The influence of social stereotypes on interpersonal relationships

All a person’s life is surrounded by other people; he is constantly in communication with society. Therefore, often, when performing this or that act, we look back at society, even if unconsciously, hoping for it, and fearing condemnation from it. By doing this, without noticing it ourselves, we set certain boundaries for ourselves, limit our desires and actions. After all, we are always afraid of criticism from society and our environment. Without thinking about the fact that existing stereotypes control our lives and our decisions.

Stereotypes are a kind of tribute from the individual to society. This is a certain pattern of behavior. Many people create their own personal stereotypes after they have suffered repeated failures in some business. But society also creates communication stereotypes.

Over a certain period of time, stereotypes are formed. People communicate and share their experiences, and soon find like-minded people. Their pattern of behavior can then become truly social after some time. Stereotypes are not studied in schools, they are not written about in books, but in life we actively use them as attitudes of our ancestors, which are firmly ingrained in our minds.

How does a communication pattern emerge?

A stereotype in communication arises when we get to know each other, which has a specific meaning in social psychology. As a rule, both modern and established stereotypes arise on the basis of past experience, caused by a person to create any conclusions, despite the limited information. Often stereotypes arise regarding a person’s group affiliation, for example, his or her membership in a particular profession. As a result, pronounced professional traits in a person met in the past, a representative of this profession, are considered as traits that are inherent in every representative of this profession.

Stereotypes are passed on from generation to generation, they are so stable that they are sometimes perceived as a given, as a biological fact, as reality.

Stereotypes in communication are divided into two categories:

Superficial stereotypes.
Deep.

The first category refers to ideas about a particular people, which is determined by the international, domestic political or historical situation. These stereotypes change or cease to exist depending on the stability of society, on events that influence the formation of views among the majority of the population. Historians and those interested in the socio-political processes of society are primarily interested in studying such stereotypes.

Deep stereotypes are unchanged. They, in comparison with surface ones, do not change over a certain period of time. They are stable and are of greatest interest in the study of national character characteristics. Social stereotypes can be defined as a negative phenomenon that prevents adequate, not distorted, mutual understanding.

The reasons for the emergence of both stereotypes in communication and in general are varied. But the most important reason is the protective reaction that the human consciousness develops in order to prevent the brain from being overloaded with information, the volume of which is constantly increasing. Without this protection, consciousness would become confused from the continuous repression of value judgments.

Stereotypes are an integral part of mass culture. They are formed on the basis of:

Age (for example, “Young people only listen to rock”).
Paula (“All men only want sex”).
Races (“The Japanese all look the same”).
Religions (“Islam is a terrorist religion”).
Nationalities (“All Jews are very greedy”).

The most common example of communication stereotypes is “Blondes are stupid.”

It is important to note that a stereotype always presents information in the most understandable and easiest form, but, in turn, this information can disorient a person if it diverges from his reality. It’s up to you to decide whether to believe in the majority opinion, in stereotypes, or stick to your individual attitude towards someone or something.

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Stereotypes in communication

Author: User hidden name, November 28, 2011 at 09:14, abstract

Description of work

Stereotypes are rarely the result of our personal experience. Most often, we acquire them from the group to which we belong (from parents, friends), from the media, which try to give a simplified idea of problems - especially those about which we have no information.

Content

1. Introduction. 3 2. The concept of “The concept of stereotype.” 4 3. Dynamics of stereotypes. 8 4. Stereotypes in communication. 9 5. The meaning of stereotypes in communication. 13 6. Conclusion. 15 7. References. 17

The work contains 1 file

Answer

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What are communication stereotypes?

Communication stereotypes represent a simplified perception of something. A stereotype is a simple idea that has been formed in advance and has nothing to do with personal experience.

As a rule, stereotypes are formed in traditions and customs. The human brain specifically creates stereotypes in order not to analyze things again. Therefore, if people see glasses, they immediately have an image of an intelligent person who can be trusted. Or people often try to determine the character and abilities of a person by the color of his hair, by ethnicity, by citizenship, and so on.

A stereotype is a way to get to know a person faster and easier. But a stereotype often misleads a person.

A stereotype is always created in the past, from old experience and passed on. There are superficial stereotypes that are formed by appearance, and there are deep ones that do not change for a long time.

Introduction

Man is a social being. All his life he is surrounded by other people. And therefore, when committing this or that act, people in one way or another look back at society, hoping for its support and fearing their condemnation, thereby setting limits for themselves and those around them.

Frames are nothing more than stereotypes - that is, a stable attitude towards any phenomenon that has developed under the influence of social opinion and previous experience.

2 pages, 889 words

The problem of the role of close people in human development

... Lvov) Essay based on the text: Sergey Lvovich Lvov is a prose writer, critic and publicist, in his work he touches on the problem of the role of close people in the development of a person. I believe that this problem will always be relevant, because a person will always... but my parents supported me, they explained to me the importance of school in a person’s life. I have changed, my academic performance may not have improved, but I try...

There are hundreds and even thousands of such stereotypes, and each of them influences a person’s life in its own way - both positively and negatively.

The purpose of this work is:

a review of general information about what a stereotype is and how it is characterized;
consideration of the role of stereotypes in both everyday and business life of a person;
consideration of a method of getting rid of stereotypes.

Communication attitudes and stereotypes

An attitude is a state of internal readiness of a subject to react in a certain way to objects of reality or to information about them.

The term “installation”, corresponding to the English concept of “attitude”

, or in the Russian version “attitude”, was introduced into Russian psychological science by the famous representative of the Georgian (Soviet) psychological school D. N. Uznadze. In his opinion, an attitude is a readiness to perform any mental or behavioral acts of a person adequately for a given situation. He argued that a person’s reaction to a situation (evaluative or behavioral) is determined not only by the situation itself, but also by his internal, unconscious predisposition to react in a certain way. Thanks to the installation, a person does not need to re-determine each time what his needs are at this particular moment and choose the best ways to satisfy them. All this, based on past experience, is already recorded in the installation.

In social psychology, it is customary to distinguish several functions of attitude in the process of cognition and motivation of behavior: cognitive

(regulates the process of cognition),
affective
(channels emotions),
evaluative
(predetermines assessments) and
behavioral
(directs behavior).

To understand the difference between them, we can use an example known in the history of attitude studies as “Lapierre’s paradox.” In 1934, the American psychologist R. LaPierre traveled to a significant number of small American towns, accompanied by two Chinese students. They stayed in hotels, visited restaurants and cafes and, with the exception of one case, were received quite normally. After completing his trip, Lapierre sent letters to the owners of these hotels and restaurants asking if they were ready to host him with a group of friends, including the Chinese. 93% refused. Lapierre's data were later confirmed by other researchers. In this example, we can see that the evaluative attitude towards representatives of a particular racial group in a situation requiring a behavioral response was supplanted by the behavioral attitudes of the hotel or restaurant owner towards the client.

The effect of Lapierre's paradox should be kept in mind when conducting various surveys regarding future actions or intentions. The answer will not necessarily be implemented in behavior.

Positive attitude

in relation to a loved one, it forces a person to subconsciously not notice and not remember information of an opposite nature (it is no coincidence that folk wisdom says that love is blind).

Negative attitude

does not allow us to see anything positive in the subject. A negative attitude directs personal or mass attention to only one side of the object and carries out a unique selection of information.

The barrier function gives the installation special stability, making it useless to try to convince the person making a decision based on the installation. At best, he will not hear our arguments, at worst, he will form a negative attitude towards us as a source of information.

A stereotype has a more complex structure compared to an installation. This concept was first used by the American journalist and political scientist Walter Lippman in his work “Public Opinion.” Translated from Greek, a stereotype is a “hard imprint” of something. Stereotypes are stable images of surrounding objects or phenomena that are little dependent on empirical knowledge. Strictly speaking, the formation of an image of an object in the mind always includes an element of stereotyping, that is, a certain degree of simplification, highlighting significant aspects and characteristics that are not important for the subject, and repressing them.

Stereotypes are passed on from generation to generation, they are so stable that they are sometimes perceived as a given, as a biological fact, as reality.

Stereotypes in communication are divided into two categories: Superficial stereotypes. Deep stereotypes.

Stereotypes are an integral part of mass culture. They are formed on the basis of: Age, Gender, Race, Religion, Nationality

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Stereotypes that interfere with life, how to deal with them

In some cases, we can say that stereotypes help to live, but more often they interfere with a full life, limiting mental activity, not letting consciousness go beyond the confines of a stereotyped worldview. An example is the stereotype: “It’s good where we are not.” Guided by it, a person is convinced that it is impossible to exist comfortably in his habitat, which leaves an imprint on his condition. In his perception: all other countries are prospering, and the people living there are much happier.

Such ridiculous thoughts can quickly drive you into depression. Guided by a stereotype, a person does not make attempts to find happiness and harmony, being convinced that this will not bear fruit. And yet you cannot blindly follow template phrases you accidentally hear. The aforementioned stereotype about the ghostly wonderful life “Where We Are Not” makes one think that someone has to make a minimum of effort to live a quality life. A feeling of envy, irritation, and dissatisfaction with one’s “failed” life arises.

The main method of combating stereotypes: doubt them, analyze them. Do not blindly believe stereotyped judgments, question them, check the data, and form your own opinion. Gradually, you will discard established stereotypes and carry out a kind of prevention of the emergence of new prejudices.

Think about what stereotypes you use regularly. Look among them for those that have no real evidence to support them. Example: “All blondes are stupid.” Once you start studying the information, you will see that among women with blond hair there are many doctors of science, talented doctors, honorary teachers and many other personalities who are in no way characterized by the definition of “stupid”.

Look for a refutation of other statements that have no basis. An example of a stereotype: “What is the price, so is the product.” You might be surprised, but you can find a lot of high-quality and stylish things at low prices. At the same time, expensive purchases can disappoint after the first purchase, raising suspicions that they are defective or counterfeit.

A person can be guided for a long period by an absurd stereotype that darkens his life and not even notice it. Think about whether there are such people in your perception? If you can’t lose faith in them, try meditation. It will teach you to think separately from society, your immediate environment, and draw your own conclusions. Try to study known stereotypes and form your own opinion about them.

Think about the actions you perform automatically. Take some time to analyze them. Try to pay attention to your actions and analyze which of them are dictated by stereotypes. Learn not to depend on public opinion and develop your own ideas.

Stereotypes: what are they?

Translated from ancient Greek, the word stereotype is “volumetric imprint,” and this definition says a lot. This was once the name given to the printing cliché used in printing machines.

The mentioned phenomenon begins to form in the individual’s childhood, being instilled by those around him - peers, educators, teachers, family, and so on.

By thinking in a certain way in a number of different situations and getting into them, a person does not waste extra energy on analysis. The reaction occurs instantly, without the need for regulation. If we talk about saving mental resources, then this is even convenient. Stereotypes make the world more consistent and predictable, and this reduces the level of innate anxiety. This is one of the rare positive aspects of the phenomenon.

Changes occur regularly in the world, and at times, habitual thinking puts us in awkward or ambiguous situations. Example: ancient people lived with the belief that a person with a different skin color was a stranger and a danger. A potential ill-wisher was dealt with in a barbaric manner or taken prisoner. Echoes of the stereotype exist today, leading to racism and other unpleasant phenomena.

How to get rid of the influence of stereotypes?

In order to get rid of the influence of stereotypes, it is necessary to understand which stereotypes are conscious and accepted (that is, necessary and useful), and which ones carry negative messages and are obstacles to the formation of one’s image.

Conscious and accepted stereotypes are those that have been obtained through experience and tested in practice. A person who has his own opinion (unlike stereotypes) does not speak in cliched phrases. If these beliefs fit harmoniously into his picture of the world, then he says: “I believe...” - and can give his own explanation for this. Another option is that a person, having accepted a stereotype, passed it through himself, his experience, and then changed it in a way that suited him.

14 pages, 6737 words

Topic 2. Man in the mirror of economics and psychology. Psychological...

...understand, appreciate, use. The most successful metaphorical definition of the cognitive approach in psychology is: “A person is first of all a Thinker, not a Doer,” which emphasizes the recognition of... the source of activity (the influence of internal factors). Those. Human behavior is influenced by internal factors, external factors and a person’s perception of a particular situation. The purpose of a person’s action can be...

In order to “rework” received stereotypes, there is the following exercise, which helps you understand which beliefs are yours and which are someone else’s. Feelings are indicators of acceptance or rejection.

It is necessary to write down all the “catch phrases” that were spoken or that were received non-verbally, that is, through the experience of communicating with different people, and not in the form of words. Read them again. Listen to yourself. What phrases elicited an emotional response? What catches you? Where do feelings and energy appear? Then you need to put an empty chair in front of you and imagine on it the person from whom this “message” was received in one way or another. Try to express what you really feel, what has never been said before.

Each stereotype requires careful emotional processing in order for it to cease to influence. This gives you greater freedom to do what you think is important, do what you really want, and as a result, you will be surrounded by people who share your values and rules.

Types of stereotypes

Stereotypes are: negative, positive, neutral, overly simplified, approximate, overgeneralized, accurate. In psychology, these types are distinguished.

Ethnostereotypes

Stereotyped ideas about one’s own or other peoples. Most often they harm positive communication between peoples, leading to negative consequences. When prejudice becomes the norm, there is a basis for discrimination, extreme nationalism, terrorism, and racism. Any person has typical stereotypes about a resident of another state.

In the eyes of the majority:

typical Chinese
: short, talkative, rice-loving;
typical American
: self-confident, smiling, loves burgers;
typical Frenchman
: dude, loving romantic, gourmet;
typical Englishman
: prim, eats oatmeal for breakfast, reserved.

Stereotyping in psychology

Stereotyping refers to classification, evaluation and perception, the basis for which is the common judgments of a social group. Such assessments are based on stable stereotypes and information about similar characteristics. Example: “All Spaniards are crazy about tango.” It is one of the main characteristics of interpersonal and intergroup perception, as well as a reflection of the affective and schematized coloration generally characteristic of this form of perception.

In psychology, this term refers to the process of attributing similar characteristics to members of a certain group, without sufficient understanding of the differences between them. Based on simple general psychological mechanisms, stereotyping has become a complex socio-psychological phenomenon responsible for many functions: justifying potential negative attitudes towards other groups, maintaining personal identification, and others.

Pros and cons of stereotypical thinking

People who are accustomed to stereotypical thinking can live full lives and even benefit from this trait. The main advantages of stereotypical thinking include:

faster decision making;
less mental fatigue when analyzing information;
belonging to a particular social group;
clearing memory of unnecessary information.

At the same time, the tendency to think in stereotypes imposes certain limitations. Its main disadvantages are:

wrong decisions and wrong actions;
self-confidence, inability to think critically;
inability to independently analyze and draw conclusions;
stereotypical thinking hinders development.

Stereotypical thinking has more disadvantages, so it needs to be combated by developing critical thinking skills and objective analysis of incoming information.

Examples of stereotypes

If you don't fully understand what stereotypes are, consider many examples:

Men are guided by logic, and women are guided by emotions.
A man is obliged to support his woman.
Blondes are stupid.
A woman can think about several topics at the same time, but a man cannot.
A woman expects love from a relationship, and a man expects sex.
All women dream of getting married.
All women dream of children.
Men are smarter than women.
Boys are not allowed to wear pink things.
It is not normal for a boy to show interest in dolls.
Homosexuals cannot raise a child with dignity.
All women manipulate men.
Women tend to be monogamous, while men tend to be polygamous.
It is shameful for a man to do household chores; this is a woman’s lot.
A woman is ashamed to support a family; this is a man’s lot.
A normal man cannot be shy.
Mothers should take care of babies.
Every Chinese can make a telephone.
Women who dress beautifully hope to “attract a male.”
All gypsies are swindlers.
Women themselves provoke rapists.
A woman should not argue with her husband.
The husband must make decisions, and the woman must carefully guide him.
Men should have higher salaries.
The man doesn't cry.
Old people are grumpy and annoying.
There are only drunks in Russia.
All men cheat.
All teenagers go through a “difficult age”.
Every housewife should be able to cook borscht.
Women have no place in serious positions.
Hindus love to sing and dance.
All lesbians are masculine.
Americans mostly eat fast food.
Women should strive to become good wives and mothers.
Beaten by your husband? The woman provoked.
Has your wife left? They don't leave good husbands.
All normal women love children.
Women who have not given birth to children regret in old age, they are all unhappy and no one needs them.
She gave birth - there will be someone to give a glass of water in old age.
All politicians are thieves.
It's always snowing in Siberia.
It is impossible to get rich honestly.
If you didn’t serve, you’re not a man.
A woman can be either smart or beautiful.
Women driving are dangerous to society.
It is natural for a woman to know how to cook.
The British cannot live a day without tea and oatmeal.
All Italians are loving.
All Asians are alike.
India is full of all kinds of infection and dirt.
It's always cold in Russia.
It is natural for a man to understand technology.
The wife takes her husband's surname, and not vice versa.
Women are prone to commercialism.