Temperament, abilities, character and personality orientation

4.1. The concept of temperament.

Temperament (from the Latin temperamentum – proper ratio of parts, proportionality) is a characteristic of an individual in terms of his dynamic features: intensity, speed, tempo, rhythm of mental processes and states.

Temperament does not characterize the substantive side of the personality (direction of the motivational sphere, value orientations, worldview), and does not directly determine the substantive personality traits. Temperament does not show “what” a person does, but shows “how” he does it. Temperament is relatively stable and little subject to change under the influence of environment and upbringing, but it changes during ontogenesis. Those. in the process of human life. The properties of temperament can either favor or counteract the formation of certain personality traits, since temperament can modify the significance of environmental factors and educational influences on which the formation of personality depends to a decisive extent.

The oldest description of temperaments belongs to the “father” of medicine, Hippocrates. He believed that a person's temperament is determined by which of the four body fluids predominates (blood, bile, mucus, black bile).

In this connection, four types of temperament were distinguished: sanguine, choleric, melancholic, phlegmatic.

In the studies of Academician I.P. Pavlov (in the twentieth century) it was revealed that a nerve cell can be strong, i.e. have greater efficiency, or weak, i.e. quickly tired. The nervous processes of excitation and inhibition can be balanced, and there may be a predominance of one of them, either excitation or inhibition. These processes can be mobile, i.e. quickly change each other, or inert, i.e. processes occur and are maintained for a long period of time. Thus, there are three main properties of the nervous system: 1) strength - weakness: 2) balance - imbalance; 3) mobility - inertia. Depending on the relationship between these properties of the nervous system, four main types of higher nervous activity are distinguished:

• strong, balanced, agile - sanguine;
• strong, balanced, inert - phlegmatic;
• strong, unbalanced - choleric;
• weak - melancholic.

Research by B.M. Teplova and V.D. Nebylitsyn showed that the structure of the basic properties of the nervous system is much more complex, and the number of combinations is much greater than previously imagined. Nevertheless, the four types of temperament indicated as the most general ones can be used to study individuality.

9 pages, 4323 words

The concept of temperament and its types

... personality is a social being, and personality traits determined by temperament are the most stable and long-lasting. The object of research is a person. The subject of the study is temperament and its types. Main... blood, etc. Another anatomical direction in explaining the types of temperament concerned the structure of the central nervous system, since it is the brain that is most closely connected...

In reality, each person, having a complex set of properties of the nervous system, has a temperamental structure, i.e. a certain combination characteristic of different temperaments, but one of the temperaments, as a rule, is predominant.

Temperament is an external manifestation of a type of higher nervous activity of a person, and therefore, as a result of education and self-education, this external manifestation can be distorted, changed, and “masking” of the true temperament occurs. Therefore, “pure” types of temperament are rarely found, but, nevertheless, the predominance of one or another tendency is always manifested in human behavior.

Temperament leaves its mark on the ways of behavior and communication, for example, a sanguine person is almost always the initiator in communication, he feels at ease in the company of strangers, a new unusual situation only excites him, and melancholic, on the contrary, frightens, confuses, he gets lost in a new situation, among new people. A phlegmatic person also has difficulty getting along with new people, shows little of his feelings and does not notice for a long time that someone is looking for a reason to get to know him. He is inclined to begin love relationships with friendship and eventually falls in love, but without lightning-fast metamorphoses, since his rhythm of feelings is slowed down, and the stability of feelings makes him a monogamist. For choleric and sanguine people, on the contrary, love often arises with an explosion, at first sight, but is not so stable.

A person’s work productivity is closely related to the characteristics of his temperament. Thus, the special mobility of a sanguine person can bring an additional effect if the work requires him to frequently move from one type of activity to another, efficiency in decision-making, and the monotony and regimentation of activities leads him to rapid fatigue. Phlegmatic and melancholic people, under conditions of strict regulation and monotonous work, show greater productivity and resistance to fatigue than choleric and sanguine people.

In behavioral communication, it is possible to foresee the peculiarities of the reaction of persons with different types of temperament and respond adequately to them.

Temperament determines only dynamic, but not meaningful characteristics of behavior. Based on the same temperament, both a “great” and a socially insignificant personality are possible.

Character

Character (Greek: “seal”, “imprint”) is a set of essential, stable personality traits that determine her attitude to the outside world and how she behaves and reacts emotionally. Character is a product of society, a social phenomenon. It is determined by a person’s culture, his upbringing and self-education.

A person with a strong character is one who can demonstrate self-reliance, initiative, consistency, independence, will, perseverance, determination and perseverance, perseverance and courage.

A spineless person is one who goes with the flow, who is manipulated and controlled by other people and circumstances, often being the object of control rather than the subject.

Having goals in life is the main condition for character formation. A characterless person is characterized by a lack of or absent-mindedness of goals. The content of character reveals a person’s life orientation, that is, his material and spiritual needs, interests, beliefs, ideals, etc. The orientation of the individual determines the goals, life plans and degree of a person’s life activity. The character of a person implies something significant for him in the world, in life, something that determines the motives of his actions, the goals of his actions that he sets for himself.

Temperament is the dynamic side of character (emphasized: not the basis, but only one side).

• Sociability - isolation;
• Dominance (leadership, management) - submission;
• Optimism - despondency;
• Consciousness - unconsciousness;
• courage - caution;
• suggestibility - thick-skinned;
• trustworthiness - suspicion;
• dreaminess - practicality;
• Anxious vulnerability - calm composure;
• Refinement - rudeness;
• Independence - conformism (dependence on the group, on other people);
• self-control - impulsiveness;
• passionate devotion - apathetic lethargy;
• peacefulness - aggressiveness;
• activity - passivity;
• flexibility - rigidity;
• demonstrativeness - modesty;
• ambition - unpretentiousness;
• Originality - Stereotyping.

The same authors include other personality traits important for an organization: locus of control, self-esteem, need for achievement, need for belonging (the authors call it “need for belonging,” which is not entirely correct), and need for power.

Of course, other qualities can be created. Below are two tests that can be used to assess a person's character and sense of control. Characterology is a branch of personality psychology (sometimes considered as a separate psychological science within the framework of individual psychology).

The study of character - characterology has a long history of development.

For centuries, the most important problem of characterology has been the definition of character types and the establishment of their manifestations in order to predict human behavior in various situations. Since character is a lifelong formation of personality, most existing classifications are based on reasons that are external, indirect factors in personality development.

One of the most ancient attempts to predict human behavior is to explain his character by his date of birth - a horoscope. Almost all horoscopes are compiled in the same way: the total period of time is divided into certain periods, each of which is assigned a sign or symbol. A description of a person’s character is given through the prism of the various qualities of this symbol. However, according to different horoscopes, the characters of people born at the same time are different.

4.2. Psychological characteristics of temperament types

Let's look at the characteristics of the four types of temperament.

Choleric

is a person whose nervous system is determined by the predominance of excitation over inhibition. As a result, he reacts very quickly, often thoughtlessly; does not have time to slow down or restrain himself; shows impatience, impetuosity, abruptness of movements, hot temper, unbridledness, and lack of restraint. The imbalance of his nervous system predetermines the cyclical change in his activity and vigor: having become carried away by some task, he works passionately, with full dedication, but his strength does not last long, and as soon as it is depleted, he works himself to the point that he cannot bear it. An irritated state appears, a bad mood, loss of strength and lethargy (“everything falls out of hand”).

2 pages, 855 words

Temperament and professional success

... for discipline. The sanguine temperament is based on a strong, balanced and mobile type of nervous system, characterized by lively and active activity. In a group, people with a sanguine temperament are cheerful and witty. ...

The alternation of positive cycles of uplifting mood and energy with negative cycles of decline and depression causes uneven behavior and well-being, and an increased susceptibility to neurotic breakdowns and conflicts with people.

Sanguine

– a person with a strong, balanced, mobile nervous system, has a quick reaction speed, his actions are thoughtful, he is cheerful, thanks to which he is characterized by high resistance to the difficulties of life. The mobility of the nervous system determines the variability of feelings, attachments, interests, views, and high adaptability to new conditions. This is a sociable person. He easily meets new people and therefore has a wide circle of acquaintances, although he is not distinguished by constancy in communication and affection. He is a productive worker, but only when there are a lot of interesting things to do, i.e. with constant excitement, otherwise he becomes boring, lethargic, and distracted. In a stressful situation, it exhibits a “lion reaction”, i.e. actively, thoughtfully defends himself, fights for normalization of the situation.

Phlegmatic person

– a person with a strong, balanced, but inert nervous system, as a result of which he reacts slowly, is taciturn, emotions appear slowly (it is difficult to anger or cheer); has a high performance capacity, resists strong and prolonged stimuli and difficulties well, but is not able to react quickly in unexpected new situations. He firmly remembers everything he has learned, is unable to give up acquired skills and stereotypes, does not like to change habits, routines, work, new friends, and adapts to new conditions with difficulty and slowly. The mood is stable and even. And in the event of serious troubles, the phlegmatic remains outwardly calm.

Melancholic

– a person with a weak nervous system, who has increased sensitivity even to weak stimuli, and a strong stimulus can already cause a “breakdown”, “stopper”, confusion, “rabbit stress”, therefore in stressful situations (exam, competition, danger, etc. .) performance results may worsen compared to a calm, familiar situation. Increased sensitivity leads to rapid fatigue and decreased performance (long rest is required).

A minor reason can cause resentment and tears. The mood is very changeable, but usually a melancholic person tries to hide, not show his feelings outwardly, does not talk about his experiences, although he is very inclined to give himself up to emotions, is often sad, depressed, unsure of himself, anxious, and may experience neurotic disorders. However, having a highly sensitive nervous system, melancholic people often have pronounced artistic and intellectual abilities.

4.3. The concept of character and character accentuation

Character (from the Greek character - seal, embossing, notch) is an individually unique complex of stable personal characteristics that determine the typical forms and ways of achieving goals and self-expression in communication with other people. Character is the framework of personality, which includes only the most pronounced and closely interrelated personality traits, clearly manifested in various types of activities. All character traits are personality traits, but not all personality traits are character traits. In everyday speech, adjectives “high”, “outstanding”, “creative”, etc. are used to describe a person. In relation to character, the adjectives “heavy”, “cruel”, “iron”, “soft”, “golden” are used. An analysis of everyday terminology shows that there are different formations - character and personality. But the following consideration is even more convincing of this: when assessments of the character and personality of the same person are given, then these assessments may not only not coincide, but also be opposite in sign. History knows outstanding people with bad character. For example, there is an opinion that F.M. Dostoevsky had a difficult character, and I.P. Pavlov had a very “cool” character.

3 pages, 1062 words

Seminar 1: personality development, leading activity, education, training

... and the child’s well-being. Is the principle “personality is formed through activity” violated in this case? Did the young woman allow... secrets” to name the organizers of the cool “incidents”. What character traits did the class teacher develop and encourage in her... what age can we talk about: arbitrariness of human behavior, development of “genuine” independence and responsibility for actions. ...

However, this did not stop both of them from becoming outstanding personalities. P.B. Gannushkin writes that for the assessment of creative individuals, their character flaws do not matter: “History is interested in creation and mainly those of its elements that are not personal, individual, but general, enduring in nature.” So, the “creation” of a person is primarily an expression of his personality. Descendants use the results of the personality, not the character. But the people directly around him, his family and friends, are confronted with a person’s character. For them, unlike descendants, a person’s character can become more significant than his personality. To briefly express the essence of the differences between personality and character, we can say that character traits reflect how a person acts, and personality traits reflect what he acts for.

Character is an individual combination of the most stable, significant personality traits, manifested in human behavior, in a certain respect:

1) towards oneself (degree of demandingness, criticality, self-esteem);

2) towards other people (individualism or collectivism, selfishness or altruism, cruelty or kindness, indifference or sensitivity, rudeness or politeness, deceit or truthfulness, etc.);

3) to the assigned task (laziness or hard work, initiative or passivity, perseverance or impatience, responsibility or irresponsibility, organization, etc.);

4) to the material world (neatness or sloppiness).

Character reflects volitional qualities: readiness to overcome obstacles, mental and physical pain, the degree of perseverance, independence, determination, discipline.

What is the connection between temperament and character? Human character is a fusion of innate properties of higher nervous activity with individual traits acquired during life. People with any type of temperament can be truthful, kind, tactful, or, conversely, deceitful, evil, rude. However, with a certain temperament, some traits are acquired more easily, others more difficult. For example, organization and discipline are easier for phlegmatic people to develop than for choleric people; kindness, responsiveness - melancholic. Being a good organizer and a sociable person is easier for sanguine and choleric people. However, it is unacceptable to justify one’s character defects by innate properties or temperament. You can become responsive, kind, tactful, and self-possessed regardless of your temperament.

11 pages, 5396 words

Personality psychology correlation of concepts person individual personality ...

... the tasks listed below: o determine the influence on the development of a person’s personality of such biological factors as heredity and congenital characteristics. o in the course of a theoretical analysis of pedagogical, psychological... Some scientists believe that the human psyche is biologically determined, that all aspects of the personality are innate. For example: character, abilities are inherited like eye and hair color. ...

The concept of accentuation was first introduced by the German psychiatrist and psychologist, professor at the Neurological Clinic of the University of Berlin, Karl Leonhard. He also developed and described a classification of personality accentuation types. In our country, another classification, proposed by child psychiatrist, Professor A.E. Lichko, has become widespread. However, both approaches retain a common understanding of the meaning of accentuation.

Accentuation is disharmony in the development of character, hypertrophied expression of its individual traits, which causes increased vulnerability of the individual to certain types of influences and complicates its adaptation in some specific situations. Selective vulnerability to a certain type of influence, which occurs with one or another accentuation, can very often be combined with good or even increased resistance to other influences. Similarly, difficulties with personality adaptation in some specific situations (associated with a given accentuation) can be combined with good, and even increased, abilities for social adaptation in other conditions. Moreover, these “other” situations themselves may be objectively more complex, but not associated with this accentuation.

One of the common practical mistakes that I would like to warn against is the interpretation of accentuation as an established pathology. Very often, such an interpretation can not only be heard in oral presentations, but also found in very respectable academic publications. The identification of accentuations with character psychopathology is incorrect. Perhaps this erroneous stereotype was consolidated and spread because the very concept of “accentuation” appeared and was initially used primarily in clinical psychology. However, already in the works of K. Leonhard it was specially emphasized that an accentuated personality is not synonymous with a pathological one. Otherwise, only mediocrity should be considered the norm, and any deviation from it should be considered pathology. The author even believed that a person without a hint of accentuation, although not inclined to develop in an unfavorable direction, is equally unlikely that he will differ in any way in a positive way. Accented individuals, on the contrary, are characterized by a readiness for special development, be it socially positive or socially negative. Summarizing what has been said, we can conclude that accentuation is not a pathology, but an extreme variant of the norm.

Character traits and temperament properties

The first character traits based on temperament appear already in infancy, and by adolescence many of them become stable. At the same time, the relationship between character and temperament manifests itself in all aspects of a person’s life, forms the principles of his behavior, dictates interests, desires and actions.

Manifestations of character can be expressed in relation to oneself and the people around you. Tactfulness or rudeness, the desire to help loved ones or unwillingness to see other people’s difficulties, stable attachment or the ability to easily part with people determine the characteristics of a person’s communication.

Other character traits show his attitude:

• towards oneself - self-confidence or a tendency to self-flagellation;
• to the point - conscientiousness and responsibility or a tendency not to go into details and always rush;
• to things - neatness or negligence, respectful or not very respectful attitude towards other people's property and cultural values.

Character traits lay down behavior programs. And if the program is formed, this is exactly how a person will act in typical situations. Moreover, in childhood and adolescence, these “programs” are amenable to external adjustment - through the efforts of educators, teachers, parents, and psychologists. In adulthood, a person, as a rule, tends to follow accepted programs of action and change them only if he understands that they interfere with achieving his goals.

4.4. Description of types of accentuations

K. Leongard proposed the following classification of accentuations.

Hyperthymic type.

A noticeable feature of the hyperthymic personality type is the constant or frequent presence in an elevated mood, even in the absence of any external reasons for this. An elevated mood is combined with high activity and a thirst for activity. Hypertims are characterized by sociability and increased talkativeness. They look at life optimistically, without losing this quality even when obstacles arise. Difficulties are often overcome without much difficulty, due to their inherent activity and activity.

12 pages, 5702 words

Personality traits and features of current self-esteem

... distinguished by certain combinations of personality traits and characteristics of self-esteem. The methodological and theoretical prerequisites for the study were the general scientific principles of development, determinism, systematicity, the principle of the unity of consciousness and activity (B.G. Ananyev, A.G. Asmolov, ...

Dysthymic type.

Dysthymic personality is the opposite of hyperthymic personality. Dysthymics tend to focus on the dark, sad aspects of life. This manifests itself in everything: in behavior, in communication, and in the peculiarities of perception of life, events and other people (social-perceptual characteristics).

Usually these people are serious by nature. Activity, and especially hyperactivity, is completely unusual for them.

Cyclothymic type.

The most important feature of the cyclothymic type is the alternation of hyperthymic and dysthymic states. Such changes are frequent and systematic. In the hyperthymic phase of behavior, joyful events evoke in cyclothymes not only joyful emotions, but also a thirst for activity, increased talkativeness, and activity. Sad events cause not only grief, but also depression. This state is characterized by slowness of reactions and thinking, slowdown and decrease in emotional response.

Stuck type.

The stuck personality type is characterized by high stability of affect, duration of emotional response, and experiences. An insult to personal interests and dignity, as a rule, is not forgotten for a long time and is never forgiven just like that. In this regard, others often characterize them as vindictive and vindictive people. There are reasons for this: the experience of affect is often combined with fantasizing, hatching a plan for revenge on the offender. The painful sensitivity of these people, as a rule, is clearly visible. They can also be called sensitive, easily vulnerable, although in combination with the above.

Emotive type.

The main features of an emotive personality are high sensitivity and deep reactions in the field of subtle emotions. Characterized by kindness, kindness, sincerity, emotional responsiveness, and highly developed empathy. All these features, as a rule, are clearly visible and constantly manifest themselves in the external reactions of the individual in various situations. A characteristic feature is increased tearfulness (as they say, “wet eyes”).

Pedantic type.

Clearly visible external manifestations of this type are increased accuracy, craving for order, indecisiveness and caution. Before doing anything, they think long and carefully about everything. Obviously, behind the external pedantry there is a reluctance and inability to make quick changes and accept responsibility. These people do not change jobs unless absolutely necessary, only in the most extreme cases, and then with great difficulty. They love their production, their usual work, and are conscientious in everyday life.

Anxious type.

The main feature of this type is increased anxiety about possible failures, concern for one’s own fate and the fate of loved ones. At the same time, there are usually no objective reasons for such concern or they are insignificant. They are distinguished by timidity, sometimes with a manifestation of humility. Constant wariness of external circumstances is combined with self-doubt.

Demonstrative type.

The central feature of a demonstrative personality is the need and constant desire to impress, attract attention, and be in the center. This manifests itself in vain, often deliberate, behavior, in particular in such traits as self-praise, perception and presentation of oneself as the central character of any situation. A significant portion of what such a person says about himself often turns out to be a figment of his imagination or a significantly embellished account of events.

5 pages, 2059 words

Types of temperament. Special personality abilities

... modern fiction, detective stories, children's works, etc. Special abilities of the individual are mathematical. An excerpt from Tamara Kryukova’s story “The Hero... has a thirst for truth, he is characterized by a mobile type of higher nervous activity, as well as such qualities as impatience, ardor, ... I have heard so far, much less seen; for example, the smell of ironed silk; the smell of thyme tea, the smell...

Excitable type.

A feature of an excitable personality is pronounced impulsiveness of behavior. The manner of communication and behavior largely depends not on logic, not on rational understanding of one’s actions, but is determined by impulse, attraction, instinct or uncontrollable impulses. In the area of ​​social interaction, representatives of this type are characterized by extremely low tolerance, which can also be regarded as a lack of tolerance in general.

Exalted type.

The main feature of an exalted personality is a violent, exalted reaction to what is happening. They easily become delighted by joyful events and despair by sad ones. They are distinguished by extreme impressionability about any event or fact. At the same time, internal impressionability and a tendency to experience find a clear external expression in their behavior.

The concept of abilities. Inclinations and abilities. General and special abilities

Abilities are a set of (innate and acquired) individual psychological functional properties that allows, other things being equal, to successfully master the knowledge, skills and abilities that are essential for a given productive activity, and is an internal condition for its successful implementation.

Abilities include all individual psychological properties that contribute to the successful mastery and implementation of this socially significant activity. And those that are more of an innate nature (for example, mental pace, switching attention, mechanical memory, etc.), and those that are more the result of upbringing and social influence (for example, interests and values).

Each person is born with a certain individual set of innate properties that determine the characteristics of his mental activity. However, these innate properties are not yet abilities, since they are not included in any types of human activity (with all its specific attributes - awareness, purposefulness, etc.).

Innate properties are only some prerequisites for performing a particular activity, the content of which is determined by specific cultural and historical conditions.

What determines abilities to a greater extent - innate individual characteristics or the totality of social conditions in which personality formation occurs? Modern scientific psychology, based on empirical and experimental data, gives such an answer to this question.

Innate individual characteristics that contribute or hinder the mastery or performance of an activity are, therefore, not abilities, but inclinations. According to B.G. Ananyev, inclinations, along with temperament, are the result of a higher integration of the so-called individual characteristics of a person - age, gender, constitutional characteristics, neurodynamic properties of the brain, functional relationships between the cerebral hemispheres, as well as secondary psychophysiological functions (sensory, anemic, verbal-logical and etc.) and the structure of organic needs. Inclinations are determined by hereditary factors and factors of intrauterine development, which together constitute a group of congenital factors.

1 page, 181 words

Key performance indicators of a teacher (through the eyes of students in grades 9–11)

... to the teacher. The maximum score is 75, which indicates the student’s high assessment of the teacher’s work.

The following facts indicate the role of hereditary factors in the formation of abilities. It turned out, for example, that identical twins separated at birth and raised in different conditions were closer to each other in their mental development than fraternal twins raised together. It was also found that the mental abilities of adults who were adopted children at birth were more similar to the mental abilities of their biological rather than their adoptive parents. The interpretation of these facts cannot be unambiguous for a number of reasons. The presence of innate inclinations does not exclude the thesis about the decisive role of the social factor in the formation of abilities. The facts just cited can be briefly explained, in particular, by the fact that intellectual inclinations revealed in early childhood, due to the universal value of intelligence in any culture, receive approval, reinforcement and the creation of appropriate interpersonal or social conditions for their transformation into abilities simply by the principle of feedback social connection . Thus, in order for inclinations to turn into abilities, a meeting of innate qualities with certain social conditions is necessary.

In Russian psychology, the thesis that abilities are formed in activity is generally accepted. For abilities, activity is not only the specific environment in which they manifest themselves, but also that obligatory condition, only in the presence of which abilities are formed and developed. Even if there are certain inclinations, abilities for a given activity simply by definition cannot develop successfully outside the process of it execution and mastery of it. From a methodological point of view, abstract activity with its structure and functional organization exists only in theory. In real life, activity as a form of human activity is embodied in specific historically determined and socially significant forms. For example, the ability to write programs for computers could not have been developed and discovered until the advent of computers themselves.

General abilities in psychology are understood as such a set of individual psychological qualities of a person that meets the requirements of a wide class of activities and allows one to successfully solve a variety of problems. Most often, the study of general abilities is associated with the study of intelligence. However, the concept of general abilities is not identical to the concept of intelligence, since it includes, in addition to the mental, mental sphere, other individual properties.

Intelligence is a relatively stable structure of mental abilities. It is often identified with a system of mental operations, with a style and strategy for solving problems, with the effectiveness of an individual approach to a situation that requires cognitive activity, with cognitive style, etc. General abilities are determined not only by intelligence, but also by such properties as learning ability and creativity.

1 page, 181 words

Key performance indicators of a teacher (through the eyes of students in grades 9–11)

... to the teacher. The maximum score is 75, which indicates the student’s high assessment of the teacher’s work.

Learning ability is the speed and volume of increase in the effectiveness of activity (including intellectual) under the influence of learning influences. The criteria for learning ability are: 1) the amount of measured help that the child needs (from the teacher); 2) the possibility of transferring acquired knowledge or methods of action to perform a similar task (M.A. Kholodnaya).

Creativity is the ability to generate a wide variety of original ideas in unregulated operating conditions. This is the ability to bring something new to experience, to recognize gaps and contradictions, and to abandon stereotypical ways of thinking. This is the speed of generating new ideas per unit of time, the ability to produce “rare” ideas, the ability to see the complex in the simple and vice versa. Excessive and one-sided encouragement of originality of thinking does not necessarily contribute to the development of creativity; it may even turn out to be harmful, since, in isolation from other components of general abilities, it will hinder the assimilation of the necessary established knowledge and skills.

Closely related to the concept of “ability” is the concept of giftedness. It is in the study of gifted children that the thesis is confirmed that for the formation and development of abilities, innate inclinations are not yet enough and that intensive, based on deep interest, constant activity in one or more areas, as well as the presence of certain personal characteristics, play an important role here , contributing to this. Gifted children, in addition to the ability to concentrate attention, speed of thought processes, increased capabilities of analysis and generalization, are also distinguished by energetic curiosity, a special disposition to cognition and mental work. In studies of American scientists, it was found that gifted children, in addition to excellent intellectual abilities, are characterized by the fact that they are prone to competition and independence, have higher social ideals, are more integral, inquisitive, persistent, are more inclined to creativity and are sensitive to the moods of others, have an increased sense of humor and react more sharply to injustice.

Special abilities are such individual psychological characteristics that contribute to the successful mastery and performance of a specific type of activity. It should immediately be noted that special abilities (for example, musical) are not some single monolithic ability, they are also a combination of many specific mental properties that, in their functional unity, ensure the success of performing this particular type of activity.

For example, the ability for mental work contains the following components: the ability to understand ideas and express one’s thoughts in words; wealth of vocabulary; the ability to anticipate and plan actions; ability to use your experience; memory; fast and accurate counting operations; the ability to grasp spatial relationships; the ability to discern similarities and differences.

In the structure of organizational abilities of L.I. Umansky lists 18 psychological qualities: from the ability to charge other people with one’s energy, to understand and correctly respond to their psychology, to sociability, perseverance, efficiency, activity and organization as the ability to organize oneself.

The success of teaching activity is determined, among other things, by constructive, organizational, communication skills, pedagogical tact, interest and love for children, accessibility and sociability, endurance, the ability to work collectively, personal pedagogical skills, ingenuity and invention in work and a number of other universal qualities.

Success in any specific activity is determined by the presence of both special and general abilities, but most importantly, by the implementation of the activity itself, interest in it, perseverance, perseverance and patience.

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Types of temperament and character in psychology and business

In addition to the classical system of dividing temperaments, there is another one, which is often used in business. With its help, you can form a team that will successfully achieve your goals.

“Depending on their temperament, people are assigned a certain color,” notes Maria Roshchina. “Based on your color, you can judge what type of activity is ideal for you.”

• Yellow . People of this color are called interested. They are kind, friendly, caring. They are often characterized by shockingness and a penchant for creativity. In a team, they become the “sun” to which everyone else is drawn.
• Blue . Such people know how to work and relax. They have excellent analytical skills, so they quickly find errors and can direct the project work in the right direction. In their free time, they are true party people, they easily switch their attention from office routine to relaxation and know how to relax.
• Reds . These are born leaders, ready to go above and beyond and move any project forward like a powerful locomotive. They are aggressive in their work and decisions, and are often not inclined to listen to other people’s opinions, since they always know what is best, what is right and what to do next.
• Greens . In the team they may be considered nerds and quietly laugh at them. But no one will doubt their value as employees. These are excellent performers, diligent, always finishing everything. At the same time, they are non-conflict, kind and responsive, and therefore are able to win over anyone.

“When creating a team, put the “red” at the head,” advises psychologist-coach Maria Roshchina. “He will move forward like a locomotive and will take the team to a new level. Then it’s the Blues’ turn. Several of these employees will analyze and find mistakes made by the “red” ones and will not allow the project to go off the intended “rails”. “Yellow” is also needed, this is the “firefly” in the team to which everyone is drawn. He plays the role of a motivator. And recruit as many “green” — diligent performers — as possible. This way, your team will be properly staffed and produce results.”

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