Social adaptation: concept, examples, types, goals, stages

What is social adaptation?

Social adaptation (“adaptatio” translated from Latin as “adjustment”) is a continuous process during which an individual or group of people integrates into society, adapts to a new social environment, its requirements and conditions.

The result of social adaptation is the development of individual self-awareness, the formation of behavioral patterns, and the ability to self-realize. During this process, a person is trained to create harmonious relationships with other people , nature, and society. Throughout an individual’s life, there is not just the development and acceptance of socially significant norms and attitudes, but also their transfer to other members of society.

A person’s ability to self-actualize , identify and unleash their creative potential will directly depend on how quickly and easily adaptation occurs This process involves the creation of completely new social connections. If they are strong enough, then the goals set will be achieved. But adaptation should be understood not only as communication and habituation; this process is much deeper. Adapting to new conditions, the individual will evaluate his abilities and correlate the opportunities to meet his needs with the resources of society.

History of discovery and study

Socio-psychological adaptation is a process that everyone goes through, regardless of where they live. It acts as a means of protecting the individual, reducing internal psychological stress that arises during contacts with other people. The development of defense mechanisms, as a rule, occurs after a traumatic encounter with society. A defensive reaction is formed in childhood; as one grows up, the types of defense improve and change.

If a person has fully mastered defense techniques and learned to choose the optimal style of behavior in a difficult situation, his adaptive potential increases. This leads to successful socio-psychological interaction.

If defense mechanisms are primitive, a person uses them unconsciously, and his ability to adapt is reduced. Primitive behavioral strategies relieve the feeling of discomfort, but make it impossible to assess the situation adequately. A person cannot take a place in a group and feels like an outsider.

Representatives of different schools studied the psychological phenomenon of adaptation and defense mechanisms. The structure of psychological defense was developed by psychoanalysts. By defense mechanism, Freud meant a set of techniques that protect the psyche from trauma that is inevitable when confronted with reality. He included these methods:

• negation;
• crowding out;
• substitution;
• isolation;
• projection;
• rationalization;
• inversion;
• regression.

Representatives of Gestalt psychology and humanistic psychology have created alternative classifications of defense methods. They differed in names, but described the same sets of mental functions.

Mechanisms of socio-psychological adaptation, based on defense mechanisms, lead the individual to a state of emotional comfort. The person feels calm, openly expresses his feelings, and is optimistic. If defense mechanisms are chosen incorrectly, their use causes psychological discomfort. A person experiences anxiety, fear, worry, depression. This condition disrupts normal activity, making it difficult to adequately respond to the surrounding reality.

Example of social adaptation

Social environment - family, team at work, neighbors at home and other social groups. Social adaptation is necessary so that the individual can become involved in the processes in the social environment. In addition, social adaptation is one of the important tools that changes both the individual and the environment itself.

To better understand what social adaptation is, we can consider an example when new employees come to an enterprise. In modern applied sociology and social psychology, such adaptation is studied most widely. This is explained by the fact that this problem is of practical importance, because the economic component of the company’s work depends on its effective solution .

Two complex systems (person and company) begin to interact. The successful adaptation of new company employees largely depends on the following factors: material and technical equipment, type and level of work organization, characteristics of relationships within the team, the level of corporate culture and remuneration. The company's requirements lie in these characteristics, at the same time they show advantages that distinguish the company from other participants in the labor market.

Levels of social adaptation

Characteristic for a person’s adaptation is the process of his socialization, the assimilation of social behavioral norms, and “growing into” the social world. In other words, social adaptation is the most important mechanism ensuring effective socialization.

Thus, if “socialization” should be understood as a gradual process during which, under certain social conditions, a personality is formed, then social adaptation is a relatively short time period when an individual actively masters a new social environment.

Consideration of social adaptation should be three-level:

1. society (macroenvironment) . The individual and social strata adapt to the peculiarities of the development of society (economic, social, political, cultural, spiritual);
2. social group (microenvironment) . A person adapts or, conversely, his interests do not coincide with the interests of a social group (family, team at work or study, etc.);
3. individual (adaptation within the individual) . A person’s desire for harmony, achieving a balance of internal position.

Adaptation of a person in a given society occurs when he enters into a system of relationships (with other people, social, business, professional). Social adaptation consists of different types of adaptation processes that form a system, namely: industrial, professional, everyday, leisure, political, economic, adaptation to forms of social consciousness.

Issues

The inability to fit into the standards of society and become part of it deprives a person of a normal life. This pathological condition has different causes:

1. Dysfunctional family scenario. If the family has a negative attitude towards society and its norms, the child will perceive this behavior strategy as the only correct one. At the same time, he will not have the opportunity to instill his values ​​in society.
2. Marginal environment. The family scenario may be prosperous, but the environment puts more pressure on the individual than the immediate circle of friends. If a person acts according to the family scenario, he automatically loses the chance to enter society.
3. Physiological features. Disturbances in the functioning of the central nervous system, chronic diseases and other characteristics do not allow a person to be part of a group. Being forced into isolation, he does not have the opportunity to master behavioral scenarios in society.
4. Psychological reasons. An obstacle to normal socialization is often the psychological characteristics of the individual. For example, autism spectrum disorders, which prevent a person from correctly reading the emotional reactions of other people and responding to them appropriately.
5. Uncontrollable external causes. These include wars, natural disasters and other global causes, the destructive effects of which a person cannot control or cancel.

If the cause of socio-psychological maladjustment is identified in childhood, a person still has a chance to overcome the obstacle and compensate for it. In adults, therapy will take longer and require significant effort.

Types of social adaptation

Social adaptation can be of several types, for the classification of which certain characteristics are used. These include:

• Managerial (organizational)
  . If there is no management, a person will not receive favorable conditions, the prerequisites will not be created for his social role to develop, to influence him, to ensure activities that meet the interests of the individual and society.
• Economic
  . This process is characterized by high complexity. During it, individuals and subjects learn new socio-economic norms and principles of economic relations. Here, the “social block” is of particular importance, which includes the process of adaptation to the social reality of the size of unemployment benefits, the level of wages, and pensions that exist in reality. It is important that they meet both the physiological needs of a person and the socio-cultural ones. Full social adaptation of a person is impossible if he lives in poverty and can barely make ends meet.
• Pedagogical
  . Adaptation of an individual to education, training, upbringing, as a result of which a system of his values ​​is formed. For teachers today, the problem of maladjustment of individuals in childhood and adolescence is especially relevant.
• Psychological
  . From a psychological point of view, the adaptation process involves adapting the senses to the stimuli that affect them, so that the receptors are better protected from unnecessary stress. Psychological adaptation is a continuous process in which an individual lives, because there are constant changes in socio-economic living conditions, political and moral orientations, ecology and other factors.
• Professional
  . During professional adaptation, an individual adapts to a new activity, a new environment, working conditions, and the characteristics of the profession. Success is determined by a person’s inclination towards a specific professional activity, the coincidence of personal and social motivations for work, etc.

How to write a term paper on speech therapy

07.09.2010 257512

These guidelines are compiled to help students gain an understanding of the content and structure of coursework in speech therapy.

Logopedia of pedagogical science that studies anomalies of speech development with normal hearing, explores the manifestations, nature and mechanisms of speech disorders, develops the scientific basis for overcoming and preventing them means of special training and education.

The subject of speech therapy as a science is speech disorders and the process of training and education of persons with speech disorders.

The object of study is a person suffering from a speech disorder.

The main task of speech therapy as a science is the study, prevention and elimination of various types of speech disorders.

Coursework in speech therapy is a student's scientific and experimental research. This type of educational activity, provided for by the educational and professional program and curriculum, contributes to the acquisition of skills in working with literature, analyzing and summarizing literary sources in order to determine the range of insufficiently studied problems, determining the content and methods of experimental research, processing skills and qualitative analysis of the results obtained. The need to complete coursework in speech therapy is due to the updating of knowledge concerning the content, organization, principles, methods and techniques of speech therapy work.

As a rule, during their studies, students must write two term papers - theoretical and practical.

The first course work should be devoted to the analysis and synthesis of general and specialized literature on the chosen topic. Based on this analysis, it is necessary to justify and develop a method of ascertaining (diagnostic) experiment.

In the second course work, it is necessary to provide an analysis of the results obtained during the ascertaining experiment, as well as determine the directions and content of speech therapy work, and select adequate methods and techniques of correction.

So, let’s present the general requirements for the content and design of coursework in speech therapy.

The initial and most important stage of working on a course project is the choice of a topic, which is either proposed by the supervisor or chosen by the student independently from a list of topics that are consistent with the areas of scientific research of the department.

Each topic can be modified, considered in different aspects, but taking into account a theoretical and practical approach. Having chosen a topic, the student needs to think through in detail its specific content, areas of work, practical material, etc., which should be reflected both in the formulation of the topic and in the further construction of the study. It should be recalled that the chosen topic may not only have a purely theoretical orientation, for example: “Dysarthria. Characteristics of the defect”, “Classification of dysgraphia”, but also take into account the practical significance of the problem under consideration, for example: “Speech therapy work on speech correction for dysarthria”. It should also be taken into account that when formulating a topic, excessive detail should be avoided, for example: “Formation of prosodic components of speech in preschoolers of the sixth year of life attending a preschool institution for children with severe speech impairments.”

The course work includes such mandatory parts as: introduction, three chapters, conclusion, bibliography and appendix.

The text of the term paper begins with the title page . An example of its design can be seen here.

Then the content of the work is given, in which the names of chapters, paragraphs, and sections are formulated in strict accordance with the content of the thesis. An example of its design can be seen here.

In the text, each subsequent chapter and paragraph begins on a new page. At the end of each chapter, the materials are summarized and conclusions are formulated.

The introduction reveals the relevance of the problem under consideration in general and the topic being studied in particular; the problem, subject, object, and purpose of the study are defined. In accordance with the goal and hypothesis, objectives and a set of research methods aimed at achieving the objectives must be defined.

The relevance of the topic lies in reflecting the current level of pedagogical science and practice, meeting the requirements of novelty and usefulness.

When defining the research problem, it is important to indicate what practical tasks it will help to implement in training and educating people with speech pathology.

The object of research is understood as certain aspects of pedagogical reality, perceived through a system of theoretical and practical knowledge. The ultimate goal of any research is to improve this object.

The subject of research is some part, property, element of an object, i.e. the subject of research always indicates a specific aspect of the object that is to be studied and about which the researcher wants to gain new knowledge. An object is a part of an object.

You can give an example of the formulation of the object, subject and problem of research:

– The object of the study is the speech activity of preschool children with phonetic-phonemic speech disorders.

– The subject of the study is the features of intonation speech of children with phonetic-phonemic speech disorders.

– The research problem is to determine effective directions for speech therapy work on the formation of intonation expressiveness of speech in the system of correctional intervention.

The purpose of the study contributes to the specification of the object being studied. The goal of any research is to solve a specific problem. The goal is specified in tasks taking into account the subject of research.

The research objectives are formulated in a certain sequence, which determines the logic of the research. The research objectives are set on the basis of a theoretical analysis of the problem and an assessment of the state of its solution in practice.

The first chapter is an analysis of literary sources, which examines the state of this problem in historical and modern aspects, and presents the most important theoretical principles that formed the basis of the study.

When writing the first chapter, you should pay attention to the fact that the text of the course work must be written in a scientific style. When presenting scientific material, it is necessary to comply with the following requirements:

– Specificity – a review of only those sources that are necessary to disclose only a given topic or solve only a given problem;

– Clarity – which is characterized by semantic coherence and integrity of individual parts of the text;

– Logicality – which provides for a certain structure of presentation of the material;

– Reasoning – evidence of thoughts (why this and not otherwise);

– Precision of wording, excluding ambiguous interpretation of the authors’ statements.

A literary review of the state of the problem being studied should not be reduced to a consistent presentation of literary sources. It should present a generalized description of the literature: highlight the main directions (currents, concepts, points of view), analyze in detail and evaluate the most fundamental works of representatives of these directions.

When writing a work, the student must correctly use literary materials, make references to the authors and sources from which the results of scientific research are borrowed. Failure to provide required references will reduce your coursework grade.

As a rule, in coursework on speech therapy, references to literary sources are formatted as follows: the number of the cited source in the general list of references is placed in square brackets. For example: General speech underdevelopment is a speech pathology in which there is a persistent lag in the formation of all components of the language system: phonetics, vocabulary and grammar [17].

When using quotations, in square brackets, in addition to indicating the source number, the page number from which this excerpt is taken is indicated, for example: Speech rhythm is based on a physiological and intellectual basis, since, firstly, it is directly related to the rhythm of breathing. Secondly, being an element that performs a communicative function, “correlates with meaning, i.e. controlled intellectually” [23, P.40].

However, course work should not be of a purely abstract nature, so you should not abuse the unreasonable abundance of citations. Quoting should be logically justified, convincing and used only when really necessary.

In the second chapter , devoted to experimental research, the organization should be described and the program of the ascertaining experiment should be presented. The survey methodology, as a rule, consists of a description of several series of tasks, with detailed instructions, visual and lexical material, the procedure for completing tasks by experiment participants, and scoring criteria. This chapter also provides a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the results obtained.

When analyzing the results of an experiment, it is necessary to use a scoring system. Examples of various criteria for quantitative and qualitative assessment are presented in the following works:

– Glukhov V.P. Formation of coherent speech in preschool children with general speech underdevelopment. - M.: Arkti, 2002. - 144 p.

– Fotekova T.A. Test methodology for diagnosing oral speech of primary schoolchildren. - M.: Arkti, 2000. - 56 p.

– Levchenko I.Yu. Pathopsychology: Theory and practice. - M.: Academy, 2000. - 232 p.

In order to visually present the results obtained during the experimental study, it is recommended to use tables, graphs, diagrams, etc. Histograms can be used in a variety of ways - columnar, cylindrical, planar, volumetric, etc. An example of the design of tables, figures, and histograms can be found here.

The third chapter provides a rationale for the proposed methods and techniques and reveals the content of the main stages of correctional work.

The conclusion contains a summary of the material presented and the main conclusions formulated by the author.

The bibliography must contain at least 25 sources. The list includes bibliographic information about the sources used in preparing the work. An example of its design can be seen here.

In the application you can present bulky tables or illustrations, examination protocols, observation records, products of activity (drawings, written works of children), notes from speech therapy classes, etc.

The volume of one course work must be at least 30 pages of typewritten text.

In general, coursework in speech therapy is the basis for a future thesis, in which the study of the begun problem can be continued, but from the standpoint of a different approach or a comparative analysis of the disorders being studied in different age categories of people with different types of speech disorders.

The content and format of theses in speech therapy can be found here.

Literature:

1. How to write a term paper on speech therapy: Methodological recommendations. Educational and methodological manual / Comp. Artemova E.E., Tishina L.A. / Ed. Orlova O.S. – M.: MGOPU, 2008. – 35 p.

2. Research work of students in the system of higher professional pedagogical education (specialty 031800 - Speech therapy). Methodological recommendations for completing the thesis / Compiled by. L.V. Lopatina, V.I. Lipakova, G.G. Golubeva. - St. Petersburg: Publishing house of the Russian State Pedagogical University named after. A. I. Herzen, 2002. - 140 p.

Goals and objectives of social adaptation

Social adaptation is an important component of the socialization process. Socialization provides learning, and the goal of adaptation is to find relevant ways for self-realization, change acquired knowledge, and acquire new knowledge that suits a specific environment.

Social adaptation implies the subject’s ability to effectively form interaction with the group where his life and development will take place. Throughout his life, an individual will be in different social groups , different situations will occur, and meetings with different people will take place. Thanks to social adaptation, a person will quickly and successfully navigate new conditions and will be able to build relationships with other individuals within a specific social group. The main motive of the individual is the desire to self-actualize, and not to adapt to new conditions.

To achieve this you need:

• accept changes in your usual way of life, form new attitudes for personal development;
• actively establish communications with participants in the professional and social environment;
• apply the conditions of society in order to develop one’s personality and self-realization;
• increase the level of resistance to stressful situations;
• establish adequate relationships with other individuals;
• accept and comply with the norms and values ​​of the environment;
• achieve your goals and satisfy your needs without harming others.

Pathology and norm

The main task of socialization is to reveal personal potential. Its success and breadth depend on the level of personal development. The older an individual is, the easier adaptation is. Normal personality development occurs only in favorable conditions.

In conditions of totalitarianism, a person chooses destructive methods of socio-psychological adaptation:

1. Masochism is the desire to transfer responsibility for one’s life to another person. A person prone to masochism is afraid of making decisions and being alone. Other people are a source of security for him.
2. Sadism is the desire to subjugate people to your will, to use them as a resource. Sadists intimidate others and love to enjoy people's dependence on them.
3. Destruction is the desire to socialize through the destruction of the existing social system. People prone to destruction feel powerless in front of existing institutions of power. They try to get rid of this by eliminating the external pressure of power, but at the same time they often have no idea what kind of social system they would like to create.
4. Conformism is realization through dissolution in the crowd. A conformist person is afraid of being an outsider and strives to meet society's expectations. He does not notice manipulations and is prone to conservatism and thoughtless consumption.

The type of entry into society depends not only on the social system, but also on the immediate environment. If the family model is opposed to society, then the child will have difficulty finding his place. He risks becoming an outsider and not finding opportunities for implementation.

Stages of social adaptation

The process of social adaptation is characterized by a constant flow and high dynamics. Throughout life a person is in this process. Researchers have identified the main stages of the adaptation process of individuals of childhood and adolescence:

• from birth to 1 year – the child’s complete dependence on adults with whom there is constant interaction;
• 1-3 years – copying of family members begins, the use of means of manipulation;
• 3-6 years - the first exit outside the family society, discovery and study of new roles, the relationship between oneself and other family members, conscious copying;
• 6-10 years - the beginning of school life, adaptation to new conditions and people, active intellectual progress, manifestation of individual personal qualities;
• 10-11 – 14-15 years old – active establishment of communication and interaction with peers, self-awareness is formed, the search for individuality, the manifestation of feelings for the opposite sex.

If upbringing is incorrect, the consequences in the future may be negative. Childhood and adolescence are the period when an individual acquires the skills he needs to develop his personality and successfully adapt to society.

Methods

If a person is diagnosed with problems with adaptation, you can try to compensate for them. Methods for improving social and psychological skills can be used at any age and with different abilities.

For children

At primary school age, children have problems adjusting to a new lifestyle. First-graders exhibit typical symptoms of maladjustment: sleep disorders, digestion disorders, and hysterical behavior. Parents should help their child cope with the assimilation of new norms of behavior. They should initiate the child’s rapprochement with peers and help establish relationships.

If a child is embarrassed by embarrassment, it is necessary to select activities for him that require teamwork. Outdoor games, in which each child will have his own role, will help him accept the need for interaction. In adolescence, extracurricular activities will help you adapt to society. Participation in clubs and sections will increase a teenager’s self-confidence, and he will feel freer in a team.

For adults

For people over 25 years of age, the problem of maladjustment is more acute. Without the opportunity to form normal relationships with the work team, a person is deprived of the opportunity to build a career. The main way to correct the problem is psychotherapeutic influence. To master interaction skills, a consultation with a psychologist is necessary. Together with a specialist, the individual will be able to study and apply scenarios for positive interaction with others.

Therapy is aimed at reducing anxiety and increasing self-esteem. The doctor’s task is to show the possibilities of normal self-actualization.

Disabled

The presence of a disability in an individual becomes a serious obstacle to establishing contacts with others. Even if a disabled person himself is interested in joining society, his environment may not have suitable conditions for this. In this case, you will need the help of others who can create these conditions.

It is better to begin entering society in the company of people with similar health problems. Once in a comfortable environment, a person becomes liberated and feels free. Receiving moral and psychological support, he learns to build complex types of group relationships. He will be able to successfully apply these scripts when interacting with people without disabilities.

How social adaptation occurs: main stages

Polish sociologist J. Szczepanski identified the following stages of the adaptation process:

1. Mastering the norms and rules of behavior in society, but the values ​​and traditions established in society are not yet accepted by the individual. This is explained by the fact that he is not sufficiently familiar with the new environment, its orders, and also by the fact that the individual consciously does not accept and denies its values.
2. Tolerance stage . At this time, recognition of the equivalence of each other by the individual and the environment occurs.
3. The individual's entry into a new environment. He begins to adapt to her, which is expressed in mutual concessions. Not only does the individual recognize the values ​​of the society that accepts him, but society itself accepts the values ​​and attitudes of the individual.
4. The individual fully adapts to the conditions and requirements of the new environment or assimilation occurs. The behavior patterns and habitual way of life of the individual consciously change, he accepts new attitudes that operate in society.

Diagnostics

Parents may notice problems with adaptation in a child at an early age. Children are normally interested in interacting with adults. Their level of mental development does not yet allow them to perceive themselves and other people as separate, equal individuals. The need for regular interaction is dictated by the fact that babies cannot survive without the help of adults. Children aged 5-6 months can manipulate their parents by crying.

If the problem was not diagnosed at an early age, it will manifest itself even more acutely when the child enters the children's group. Children with adaptation problems do not communicate with others. They play by themselves and do not respond to attempts to involve them in a common game. The reaction to the environment in children with maladjustment is manifested either by fear of society, or by aggression and negativism. The older the child gets, the more severe the symptoms become. At the age of 10–12 years, a child who is unable to interact with a group may become completely withdrawn into himself.

In adults, problems of maladaptation are manifested by the same symptoms: fear of people and general negativism. To protect the psyche from the destructive awareness of reality, an individual can unconsciously oppose himself to society. At the same time, he behaves as if it was he himself who refused to join society, and not the demands of the collective that turned out to be impossible for him to fulfill.