the experimental study, it is recommended to use tables, graphs, diagrams, etc. Histograms can be used in a variety of ways - columnar, cylindrical, planar, volumetric, etc. An example of the design of tables, figures, and histograms can be found here.

The third chapter provides a rationale for the proposed methods and techniques and reveals the content of the main stages of correctional work.

The conclusion contains a summary of the material presented and the main conclusions formulated by the author.

The bibliography must contain at least 25 sources. The list includes bibliographic information about the sources used in preparing the work. An example of its design can be seen here.

In the application you can present bulky tables or illustrations, examination protocols, observation records, products of activity (drawings, written works of children), notes from speech therapy classes, etc.

The volume of one course work must be at least 30 pages of typewritten text.

In general, coursework in speech therapy is the basis for a future thesis, in which the study of the begun problem can be continued, but from the standpoint of a different approach or a comparative analysis of the disorders being studied in different age categories of people with different types of speech disorders.

The content and format of theses in speech therapy can be found here.

Literature:

1. How to write a term paper on speech therapy: Methodological recommendations. Educational and methodological manual / Comp. Artemova E.E., Tishina L.A. / Ed. Orlova O.S. – M.: MGOPU, 2008. – 35 p.

2. Research work of students in the system of higher professional pedagogical education (specialty 031800 - Speech therapy). Methodological recommendations for completing the thesis / Compiled by. L.V. Lopatina, V.I. Lipakova, G.G. Golubeva. - St. Petersburg: Publishing house of the Russian State Pedagogical University named after. A. I. Herzen, 2002. - 140 p.

Goals and objectives of social adaptation

Social adaptation is an important component of the socialization process. Socialization provides learning, and the goal of adaptation is to find relevant ways for self-realization, change acquired knowledge, and acquire new knowledge that suits a specific environment.

Social adaptation implies the subject’s ability to effectively form interaction with the group where his life and development will take place. Throughout his life, an individual will be in different social groups , different situations will occur, and meetings with different people will take place. Thanks to social adaptation, a person will quickly and successfully navigate new conditions and will be able to build relationships with other individuals within a specific social group. The main motive of the individual is the desire to self-actualize, and not to adapt to new conditions.

To achieve this you need:

• accept changes in your usual way of life, form new attitudes for personal development;
• actively establish communications with participants in the professional and social environment;
• apply the conditions of society in order to develop one’s personality and self-realization;
• increase the level of resistance to stressful situations;
• establish adequate relationships with other individuals;
• accept and comply with the norms and values ​​of the environment;
• achieve your goals and satisfy your needs without harming others.

Stages of social adaptation

The process of social adaptation is characterized by a constant flow and high dynamics. Throughout life a person is in this process. Researchers have identified the main stages of the adaptation process of individuals of childhood and adolescence:

• from birth to 1 year – the child’s complete dependence on adults with whom there is constant interaction;
• 1-3 years – copying of family members begins, the use of means of manipulation;
• 3-6 years - the first exit outside the family society, discovery and study of new roles, the relationship between oneself and other family members, conscious copying;
• 6-10 years - the beginning of school life, adaptation to new conditions and people, active intellectual progress, manifestation of individual personal qualities;
• 10-11 – 14-15 years old – active establishment of communication and interaction with peers, self-awareness is formed, the search for individuality, the manifestation of feelings for the opposite sex.

If upbringing is incorrect, the consequences in the future may be negative. Childhood and adolescence are the period when an individual acquires the skills he needs to develop his personality and successfully adapt to society.

How social adaptation occurs: main stages

Polish sociologist J. Szczepanski identified the following stages of the adaptation process:

1. Mastering the norms and rules of behavior in society, but the values ​​and traditions established in society are not yet accepted by the individual. This is explained by the fact that he is not sufficiently familiar with the new environment, its orders, and also by the fact that the individual consciously does not accept and denies its values.
2. Tolerance stage . At this time, recognition of the equivalence of each other by the individual and the environment occurs.
3. The individual's entry into a new environment. He begins to adapt to her, which is expressed in mutual concessions. Not only does the individual recognize the values ​​of the society that accepts him, but society itself accepts the values ​​and attitudes of the individual.
4. The individual fully adapts to the conditions and requirements of the new environment or assimilation occurs. The behavior patterns and habitual way of life of the individual consciously change, he accepts new attitudes that operate in society.

What functions does this process perform?

Adaptation - what is it in psychology

Adaptation in society performs the following functions that are significant for a person:

• Enriches him with new working knowledge;
• Stimulates the manifestation of an active life position for the benefit of the country;
• Teaches you to come to terms with contradictions within yourself;
• Teaches you to correctly respond to contradictions between your own value systems and the demands of society;
• Gives a feeling of security in the work team;
• Allows you to work in the field that attracts a person;
• Allows you to provide for yourself and your family;
• Helps to find harmony.