Deviant behavior of adolescents

Causes of the disease

The causes of deviant behavior in adolescents are divided into two large groups – social and physiological. The group of social reasons includes:

single-parent families - in this case, a pattern of behavior with the opposite sex is not formed. In addition, one parent, while raising a child, often demands too much submission, obedience, and does not give the child attention and participation;
errors in the educational process lead to conflicts with the teaching staff and teachers, as a result of poor performance;
conflicting or asocial families - conflicts between parents lead to omissions in the educational process and the child’s detachment, and a parasitic lifestyle, antisocial behavior of parents or alcoholism generally become an example for action.

Among the physiological causes of deviant behavior in adolescents are the following:

pathologies of the central nervous system are formed as a result of traumatic brain injuries or serious illnesses in the first years of a child’s life, and manifest themselves in instability of emotional expression and a decrease in the ability to adapt;
features of adolescence - under the influence of a hormonal surge in the body, certain parts of the brain mature and a number of higher-type mental functions are formed, as a result of which the child experiences an exacerbation of character traits and the appearance of antisocial behavior;
hereditary signs of mental deficiency, addiction to alcohol or drugs, abnormal character traits.

Deviant behavior of young people: causes, main forms, directions of prevention

Essay

in the discipline “Sociology of Youth”

Deviant behavior of young people: causes, main forms, directions of prevention.

Content

Introduction………………………………………………………………………………3

1.Theories of deviant behavior……………………………………………………………5

Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………17

List of sources used……………………………………..19

Introduction

In recent years, deviant behavior has come to be defined as deviant behavior. Some scientists are inclined to believe that deviation is a deviation from the norm, which entails isolation, treatment, imprisonment or other punishment of the individual (N.J. Smelser), others see the reason in the gap between the goals of society and the socially approved means of subsistence of these goals (R. Merton), still others emphasize that behavioral deviations arise as a result of conflicts between cultural norms. ME AND. Gilinsky understands deviation as actions, actions of a person that do not correspond to officially established or actually established norms in a given society.

In some scientific publications, deviant behavior is considered as actions and actions of people and social groups that contradict social and moral norms. Nevertheless, all scientists believe that deviant behavior characterizes the actions and actions of an individual who comes into conflict with the social norms of society.

Deviant behavior -

This is a specific way of transmitting, assimilating, consolidating and demonstrating the value attitude of an individual to society, supported by motivation aimed at changing social norms and expectations. The environment for such behavior is the street, family, work (educational) team, etc. Deviant behavior is provoked by social and economic conditions, family, everyday and interpersonal relationships, social and cultural environment, and communication between people. In sociology, the prerequisites for deviant behavior include unemployment, poverty, vagrancy, mental illness, etc. Specific forms of deviations from the norm can be scientific, technical, artistic or other creative activities aimed at creating something new, unique, different from what we consider the norm at the level of ordinary consciousness.

The relevance of this topic lies in the fact that deviant behavior can be found more and more often among young people. With the development of the information system, the previously established system of behavior has been overthrown; it is now practically impossible to control the younger generation. The easy availability of alcohol and tobacco products has simply gone beyond the bounds of reason. Nowadays, you can easily get alcohol and cigarettes, and what can I say, drugs are now available even to schoolchildren! It makes you think. I chose this topic in order to understand and understand the reasons for this behavior among my generation, as well as to explore possible ways to solve this problem.

Goals:

Define the concept of “deviant behavior.”
Study the reasons and consequences of such behavior.

The relationships between various forms of deviant behavior are complex, contradictory, and often do not correspond to everyday ideas. To explain the causes of existing forms of deviant behavior, several different systems have been developed, which can be combined into two large groups: personal and social. The first group sees disturbances in the structure of personal characteristics as the main reason, the second – the social system itself and its imperfections.

Among the various theories of deviant behavior , psychoanalytic,

the founder of which was Sigmund Freud. In the works of his followers (A. Adler, E. Fromm, K. Horney, etc.), the genesis of crime, in particular, was considered along with neuroses, psychasthenia, sexual disorders, and various phobias. Followers of Z. Freud include neuropsychological disorders and social deviation, pay great attention to the nature of aggressiveness, believing that the basis of aggression is some unrealized innate unconscious drives. The problem of aggressiveness and anxiety attracts the attention of not only representatives of psychoanalytic orientation. The works of A. Bandura, A. Bass, L. Berkovets are devoted to the study of nature and the manifestation of these properties; these problems were reflected in the works of domestic scientists (S.N. Sennikov, T.N. Kurbatova).

It can be assumed that a person will gravitate more toward those groups whose behavioral tendencies correspond to their own ideas about “bad” or “good.” The process of joining such a group is accelerated if one or another individual has certain problems and expectations that are characteristic of the majority of group members. The stronger the dependence of the individual on the group, the more influence the group has on the individual. The influence of a certain group can be a significant factor in the emergence or prevention of various forms of deviant behavior.

In Marxist theories of behavior, social deviations were explained by the specifics of relations in society. These theories note that deviations, especially criminal ones, are a product primarily of living conditions in a capitalist society. If class differences disappear and the antagonistic society withers away, then such deviations will also disappear; they are a residual phenomenon, since “socialist society inherited from the old society its everyday consciousness” - dissatisfaction, embitterment and selfishness, self-interest and similar motives of behavior and methods of implementation. According to Western ideas, Marxist theories of deviant behavior arose on the basis of the concept of labeling - labeling, tarnished reputation (E. Hoffman), as they are based on the unification and “social equality” of various sectors of society.

At the end of the existence of socialist countries, the shortcomings of the socialist system itself were recognized as the causes of deviant behavior: imperfect distribution, deteriorating economic situation and growing differentiation of incomes of the population, as well as shortcomings of educational work. According to supporters of the “labeling” theory, social reactions are constantly being developed or strengthened in society; they have a multifaceted impact on deviant behavior: they strengthen or reduce it. Thus, numerous socio-psychological studies have established that long-term (over 5-7 years) stay in places of deprivation of liberty leads to irreversible changes in the human psyche: prison turns out to be not a place of correction, but a school of criminal professionalization (Ya.I. Gilinsky).

Among the various interrelated factors of deviant behavior, we can highlight:

Individual, operating at the level of psychobiological prerequisites for antisocial behavior, which complicate the social adaptation of the individual.
Psychological, revealing the unfavorable features of a person’s interaction with his immediate environment in the family, on the street, in a youth group.
Personal, manifested in the socially active selective attitude of the individual to the preferred communication environment, norms and values of his social environment.
Social, determined by socio-cultural and economic conditions.
Social-pedagogical, manifested in defects in school and family education.

The reasons for the deviant behavior of modern youth lie in the peculiarities of the relationship and interaction of a person with the outside world, the social environment and himself; it is the result of a specific combination of necessary and random circumstances of a person’s birth and socialization. Among the causes of deviant behavior, many researchers highlight heredity, social environment, training, upbringing and, finally, the social activity of the person himself. All these factors have an impact in direct or indirect form, but there is no direct relationship between their negative consequences and the nature of human behavior. Therefore Yu.A. Clayburgh, T.R. Alikhmanova, A.V. Misko identifies only three main factors: biological, psychological and social.

Biological

is expressed in the physiological characteristics of a young person, i.e. in the instability of the vital systems of the body (primarily the nervous system).

Psychological

lies in the peculiarities of temperamental accentuation of character, which entails increased suggestibility, rapid assimilation of asocial attitudes, a tendency to “escape” difficult situations or complete submission to them.

Social

the factor reflects the interaction of a young person with society, i.e. a large stable community, which is characterized by the unity of living conditions of people, a common place of residence and, as a result, the presence of a common culture.

Family characteristics.

There are different points of view on how and in what kind of family children prone to deviation most often grow up. L.S. Alekseeva distinguishes the following types of dysfunctional families: conflict, immoral, pedagogically incompetent and asocial. The relationship between mother and child from the first days and months of his life significantly influences the future character and fate of the children. Authoritarianism, rigidity, and excessive dominance of the mother are especially dangerous. If a child has a weak type of nervous system, this can lead to neuropsychiatric diseases; if a child has a strong one, this can lead to serious irreparable defects in the emotional sphere, manifestations of aggressiveness, and the commission of offenses.

A factor influencing the deviant behavior of a young person is the system of punishment and rewards practiced in the family. Sometimes even seemingly prosperous families (financially secure, with good living conditions, high social status, level of education and culture of parents), if they have serious violations in interpersonal relationships within the family, are essentially dysfunctional. This happens in families where the parents’ relationships with each other are not established. As a result, not only the child being raised suffers, but the entire society as a whole.

The causes of family dysfunction are divided into socio-economic, socio-political, medical and psychological.

Socio-economic reasons include crisis phenomena in the economic sphere, disruption of the family’s working life, unemployment, hunger, epidemics, intensive migration processes in connection with military conflicts or natural disasters. In such cases, there is a sharp decrease in the level of social guarantees in vital areas of spiritual and physical development.

Socio-political reasons are associated with the general crisis of the family institution, the increase in the number of divorces and the number of families with only one parent.

Medical and psychological reasons are due to genetic, physical and mental pathology (sick parents, unfavorable heredity, the presence of disabled children in the family).

Psychological and pedagogical reasons are associated with intrafamily relationships and raising children in the family. Thus, in the entire set of causes and factors causing family dysfunction, the determining ones are violations in interpersonal relationships. In other words, pathogenic factors are often not the composition and structure of the family, not the level of its material well-being, but the family psychological climate.

School.

Along with its direct purpose, the school acts as an institution for the socialization of the younger generation; it shapes personality throughout their entire growing up. The positive and negative impact of the school is largely determined by the professionalism and interest in the results of their activities of teachers and administration. There are often students who do not want to go to school. This happens for various reasons: gaps in knowledge, conflict with the teacher and with peers.

Social reasons.

Numerous statistical studies show that children from lower social classes are more likely to fail later in life. Poverty and poor living conditions hinder the development of intellectual abilities; the difference between the values accepted in the family and close circle and those accepted among peers and a group of young people is reflected.

Psychological reasons.

They include a person's sense of self-confidence, physical and mental limitations, his own rhythm, motivation, successes and failures. Often, school failure is a sign of a young person’s deep mental discord in the future.

Pathogenesis

The course of deviant behavior in adolescents is quite complex. Deviations develop due to a violation of the child’s orientation in the system of social values, norms and rules.

If during the age crisis, when the needs of self-determination and self-expression are heightened, there is no stable system of values, high-quality social conditions and support from a close circle of people, then the teenager develops pathologies of behavioral deviations. During this period, illegal and immoral actions are dictated by the desire to attract attention, to prove one’s strength, independence and significance, and independence.

Classification of types of deviant behavior

There are a sufficient number of classifications of deviant behavior. Here we will look at one used in medicine, which is based on ways to violate established social norms. Forms of deviant behavior of adolescents:

delinquent. Manifests itself in theft, violence and robbery;
addictive. Manifests itself in avoidance of reality and support of intense emotions. Adolescents manage to achieve changes in their mental state by taking chemicals - alcohol, drugs, toxic substances or by focusing on specific actions - masturbation, trance;
pathocharacterological. Based on psychopathy of various forms: schizoid, hysterical and others;
psychopathological. Based on symptoms of mental illness, such as depression;
hyperabilities in the form of talents, gifts, and genius result in deviations from average behavioral norms.

Sociology of youth

Thanks to our investors from pin up casino

Deviant (or deviant) behavior of youth

- this is the activity of a young person (group of youth) that does not correspond to the norms (patterns) of behavior that have developed in a given society, or social expectations.

When considering deviant behavior, a distinction is made between, firstly, deviant behavior itself and, secondly, delinquent (criminal, criminal) behavior. There are many explanations for the nature of deviant behavior. The first attempts to explain crimes were biological in nature. Italian criminologist of the 19th century. Cesare Lombroso, without denying the influence of social experience on the development of criminal behavior, believed that some people are born with criminal tendencies and they can be identified by the shape of the skull. In the 20th century Attempts have also been made to link criminal tendencies to a person's physical type or to a specific set of chromosomes in the genetic code. Psychological theories link criminal tendencies to a certain personality type. Sociological explanations of social deviance are based on social contexts. According to E. Durkheim (1998), one of the factors of deviation is anomie, defined as a lack of norms, in which traditional standards and norms have been destroyed, and new ones have not yet emerged. In conditions of normative uncertainty and social disorganization of society, when cultural values, norms and social relationships are absent, weakened or contradict each other, people's life experiences cease to correspond to social norms. Durkheim put forward the idea that deviance is a natural part of social life. Their condemnation, regulation and prohibition, as well as the moral improvement of the individual, do not reduce deviations, since active opposition to deviations leads to the establishment of stricter standards of behavior, and overcoming more noticeable deviations leads to increased attention to minor ones.

According to the theory of Merton R. (1996), the dominant reactions to the effects of anomie are such forms of behavior as conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism and rebellion. It is assumed that conformism, acting as the only type of non-deviant behavior, is not absolutely opposite to deviation: there is no insurmountable barrier between them, and individuals can migrate quite freely from one form of social adaptation to another. Merton views conformity and deviation not as separate, but as close categories.

Deviations do not exist without a norm (Smelser, 1998: 239). In reality, there is no norm as a reality with clearly defined boundaries, beyond which abnormality begins, that is, deviation from the norm. The deviation has many variations with different distances from the norm. A significant deviation from the norm is easily determined. A slight deviation from the norm is difficult to define as non-normative. As N. Smelser writes, deviation is difficult to define, which is associated with uncertainty and diversity of behavioral expectations. These expectations can be controversial, unclear, and change over time. In addition, different cultures may create different social expectations. Deviance results in isolation, treatment, correction, or other punishment. Smelser identifies three main components of deviation: a) a person who is characterized by a certain behavior; b) a norm or expectation, which is a criterion for assessing behavior as deviant; c) another group or organization reacting to the behavior.

There are several approaches to identifying types of deviant behavior. T. Shibutani (1969) distinguishes three types: conformal behavior (adaptation to requirements), impulsive behavior (with strong excitement and temporary loss of self-control), compulsive (compulsory) behavior.

In modern Russian sociology, deviant behavior is considered as a social phenomenon, the various types of which have a common genesis and causes and are in complex relationships and dependence on economic and social conditions. Deviant behavior is considered not as a pathology, but as a natural and necessary result of the evolution of society, as additional forms of life activity to conformal ones. As Ya. I. Gilinsky emphasizes, “deviation” is not an objective characteristic of certain types of behavior, but only a consequence of the corresponding social assessment (there is a conventionality of “norm” and “deviation”). It is fundamentally impossible to “eradicate”, “eliminate”, “overcome” negative deviant behavior and its individual types. We can only talk about adequate methods and methods of regulation and management for the purposes of optimization, minimization, and harmonization.

Sociology identifies a number of extreme forms of deviant behavior, including drug addiction, alcoholism, prostitution, suicide, etc.

Drug addiction is understood as a chronic disease caused by the systematic use of drugs and characterized by an irresistible attraction to them, physical, psychological and social degradation. At the individual level, we are talking about a specific act of a certain young person; at the social level, we are talking about a set of acts of this kind, about a system of violations of social norms. These social factors characterize the phenomenon of mass withdrawal of individuals from social reality, active activity into the illusory world due to non-medical use of narcotic drugs. In this case, there is individual or group behavior that does not correspond to the norms in force at the specific historical stage of development of society. Such a social phenomenon is defined as drug addiction (Zolotov, 1995), which more adequately designates the sociological aspect of the problem and reflects the widespread nature of this phenomenon. Drug addiction has become widespread in many countries of the world and is considered one of the most destructive social evils. Russia is no exception here. In the 1990s. Social norms regarding drug use have changed in legislation, which has led to a softening of social sanctions against drug addicts.

Alcoholism is a chronic disease that develops as a result of the systematic consumption of alcoholic beverages, manifested in physical and mental dependence on alcohol, leading to social and psychological degradation of the individual. Sociologists study the causes of the emergence and spread of alcoholism and drunkenness among various socio-demographic and socio-cultural groups, and identify ways and means of preventing it. Peculiarities of alcoholic behavior are determined (Shurygina, 1996) not only by biological and mental characteristics, but also by traditions regulating the attitude towards alcohol of men and women, including the differentiation of sex roles, stereotypes of masculinity and femininity (masculinity and femininity). If we consider age-related differences in alcoholic behavior as a result of changes in personal attitudes, we can say that, on average, a certain attitude develops around the age of 20, does not change very significantly throughout life, and only after 69 years undergoes a very noticeable transformation. As the level of education increases, the relative frequency of alcohol consumption decreases in men and increases in women. Women with incomplete secondary and secondary education drink less often than men with the same educational status, and women with secondary specialized and higher education drink more often. In addition, in the group of the most educated men, the degree of concentration within the normal range increases, which is typical for female alcoholic behavior, and in the same group of women, on the contrary, the corresponding proportion decreases somewhat. Social status levels the relative frequency of male and female alcohol consumption to the greatest extent. According to this indicator, male employees are closer to female employees than to male workers, and, conversely, male workers are closer to female workers than to male employees.

Smoking, which is not related to deviant behavior in adults, is one of the manifestations of deviant socialization of adolescents.

Along with delinquent (criminal) and extreme forms of deviant behavior, there are a huge number of other deviations in human behavior. We are talking about such asocial actions when a person does not commit offenses and does not cross the forbidden moral barrier, when he fulfills all kinds of instructions, but his behavior does not correspond to social expectations and disorganizes people. These types of deviations include: lies, deception, rudeness, inaction, passivity, aggressiveness, irritability, conflict, negligence and much more. Weak and occasional manifestations of such deviations are easy to eliminate, but their stable forms are difficult to overcome and can lead to violations of rules and law and order.

Lit.:

Gilinsky, Ya. I. (1996) Sociology of deviant behavior and social control // Sociology in Russia. M. S. 587–609; Durkheim, E. (1998) Suicide. Sociol. sketch: trans. from fr. / ed. prepared Shaft. A. Lukov. St. Petersburg 496 pp.; Kovaleva, A. I. (2011) Society and personality: Lectures on sociology: textbook. manual M.: Publishing house Mosk. humanist un-ta. 211 pp.; Merton R. K. (1996) Social structure and anomie // Sociology of crime. M. S. 299–313; Smelser, N. (1998) Sociology: trans. from English M.: Phoenix. P.239; Shibutani, T. (1969) Social psychology: trans. from English M.: Progress; Shurygina, I. I. (1996) Differences in alcohol consumption by men and women // Sociol. magazine. No. 1/2. pp. 169–176.

A. I. Kovaleva

Symptoms of deviant behavior in adolescents

A feature of deviant behavior in adolescents is the absence of clearly defined stages of the disease and its accompanying symptoms. The development of the disease goes through periods of isolated actions, moving on to regular actions and organized activities that make up a way of life. This process can take varying periods of time, from a couple of weeks to several years. The clinical manifestation of deviant behavior is based on the complexity of social adaptation. It is expressed in a frequent change of friends, regular conflicts with peers at school and teachers, as well as a craving for bad companies.

Difficulties in social adaptation are often characterized by leaving home, skipping classes, refusing to go to school, and becoming addicted to life on the Internet or computer games. In this case, the teenager is characterized as absent-minded, inattentive, fickle or flighty (regularly abandons unfinished tasks and constantly changes his hobbies). Educational activities do not arouse his interest, so his academic performance is low and learning is difficult.

In the emotional sphere, a teenager is characterized as infantile, which is expressed in a lack of responsibility and self-control, and inability to adapt to everyday life and the household. As a result, such traits as sloppiness, unpunctuality, and inability to plan and act according to plan appear. Emotionally, a teenager becomes unstable, he is subject to frequent mood swings, as a result of depression, obsessive fears, hysterics, aggression, stubbornness, isolation or emphasized indifference, cruelty.

In terms of physiology, there is a disturbance in appetite and sleep, decreased immunity, and other psychosomatic reactions. As a result, excess weight or signs of anorexia appear, an increased tendency to infectious diseases and other functional disorders - headaches, blood pressure, elevated body temperature and others.

Unusual abilities can also be regarded as symptoms of pathological behavior. However, they often remain on the sidelines, since gifted teenagers rarely need medical help. At the same time, educational institutions try to create the most comfortable conditions for them.

Seeking medical help

In the absence of timely, adequate assistance, complicated circumstances of the course of the disease become frequent, as behavioral deviations among adolescents become a normal way of life.

There are many possible adverse outcomes here. The most serious are prostitution, organized crime and alcoholism/drug/substance abuse. After all, young people of these groups are more susceptible than others to violent death and socially significant diseases, for example, HIV, tuberculosis, which lead to death. One particularly dangerous complication is suicide. Suicide among adolescents is the result of mental instability, impulsivity, emotional mobility and lack of professional help.

Therefore, it is so important to seek medical, pedagogical and psychotherapeutic help in a timely manner. Initially, you need to contact psychologists, then psychiatrists. JSC "Medicine" (clinic of Academician Roitberg), located in the central district of Moscow, receives highly qualified specialists who will give professional advice and prescribe treatment. In the issue of deviant behavior of adolescents, an important factor is the vigilance and attentiveness of parents during adolescence. They are the ones who must bring the child to the clinic to receive the help he needs.

Deviations among youth and its consequences for society

Deviant behavior or deviant behavior occurs very often in everyday life. There is probably no person who has not violated prohibitions at least once in his life and has observed all the rules and norms established in the society in which he lives. Various actions can be considered deviant, from skipping school classes to theft, robbery and murder. Most often, “taboos” are violated at a young age, when the rule of the forbidden fruit that one so wants to try applies. “Deviance is a social phenomenon expressed in relatively massive, statistically stable forms (types) of human activity that do not correspond to those officially established or actually established in given society (culture, group) norms and expectations.”12

In different societies, with different customs, culture and history, the same behavior can be considered both deviant and completely normal. For example, the use of narcotic substances of plant origin in Islamic countries, while for Europeans such behavior is considered a violation of social norms, that is, deviation. In addition, some researchers believe that “deviance is not a property inherent in any social behavior, but is the result of a social assessment of behavior and is expressed in assigning the status of deviant to certain social behavior.”13 Deviation can be negative, these are acts that negatively influence society and cause negative emotions in its members - robbery, murder, drug addiction, alcoholism; so the positive one is various types of creativity and genius that go beyond the generally accepted framework. In modern society, the greatest concern is caused by negative forms of deviation, the most dangerous of which will be discussed further. There are several theories about the causes of deviant behavior. In the work “Sociology of Deviant (Deviant) Behavior” Y. Glinsky and V. Afanasyev divide all theories into types depending on which components predominate in human behavior:

1. Biological: the relationship between the anatomical structure and criminal behavior of a person; the relationship between bodily, natural and social factors; the connection between the types of human physical structure and forms of behavior; The presence of an extra Y chromosome in men predisposes them to criminal violence.

2. Sociological.

3. Structural: such theories focus on studying differences in the types of deviant behavior of individuals with different social statuses and study the connections between the social structure of society and deviant behavior;

4. Process: theories that study the process of an individual’s involvement in deviant behavior.14

T. Sellin assumed that deviation arises due to conflicts between individuals from different social, political, cultural and other groups. These individuals have different ideas about norms and values, which is the cause of conflicts that lead to deviant behavior.

Levin B.M. and Levin M.B. The book “Drug Addiction and Drug Addicts” examines on what grounds various forms of deviation appear among young people. The authors suggest that the consistency of interaction between members of society, their interests, and social institutions during sudden changes in any sphere of social life is disrupted due to the fact that old norms are no longer in effect and new ones have not yet taken shape. Individuals “increase their readiness to go beyond the norms”15, cultural restrictions are turned off, and such concepts as “bad” and “immoral” cease to exist for a person. The next reason for deviant behavior may be the progress of society. A new, higher quality standard of living for individuals, a competitive basis of life gives rise to new conflicts. High demands are placed on a person in terms of cultural and labor skills; the individual must have a high level of health. If a person does not meet these new standards and cannot achieve them in a short time, he drops out of the life of society or becomes a deviant. Young people are the most receptive part of society to changes in life, and at the same time, very dynamic, easily going beyond the boundaries into which society drives them. The authors take the crisis in relations between society and the younger generation as the basis for the deviant behavior of young people, and highlight such signs of this crisis like:

Alienation;

Many young people feel like strangers in the world of adults; they categorically reject everything that is offered to them by the older generation, creating subcultural groups with their own rules and norms that suit the members of these groups. In many of the existing subcultures, human life does not have a high priority; a non-traditional attitude of the younger generation towards it is formed. In addition, in such groups, which are usually very close-knit, there is group responsibility; this entails that each individual person is not responsible for his actions, but the whole group is responsible for them, as a result of which the individual more easily oversteps the bounds of what is permitted. The degree of loneliness of a young person is also very important; if this degree is very high, then the instinct of self-preservation is lost and the feeling of compassion for one’s neighbor fades away.

Mass character;

In modern society, many youth subcultures and countercultures are emerging. A huge mass of young people are moving away from the general cultural values created by previous generations.

The disadvantage of the prosperous;

At first glance, the teenager seems quite normal, not deprived of attention, and does not create problems for either parents or school. But, he, like all his peers, is disappointed in the people around him, in the discrepancy between what adults teach and what they actually do. “If such a person does not become problematic himself, then he creates problems around himself, and his children grow up to be problematic.”16

Confused adults;

Many adults do not know what to do with young people, how to raise them further, because they are no longer children, but not yet adults. “There is no philosophy of education that would be convincing to a sufficient number of people and could become the basis of constructive public opinion and constructive youth policy.”17. The main deviantogenic factor is the contradictions between socially formed needs and the opportunities provided by society to satisfy them. For adolescents and young people, this contradiction is especially acute: maximum needs - minimum opportunities (insufficient educational, professional level, low social status, “social instability”). If the global distinction is “inclusion/exclusion,” then adolescents and young people are relatively more likely to be among the “excluded.” Let's look at the most common and dangerous types of deviant behavior among young people:

1. Drug addiction;

“Drugs are potent natural and synthetic substances that paralyze the action of the central nervous system, causing artificial sleep, hallucinations, and in case of overdose, loss of consciousness and death.”18 Legally, narcotic substances can only be used as prescribed by a doctor; any other consumption will be illegal, and is considered a crime. Drugs cause dependence in a person, both mental and physical. They completely subjugate the consumer. An addict, that is, a drug addict, is ready to do anything for their sake: from refusal to comply with moral principles and norms, to serious crimes. The current situation with the spread of drug addiction in Russia has reached alarming proportions. The number of drug addicts over the past decade has increased 9 times, and as of August-September 2002 there were 4 million people (about 3% of the population19). The most terrifying thing is that more than half of consumers are young people under the age of 29. These people cannot give birth to normal offspring, cannot participate in labor relations, drop out of the life of society, and disrupt and destroy social ties. This circumstance threatens the continued existence of our nation, because in general the gene pool is disrupted, the economy is undermined, and new social conflicts arise. And if we take into account that the population is aging, and the majority of drug users are young people, then perhaps the time will come when the majority of the country’s population will be addicted to drugs.

Currently, the speed and extent of the spread of drug addiction “call into question the physical and moral health of young people and the future of a significant part of them, the social stability of Russian society.”20 Drugs are divided into several groups; euphoria and “withdrawal” depend on which group the drug belongs to. "during withdrawal symptoms. For example, the authors of the textbook “Sociology of Deviant Behavior” Glinsky and Afanasyev give the following classification:

1). Opiates: derivatives of the opium poppy, opium, morphine, codeine, promedol and other drugs with morphine-like effects. Heroin is the most powerful drug. These drugs have the strongest euphoric effect: bizarre sensations and sensations, but also the most terrible withdrawal: develops 5-6 hours after the last drug intake, nagging pain in the bones and muscles, dilated pupils, loss of consciousness, disruption of the digestive system; if the drug dose is exceeded, death occurs; With long-term use of opiates, there is a weakening of will, impotence, a decrease in the range of interests, and stereotyping of behavior.

2). Psychostimulants: cocaine, caffeine, phenamine, ephedron, pervitin, amphetamine, etc. The most powerful drug in this group is cocaine. But in our country it has not become very widespread, unlike prevetin, from which “vint” is produced in an artisanal way. A very strong drug, and an amphetamine. When using these types of drugs, there is an increase in motor activity, an increase in intellectual activity, and performance; withdrawal symptoms: psychosis, weakness, headache, suicide attempts; With prolonged use, personality degradation occurs.

3). Psychodepressants: sleeping pills; addiction to these drugs is most often a consequence of using them to enhance the effect of opiates or to replace them; Addiction to such drugs is more difficult to treat than addiction to opiates.

4). Cannabis derivatives: drugs obtained from different types of hemp - marijuana, hashish, etc.; Euphoric effect: state of contentment, changes in the sense of time and space, hallucinations; withdrawal syndrome: nervousness, headache, sleep disturbance, irritability.

5). Hallucinogenic: drugs of plant origin - mescaline, obtained from certain types of cacti, and psilocybin - from mushrooms, as well as synthetic drugs - LSD, “angel dust”, etc.; cause an aggravation of sensations, a change in the perception of time and space.

The high cost of drugs and physical dependence force the addict to commit crimes in order to obtain the drug itself or the funds to purchase it. In addition, drug addicts form a drug subculture, into which more and more people are drawn, which leads to an increase in the number of drug users. In Russia, a specific program for the prevention of drug addiction has been developed. The term “prevention” is defined by WHO as “a system of comprehensive state and public, socio-economic and health-care, psychological and pedagogical psycho-hygienic measures aimed at preventing diseases and promoting health.” It is carried out in three stages:

1) Primary prevention - aimed at preventing drug use, it includes the creation of drug-free schools, identification of risk groups, work with parents and the teaching staff of the educational institution.

2) Secondary prevention: aimed at people who have started using drugs, this prevention includes the creation of rehabilitation centers, work with risk groups and parents of children who have started using drugs.

3) Tertiary prevention - providing assistance to people suffering from drug addiction, includes the formation of a rehabilitation environment and mutual help groups. There are centers for the prevention of drug addiction among young people. Their employees work in schools, with parents, with children, cooperate with the State Drug Control Service, and conduct campaigns to prevent the use of psychoactive substances.

2. Alcoholism;

There are several theories about the causes of alcoholism. For example, a number of reasons that are derived by Z.V. Korobkina in her work “At the Dangerous Line”:

· Level of financial situation;

· Economic profitability of the production and sale of alcohol;

· Erasing national and ethnic differences;

· Aging population;

· Official recognition of alcohol as a disease.

Glinsky and Afanasyev in their work “Sociology of deviant (deviant) behavior” proposes another classification of the reasons for the increase in the level of alcoholism:

· Common causes of deviant behavior;

· The theory of “double failure” by R. Merton: a person cannot satisfy his needs either in legal activities or in illegal ones;

· Alcohol performs certain functions (it provides comfort, relaxation);

· Social inequality and social disorder;

· Loss of meaning in life. As a result of a study conducted by the Youth Institute, it turned out that by the age of 17, 46% of boys and 54% of girls drink alcohol more than once a month. Also in the country over the past few years, due to a well-executed advertising campaign for beer in general, beer alcoholism among young people has reached colossal proportions. In 2002, a survey was conducted in St. Petersburg from which it turned out that “almost half of the young city residents surveyed drink beer almost every day.” Many researchers identify the following reasons for adolescent alcoholism:

· Alcohol environment;

· Strengthening claims to adulthood;

· Example of peers;

· Unpreparedness for life, lack of will.

Korobkina Z.V. identifies several levels of young people’s involvement in drinking alcohol:

1. level: as a rule, schoolchildren who are not familiar with the euphoric effect of alcohol develop a personal strategy for refusing alcohol in any situation;

2. level: initial – isolated cases of drinking alcohol, most often such people have low tolerance to alcohol, there is no euphoria from drinking it;

3. level: occasional use - familiarity with various alcoholic products, alcohol is easily tolerated, but they themselves rarely initiate drinking;

4. level: high risk level – euphoria, relaxation after drinking alcohol increases, the number of occasions expands, consumption more than 2 times a month;

5. level: level of mental dependence - young people themselves become the initiators of drinking, have a positive attitude towards alcohol, the frequency of consumption reaches several times a week, are attracted to alcohol throughout the day, and show ardent resistance to attempts to limit their further alcoholism.

6. level: level of physical dependence - the protective vomiting reaction to alcohol is suppressed, memory impairment occurs, a hangover occurs, loss of quantitative control;

7. level: the final level of alcoholic disintegration of the personality - binges develop, during intoxication the mood decreases, anger appears, hallucinations appear, internal organs are affected.28

Early initiation into alcohol leads to “more severe medical and social consequences and a shorter transition period from drunkenness to alcoholism”29. In addition, there are many crimes, including especially serious ones, committed by young people while intoxicated. In the modern Russian state, the problem of deviant behavior of young people is the most serious, affecting not only young people as a social class, but also the entire society generally. Teenagers start using drugs at a very early age. This, in turn, shortens a person’s life expectancy and has a very detrimental effect on his psychophysiological and social development. Attempts are currently being made to introduce new means of preventing substance use that will be more effective than simply informing adolescents about the harm caused by these substances.

Diagnosis of behavioral pathologies in adolescents

The psyche is a subtle matter. Mental disorders cannot be diagnosed by laboratory tests. Therefore, psychologists and psychiatrists carry out the following clinical and psychological activities:

Initially, it is necessary to observe and conduct a conversation, the purpose of which is to establish the living conditions and intra-family relationships, the habits of the teenager and whether he has hobbies, as well as an assessment of the general condition, behavioral responses and emotional characteristics;
The next step is to interview parents and close relatives. Due to the fact that self-criticism of adolescents with behavioral disorders is often absent or greatly underestimated, the opinions and complaints of those around and those in close contact with the patient are extremely important;
psychological tests and personality questionnaires allow us to establish the prevailing personality traits and character traits. In this case, several types of testing are carried out to obtain a more comprehensive picture;
Projective methods are aimed at obtaining information about repressed emotions: fears, aggression or anxiety. They are based on specific color and shape tests.

To complete the formation of the clinical picture, the psychiatrist requires additional information:

characteristics from teachers from the school;
characteristics of the police children's room commissioner;
extracts from the outpatient card of children's doctors, pediatrician, neurologist and other specialized specialists.

This information is intended to complement the information obtained as a result of the diagnostic procedures performed.

What is deviant behavior?

Let's start with a short historical excursion. The term “deviant behavior” comes from the word deviation, which in most European languages means “deviation”. The first concept of “deviance” or “deviance” was introduced into scientific circulation by the French philosopher and sociologist David Emile Durkheim (1858-1917).

The focus of his scientific attention was the topic of social integration in a rapidly changing society, which was fully observed in Europe in the second half of the 19th century. His work “Suicide: a sociological study”, first published in 1897, translated into many languages of the world and went through many reprints, became a landmark work [E. Durkheim, 1994].

This book examines various aspects of suicidal behavior as deviating from generally accepted norms and basic instincts. In addition, Emile Durkheim used the definition of “anomie” in relation to a society in a state of disorganization and disorientation, when the very concept of norm becomes blurred. It is quite logical that in this case it is much more difficult to determine what is a deviation from the norm than in conditions of stability.

One way or another, today deviant refers to human behavior that deviates from generally accepted and most widespread social norms in a given society at a given point in time. This refers to both expected social behavior adapted to the requirements of society and deviant behavior that deviates from the standard and social expectations.

We have already clarified that different communities may have different concepts of the norm at the beginning of the article. Relatively speaking, the standards of behavior among members of the academic council of the university and the society of anonymous alcoholics will differ markedly.

I think everyone can see for themselves how social norms change over time. Suffice it to say that in the United States, which considers itself a model of democracy, there was an official ban on interracial marriages until 1967, and violation of the ban was punishable by imprisonment. Interestingly, in the state of Alabama this ban was lifted only in 2000. You can read about the ups and downs of the struggle of Americans for the right to love each other regardless of skin color [B. Cabell, 1999].

We gave this example solely to illustrate how the concept of a social norm can change in just about 50 years. What was once a criminal offense is now a taken-for-granted right of all and everyone, which does not even occur to anyone to discuss or question. And if it comes, then doubts of this kind can be interpreted as a violation of the law and discrimination on the basis of race.

Another thing remains unchanged: violation of established norms leads to sanctions from society, ranging from moral condemnation to imprisonment. In other words, it does not matter what is meant by the norm. The important thing is that a violation can result in imprisonment. Until 1967, people in the United States were jailed for interracial marriage, but now they are jailed for refusing to register same-sex marriages [BBC, 2015]. What they would do in the United States with a judge who would decide to refuse to register an interracial marriage, we cannot even imagine.

The traditionally negative connotation of the very concept of “deviant human behavior” remains unchanged, although “deviant” only means “deviant.” And deviations, as we have already found out, can be in any direction. For example, parents who abuse alcohol may grow up to have a purposeful son who leads a healthy lifestyle and wants to get an education and a profession. But in this case, he will face misunderstanding and even condemnation from his relatives, who are perplexed about what kind of nonsense this higher education is.

Nevertheless, it is necessary to distinguish between positive and negative deviation:

Negative deviation includes any crimes and offenses, alcoholism, drug addiction, prostitution, harassment, unethical behavior, manifestations of mental disorders in the form of suicidal tendencies, self-harm and others.
Positive deviation includes self-sacrifice, heroism, altruism, workaholism, a heightened sense of pity, outstanding talents and abilities, giftedness, etc.

Forms of behavior classified as positive deviation are certainly a deviation from the norm, because not all people have any obvious talents, and few are able to risk their lives to save another person.

The distinction between positive and negative deviation has more of a cognitive rather than an applied aspect. The subject of scientific and practical research in the vast majority of cases is precisely negative deviation as representing the greatest potential danger. Based on all of the above, we can identify the main signs of deviant behavior in the context of negative deviation.

Signs of negative deviant behavior:

Does not correspond to the norms accepted or officially established at a given time in a particular society.
It has a stable, repeatable character.
Causes a negative response from others or so-called “social sanctions”.
May be subject to forced correction by the state (imprisonment, compulsory treatment, other forms of isolation).
Causes damage to the person committing deviant behavior and/or the people around him.
Accompanied by social maladjustment.
May have medical, social or psychological causes.

And finally, it is worth outlining the age boundaries of the phenomenon. At what age can behavior that does not correspond to social norms be considered deviant? It is clear that the baby cannot behave in accordance with the norms accepted in society. And in principle, he cannot be aware of himself, his behavior and everything that is happening around him.

When considering the deviant behavior of children, experts usually agree that this term should be applied to children starting from older preschool age, because earlier, for objective reasons, they cannot fully understand the consequences of their even the simplest everyday actions. Up to 5 years of age, deviations in children’s behavior can be considered the norm [Yu. Zhokhova, 2017].

Therefore, when talking about deviations, we will mean children aged 5 years and older, teenagers and adults. As you already understand, deviant behavior in society can have a variety of reasons and a variety of manifestations. Let's talk about this in more detail.

Treatment of deviant behavior

Treatment of social deviations is the process of correcting deviant behavior of children and adolescents. At the same time, it requires an integrated approach, consisting of psychocorrectional, psychotherapeutic and pharmacological assistance.

A treatment plan, that is, correction of a teenager’s deviant behavior, is drawn up by an adolescent psychiatrist and includes the following activities:

Psychotherapy sessions are aimed at making the patient aware of his own character traits and teaching him methods of self-regulation of behavior. During the sessions, conflict situations are analyzed in order to select options for a possible way out of conflicts and reactions to their occurrence. To restore family relationships, psychotherapy sessions with parents are recommended;
The purpose of psychocorrection classes is to stabilize the patient’s emotional state, develop the functions of attention and thinking. As a result, adolescents develop self-confidence and interest in learning, which are prerequisites for social rehabilitation;
drug therapy acts as an additional treatment method. It is mainly used for patients who have a biological predisposition to abnormalities - neurological pathologies and psychotic disorders. There are no specific medications for the treatment of deviant behavior; drugs to reduce the level of aggression and others are used here.

An important stage in the correction of behavioral deviations is social and pedagogical rehabilitation, which should be based within the walls of an educational institution. At the same time, the method of group psychotherapy sessions looks quite promising, within the framework of which not only treatment is carried out, but also the future prevention of deviant behavior of adolescents, and modeling of possible situations is carried out. Group sessions are based on the principles of role play. The result of using such therapy is the search for possible methods of conflict resolution, observation of reactions and their consequences, as well as learning to build productive relationships with the outside world.

Your psychologist. The work of a psychologist at school.

Builova L.N. Deviant behavior of adolescents and young people: reasons and features

A lecture for the system of advanced training of teaching staff, revealing the concept and causes of deviant behavior in children and the need to organize social control.

Each society is characterized by forms of social deviations corresponding to specific historical, social, economic, political, moral, etc. conditions, which manifest themselves on the scale that follows from the conditions of existence of this society. And the volume of social deviations allows us to judge the moral climate of a given society, the level of law and order, as well as the degree of cohesion of social groups.

Today, the “youth” issue is one of the most pressing for government bodies of the Russian Federation. Thus, 2008 will officially become the year of the family in Russia. A lot of activities of state authorities and local self-government are aimed at strengthening the social positions of the modern young generation. The authorities and society realize the importance of youth problems and their solutions to ensure the progressive development of Russia. However, relations between the state and youth have recently been very problematic. The issue of deviant behavior of adolescents and young people in the modern situation is quite relevant. Recently, reports have increasingly appeared in the media and in many scientific publications, which express the point of view that the population of our country as a whole has adapted to the existing socio-economic realities, which were a consequence of large-scale social changes in the 90s, the “transitional “state of society (Cherkasov A.V. Social adaptation of drug addicts in modern Russia. Abstract of thesis for the degree of Candidate of Sociological Sciences. - Rostov-on-Don, 2008.). The civilized transition to the market assumed the priority of solving social problems, but preference was given to the transformation of economic institutions rather than the tasks of social development, increasing the level and quality of life of the population, including adolescents and youth (Korol I.A. Solving social problems of youth by public authorities Kemerovo region 1991-2005. Abstract of the dissertation for the degree of candidate of historical sciences. - Kemerovo, 2007.). That is why, in the context of a comprehensive transformation of the domestic society, among various generational cohorts, it is modern teenagers and youth (It is not clear which of the Russians falls under the concept of “youth”: a high school student, a student or a young officer with his family, a rural veterinarian or a specialist living in the city ? All these young people “fit" into the official youth age from 14 to 30 years old, established by current legislation. At the same time, young people in different social conditions grow up at different times. In our study, we consider the group from 14 to 21 years old) , whose childhood coincided with radical socio-economic and political reforms of the early - mid-90s. The twentieth century, first of all, assimilated and used the adaptation mechanisms of a “crisis society” in combination with the development of “distorted” life strategies and the active demonstration of various deviant forms of behavior. At the same time, there are obvious and numerous facts of the manifestation of a wide variety of forms of socially destructive, deviant behavior, a still high level of social tension, etc. make us think about the adequacy of such a vision of the social situation of modern Russian society. Due to deviations from normal behavior, the calm way of life is destroyed. Young people are the most active psychological subjects and therefore manifestations of socially unacceptable behavior are most clearly manifested in this category of the population. At this age, when a stable worldview has not been formed, the personality is most susceptible to external influence. Perceiving the interests and views of others, young people choose, absorb and are subsequently guided by them. With the development of deviant behavior in young people, positive feelings become increasingly dulled and they can become a reserve for future crime. Deviant behavior has recently become widespread, which has put this phenomenon in the center of attention of sociologists, teachers, psychologists, doctors, and law enforcement officials. The reason for this deviation lies in the peculiarities of the relationship and interaction of a person with the outside world, the social environment and himself. Therefore, it is important to consider the basic concepts and theories of deviant behavior, the main approaches, to understand its essence and factors that, as catalysts, influence the dynamics of this behavior.

Evaluating any behavior involves comparing it with some norm. Non-standard behavior that deviates from the norm and does not meet the expectations of a group or the entire society is called deviant. Deviant behavior (from the Latin deviatio - deviation) means the inconsistency of certain actions, one or another social activity with accepted norms. However, it should be borne in mind that in different communities the interpretation of norms may be ambiguous. What may be considered a deviation in one group may be perceived as the norm in another. Thus, when characterizing deviant behavior, it is necessary to proceed from the norms of a particular society.

There are common causes of deviant behavior for all “risk” groups among adolescents and young adults:

There are different interpretations of the nature of deviations: biological, psychological and social. The biological interpretation of the causes and nature of deviations is associated mainly with the personality characteristics of a person characterized by deviant behavior, and focuses mainly on identifying a genetic predisposition to deviations.

The psychological interpretation is associated with the moral and ethical factors of deviant behavior, which is expressed in the low moral level of society, lack of spirituality, the psychology of materialism and personal alienation. The life of a society with a market economy resembles a bazaar, where everything is sold and everything is bought; trade in labor and body is an ordinary event. The degradation and decline of morals find expression in mass alcoholism, vagrancy, the spread of drug addiction, “venal love,” an explosion of violence and crime.

Psychologists and sociologists recognize that personality characteristics and the motives of its actions undoubtedly influence all types of deviant behavior, but personal factors are always closely intertwined with social ones. In this regard, many domestic sociologists (in particular, J. Gilinsky) offer a social interpretation, considering the presence of social inequality in society to be the source of deviation at the social level. The above is reflected in the high degree of differences in the possibilities of meeting the needs of different social groups, in the low, sometimes even miserable standard of living of the majority of the population, primarily young people; in the stratification of society into rich and poor; in unemployment, social disorder, inflation, corruption, etc. In addition, the development of deviations is facilitated by the environment, which has a neutral-favorable attitude towards deviant behavior. Most young deviants come from dysfunctional families. Unfavorable living conditions and upbringing in the family, problems of mastering knowledge and associated failures in studies, inability to build relationships with others and conflicts arising on this basis, various psychophysical deviations in health, as a rule, lead to a crisis of spirit, loss of the meaning of existence. The social environment is determined by the microclimate in the family, in the work or educational community, the state of the social sphere, observance of social justice, material security and other objective circumstances influencing a person’s behavior, which he himself is often unable to change (Pavlenok P.D. The basis of social work: Textbook M: 1998 – 274 pp).

Deviant behavior is divided into two groups

1. Behavior deviating from the norm of mental health, i.e. the presence of obvious or hidden psychopathology in a person, this group consists of persons: asthenics, schizoids, epileptoids and persons with an accentuated character.

2. Behavior that deviates from the moral norms of human society and manifests itself in various forms of social pathology - drunkenness, drug addiction, prostitution, etc. This behavior is expressed in the form of misdemeanors or crimes.

Depending, firstly, on the degree of harm caused to the interests of the individual, social group, society as a whole and, secondly, on the type of norms violated, the following main types of deviant behavior can be distinguished: 1. Destructive behavior . Causing harm only to the individual and not corresponding to generally accepted social and moral norms - hoarding, conformism, masochism, etc. 2. Antisocial behavior , causing harm to the individual and social communities (family, group of friends, neighbors) and manifested in alcoholism, drug addiction, suicide and etc. 3. Illegal behavior , which is a violation of both moral and legal norms and is expressed in robbery, murder and other crimes. Deviant behavior can be expressed in the form of: a) an act (hitting a person in the face); b) activity (permanent extortion or prostitution); c) lifestyle (criminal lifestyle of the organizer of a mafia group, a robbery gang, a community of counterfeiters). The following types of deviant behavior can be distinguished:

- offense (In jurisprudence, a distinction is made between lawful and unlawful behavior of citizens. Unlawful actions (offences) are legal facts that contradict the rules of law. All offenses are divided into crimes and misdemeanors. A crime is an illegal, guilty punishable socially dangerous act that encroaches on protected law, social relations and causing them significant harm. A misdemeanor is the same illegal and guilty act, but does not pose a great public danger.) is one of the forms of antisocial behavior that is directed against the interests of society as a whole or the personal interests of citizens; the most dangerous deviation from social norms becomes especially widespread among young people;

- drunkenness and alcoholism (There are differences between these concepts. Alcoholism is a pathological attraction to alcohol and subsequent social and moral degradation of the individual. Drunkenness is excessive consumption of alcohol, which, along with a threat to the health of the individual, disrupts its social adaptation. (Social deviations. 2- e ed., revised and additional - M.: Legal lit. 1989 - 275 pp.)) have become significant among young people: according to research, 70-80% of respondents have already tried drinking alcohol at the age of 13-15 years;

— drug addiction is a disease that is expressed in physical or psychological dependence on drugs, an irresistible attraction to them, which gradually leads the body to physical and psychological exhaustion; drug addiction has social consequences: drug abuse leads to an increase in crime and mortality, especially among young people;

- suicidal behavior - suicide , the level of commission of which, as research shows, increases during periods of economic and social crises; drastic changes in society lead to a decrease in a person’s adaptive capabilities; adolescents and young people, having no life experience and not being able to determine life guidelines, commit suicide due to misunderstandings, wounded self-esteem, conflicts in the family, unhappy love, extreme fatigue, etc. .d., many suicides are associated with antisocial behavior of the individual (drug addiction, alcoholism, prostitution, etc.). To reveal the nature and causes of social deviations, it is necessary to proceed from the fact that they, like social norms, are an expression of the relationships of people that develop in society. Social norm and social deviation are two poles on the same axis of socially significant behavior of individuals, social groups and other social communities. Many actions do not fall under norms and at the same time are not deviations from them simply because they lie in the sphere of relations not regulated by specific norms (the process of artistic or scientific creativity). Social deviations are as diverse as social norms themselves. Moreover, the variety of deviations exceeds the variety of norms, because the norm is typical, and deviations can be highly individualized. The immoral act of one person may be completely different from the act of another, even the signs of a crime, which are clearly stated in the criminal code, are as diverse as the people themselves who commit them. The behavior of people in society is regulated by social norms and values. It is possible to streamline social behavior and counteract the processes of deviation through the organization of social control. Modern sociology defines social control as the purposeful influence of society on individual behavior, with the goal of maintaining social order and stability: Social control in an educational institution is presented as a single complex process that includes a number of blocks of methods for preventing and correcting manifestations of deviant behavior in adolescents and youth. Basic principles of organizing social control: 1) Methods and means of social control must be adequate to specific types of deviant behavior: the main means of social control should be the satisfaction of the various needs and interests of persons prone to “abnormal” behavior (for example, scientific, technical and other types of creativity can serve as a serious alternative to various forms of illegal and immoral behavior). 2) Narrowing of repressive measures against deviants. 3) Creation of a flexible and extensive system of social assistance, including state, public, charitable and other structural links (for example, public organizations on the principle of “self-help” - groups of anonymous alcoholics, drug addicts or those released from prison). 4) Moral reward and spiritual development of citizens on the principles of universal morality and spiritual values, freedom of conscience and speech, individual search for the meaning of life (a crisis of the spirit or loss of the meaning of life is an important factor in deviant behavior). 5) Strict control over the flow of media, videos containing scenes of violence, cruelty and natural sex. 6) Changing the mentality of citizens who grew up in conditions of totalitarianism, the formation by the media, educational and educational organizations of a more tolerant and merciful attitude towards dissidents and dissidents (sexual minorities, etc.). 7) Training and retraining of personnel who would be able to work with representatives of the “social bottom”: law enforcement officers, especially specializing in working with young offenders in prisons; social educators and social psychologists; narcologists and social workers - all those who already today work in the contact zone with deviants. Thus, social control in an educational institution and the prevention of deviant behavior should be considered as a complex process, including such components as (Boronoev P.G. Manifestations of deviant behavior among students in modern conditions (based on materials from the Republic of Buryatia). ABSTRACT of the dissertation for the academic degree of Candidate of Sociological Sciences - Ulan-Ude - 2007):

complexity - attracting specialists of various profiles (sociologists, doctors, lawyers, representatives of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, youth and public organizations);
consistency - the unity of educational, research and educational work;
expanding possible forms of student participation in the preventive activities of law enforcement agencies;
priority of primary prevention - emphasis on preventive work;
social partnership - involving in the prevention of drug addiction and other addictions students who have undergone special training and education - future psychologists, sociologists, social workers;
feedback - monitoring manifestations of deviance in the student environment, assessing the effectiveness of ongoing preventive measures, studying the dynamic characteristics of the prevalence of deviant behavior in the student environment;
individual work - taking into account the individual characteristics, inclinations, and talents of students.

List of used literature 1. Current problems of deviant behavior: Collection of articles / RAS; Institute of Sociology. - M., 1995. 2.Afanasyev V.S., Gilinsky Ya.I. Deviant behavior in conditions of total crisis: features, trends, prospects // Way of thinking and way of life. - M., 1996. - P.147 - 162. 3. Gilinsky Ya.I. Sociology of deviant behavior as a sociological theory//Socis. - 1991. - No. 4. - P. 72-78. 4. Kovaleva A.I. Personality socialization: norm and deviation. - M., 1996. 5. Lantsova L.A., Shurupova M.F. Sociological theory of deviant behavior // Socio-political journal. - 1993. - No. 4. - P. 32-41. 6.Modern Western sociology: Dictionary. - M., 1990.

Prevention of deviant behavior in adolescents

Prevention of deviant behavior in adolescents largely comes down to early detection of signs of regular behavioral deviations - problems with learning, pathologies in family relationships. Here, attention and vigilance are of no small importance not only from parents and close relatives, but also from friends, school teachers, and even neighbors.

Young people are endowed with flexible adaptive mechanisms, therefore the complex rehabilitation and correctional measures carried out bring favorable results, due to which the treatment of behavioral disorders has good positive prognoses. The development of deviations due to neurological or psychotic diseases can be seriously treated. The best prevention of deviations is a healthy atmosphere in the family, a teenager’s feeling of being needed, help and support from loved ones.