Communication as the exchange of information or features of communication between people

Introduction

The main form of information transfer for a person is communication.

Communication is one of the basic psychological categories. A person becomes a person as a result of interaction and communication with other people. Communication is a complex, multifaceted process of establishing and developing contacts between people, generated by the need for joint activities and including the exchange of information, the development of a unified strategy for interaction, perception and understanding of the communication partner.

In its most general form, communication acts as a form of life activity. Its social meaning lies in the fact that it acts as a means of transmitting forms of culture and social experience. The specificity of communication is determined by the fact that in its process the subjective world of one person is revealed to another. In communication, a person self-determines and presents himself, revealing his individual characteristics. By the form of influence one can judge a person’s communication skills and character traits, and by the specifics of the organization of a speech message one can judge general culture and literacy. Truly human communication is impossible without the participation of consciousness and reason. Along with the content of communication, its means are distinguished, which are language and speech. But not only the verbal expression of thoughts can convey the necessary information. Much more informative than verbal means is non-verbal communication - gestures and facial expressions.

Thus, communication is a complex multifaceted process represented by three sides: communicative, interactive and perceptual. Communication was the subject of our study.

The purpose of our work was to study the problem of the relationship between verbal and nonverbal means of communication in activity.

The following tasks served to achieve the goal:

1. Consider the concept of “communication”.

2. Describe the main types of communication: verbal and non-verbal.

3. Study the issue of the relationship between verbal and non-verbal means of transmitting information.

Types of communication

It is worth highlighting the main types of communication:

1. "Contact of masks." Formal communication that is conducted in a polite and strict manner. Used in the city to isolate yourself from other people.
2. Formal role-playing. This type is regulated in the means. The basis is the social role of the interlocutor.
3. Business. In this case, priority is given to material interests rather than the personal characteristics of the interlocutor.
4. Interpersonal. Used in friendly or family communication. Besides words, non-verbal communication is also common.

Transferring information is a complex process that many people use unconsciously, without understanding all the features and mechanisms inherent in the very structure of the conversation. Thanks to the achievements of modern science, people can learn to understand each other better.

Chapter 1. Communication as a means of transmitting information

The concept of communication is closely related to the concept of communications. The act of communication is analyzed and evaluated according to the following components: addressee - the subject of communication, addressee - to whom the message is sent, message - the transmitted content, code - means of transmitting the message, communication channel, and result - what is achieved as a result of communication.

Communication is a complex process of interaction between people, consisting of the exchange of information, as well as the perception and understanding of each other by partners. The subjects of communication are living beings. The person transmitting information is called a communicator, and the person receiving it is called a recipient.

A number of aspects can be distinguished in communication: content, purpose and means.

The content of communication is information that is transmitted from one living being to another in inter-individual contacts.

The purpose of communication - the same principle applies here as was already mentioned in the paragraph on the content of communication. In animals, the goals of communication usually do not go beyond the biological needs that are relevant to them. For a person, these goals can be very, very diverse and represent a means of satisfying social, cultural, cognitive, aesthetic and many other needs.

Means of communication are ways of encoding, transmitting and processing information that is transmitted in the process of communication from one being to another. Encoding information is a way of transmitting it. Information between people can be transmitted using the senses, speech and other sign systems, writing, technical means of recording and storing information.

Communication performs a number of functions in human life:

1. Social functions of communication: organization of joint activities; behavior and activity management; control.

2. Psychological functions of communication: the function of ensuring the psychological comfort of the individual; satisfying the need for communication; self-affirmation function.

Communication can occur at various levels:

1. The manipulative level is that one of the interlocutors, through a certain social role, tries to evoke sympathy and pity from the partner.

2. Primitive level, when one of the partners suppresses the other (one is a constant communicator, and the other is a constant recipient). 3. The highest level is the social level when, regardless of social role and status, partners treat each other as equal individuals. Depending on the content, goals and means, communication can be divided into several types:

In the most general classifications, three aspects of communication are distinguished:

1) communicative; 2) interactive; 3) perceptual.

According to the criterion of the purpose of communication, eight functions of communication are distinguished:

1) contact, the purpose of which is to establish contact as a state of mutual readiness to receive and transmit messages and to maintain relationships in the form of constant mutual orientation;

2) informational, the purpose of which is the exchange of messages (reception and transmission of information in response to a request), as well as the exchange of opinions, plans, decisions, etc.;

3) incentive, the purpose of which is to stimulate the partner’s activity in order to direct him to perform certain actions;

4) coordination, the purpose of which is mutual orientation and coordination of actions when organizing joint activities;

5) the function of understanding, the purpose of which is not only adequate perception and understanding of the meaning of the message, but also mutual understanding of intentions, attitudes, experiences, states, etc.;

6) amotivational, the purpose of which is to arouse the necessary emotional experiences in the partner (exchange of emotions), as well as with his help to change one’s experiences and states;

7) the function of establishing relationships, the purpose of which is to realize and fix one’s place in the system of role, status, business, interpersonal and other connections of the community in which the individual operates;

the function of exerting influence, the purpose of which is to change the state, behavior, personal and semantic formations of the partner, including his intentions, attitudes, opinions, decisions, ideas, needs, actions, activities, etc.

The communicative side of communication is associated with identifying the specifics of the information process between people as active subjects: taking into account the relationships between partners, their attitudes, goals and intentions. All this leads not just to the movement of information, but to the clarification and enrichment of knowledge, information and opinions that people exchange. The means of the communicative process are various sign systems:

1) first of all - speech;

2) optical-kinetic system of signs - gestures, facial expressions, pantomime;

3) paralinguistic and extralinguistic systems - intonation, non-speech inclusions in speech (for example, pauses);

4) a system for organizing space and time of communication;

5) finally, the “eye contact” system.

The interactive side of communication is the construction of a general interaction strategy. There are a number of types of interaction between people, primarily cooperation and competition.

The perceptual side of communication includes the process of forming an image of another person, which is achieved by “reading” the partner’s physical characteristics of his psychological properties and behavioral characteristics. The main mechanisms of knowing another person are identification (assimilation) and reflection.

Thus, communication is a multifaceted process of developing contacts between people, generated by the needs of joint activities. Communication is also a specific form of human interaction with other people as members of society, which has its own structure, features, and functions.

Why is there no person without communication? (6th grade)

A person cannot do without communication. Very often, adults who devote most of their time to work say that they do not have time to socialize. The younger generation devotes almost all of their time to communication.

True, the younger generation communicates mainly via mobile phones and the Internet. People communicate very often on business and just like that and probably never think about how much time they waste.

It is very difficult for people to get rid of the habit of talking more about themselves and occupying their interlocutors with their problems. They know the rules of communication, but often forget them.

When people meet their acquaintances and friends, they express their delight loudly, make noise, shout, without noticing others, and sometimes without even hearing their interlocutors. And during an argument, each person tries in any way to defend his point of view. Maybe in this case you just need to move the conversation to another topic. It happens that a person is having fun, he is in a good mood. And he wants to share his joy with others.

A person cannot live in isolation, away from society. In the modern world you cannot do without the help of your neighbor. And you can’t get by in this world without communication. Every person participates in various communicative situations at least once a day. In the store you need to communicate with the seller, at school with the teacher, at home with your parents. It is impossible to sit silently all day long. In the process of communication, a person receives the necessary knowledge, he develops, enriches his inner world, gets to know himself and others. Without communication, a person simply cannot exist.

2.1. Verbal communications

For a person to be understood, it is not enough for him to have good diction. He must be clear about what he is going to say. In addition, the speaker must choose such words so that the thought is correctly understood. If a person has to speak in front of a large audience, he formulates theses for himself or otherwise prepares for the report. But in everyday life, oral communication requires spontaneity, and this can cause anxiety, uncertainty and even fear in a person. That is why developed verbal abilities at the present time, in the age of a market economy, are of decisive importance in the success of socially oriented activities.

Verbal communications is understood as the process of transmitting and receiving information through a sign system - human speech, natural sound language, a system of phonetic signs, which includes two principles: lexical and syntactic.

Speech is the most universal means of communication, since when transmitting information through speech, the meaning of the message is least lost. True, this should be accompanied by a high degree of common understanding of the situation by all participants in the communication process.

With the help of speech, information is encoded and decoded: the communicator encodes while speaking, and the recipient decodes this information while listening. Thus, the communication process is built according to the scheme: “communicator – message – recipient”. The accuracy of the listener’s understanding of the meaning of the statement can become obvious to the communicator only when a change in “communicative roles” occurs, i.e. when the recipient turns into a communicator and with his statement makes it known how he revealed the meaning of the received information. This form of communicative interaction is called dialogue.

In general, speech performs two main functions - significative and communicative.

Thanks to the significative function, it becomes possible for a person (as opposed to an animal) to voluntarily evoke images of objects and perceive the semantic content of speech. Thanks to the communicative function, speech becomes a means of communication, a means of transmitting information.

The following types of verbal communication are distinguished: external and internal speech. External speech is divided into oral and written. Oral speech, in turn, is divided into dialogic and monological. When preparing for oral speech and especially for written speech, the individual “pronounces” the speech to himself. This is inner speech. In written speech, the conditions of communication are mediated by text. Written speech can be immediate (for example, exchanging notes at a meeting, at a lecture) or delayed (exchanging letters). Dactyl speech is a unique form of verbal communication. This is a manual alphabet that serves to replace oral speech when deaf and blind people communicate with each other and with persons familiar with dactylology. Dactyl marks replace letters (similar to printed letters).

An important component of the communication process is the ability to listen, which, first of all, influences the correct perception of the information received.

Naturally, verbal communication is dominant in any area of ​​human activity. Professional speaking skills are becoming an important component of success in many professions.

What qualities help communication (grade 6)

If we talk about high-quality and productive communication, thanks to which there is a desire to create and satisfy real life needs, then we can name the following qualities:

• sympathy;
• interest;
• Love;
• compassion;
• mutual assistance;
• friendship;
• justice.

Such qualities give energy, motivate people to do more in the same time, and the process itself brings pleasure.

When a person uses positive qualities, another mechanism is activated - a positive one, which, with long-term use, brings a positive result. And communication that is based on negative qualities has a destructive effect on other groups.

Sociability, openness, positive emotionality, a broad outlook of the interlocutor, the ability to find an interesting topic, the ability to listen to others, and a wide vocabulary also play a big role in communication.

2.2. Nonverbal Communication

Nonverbal communication is a system of nonverbal symbols, signs, codes used to convey a message with a high degree of accuracy, which is to one degree or another alienated and independent of the psychological and socio-psychological qualities of the individual. Ph.D. has a fairly clear range of meanings and can be described as a linguistic sign system. Conventional, intentional, arbitrary gestures, body movements, postures, facial expressions are encoded and decoded, act as signs that have a limited range of meanings, and perform the functions of a message.

Nonverbal communication, based on the means of presenting information, can be divided into kinesthetics, para- and extralinguistics, proxemics and “eye contact” (visual communication).

Kinesthetics is a type of nonverbal communication based on the perception of general motor skills of various parts of the human body. If we mainly mean hands, then this is gesticulation (sign language). If we mean facial muscles, then this is facial expressions. If there is a person’s posture, then this is pantomime (body language).

General motor skills of various parts of the body (gestures, facial expressions, pantomime) reflect a person’s emotional reactions. However, it should be borne in mind that the use of the same kinesthetic techniques (gestures, postures, facial expressions, etc.) in different folk cultures may have different interpretations. For example, the V-shaped sign with the fingers in many countries means the number 2. In most European countries, this sign means “Victory!” – it doesn’t matter whether the palm is turned towards yourself or towards the viewer. There are many such examples of different interpretations of certain gestures in different national cultures.

Paralinguistics is a vocalization system (voice timbre, range, tonality, etc.).

Extralinguistics is a system that determines the rate of speech and includes “additions” to verbal information (rate of speech, pauses, coughing, crying, laughter, etc.).

Proxemics is the field of spatial and temporal organization of communication. The founder of proxemics, E. Hall, proposed a method for assessing the intimacy of communication based on studying the organization of its space. Thus, the dimensions of a person’s personal spatial territory (meaning the norms of a person’s closeness to a communication partner, characteristic of American culture) are: intimate zone – 15–46 cm; personal zone – 46-120 cm; social zone – 1.2–3.6 m; public area – more than 3.6 m.

Chapter 3. Interaction of verbal and non-verbal means of transmitting information

The purposeful study of the interaction of verbal and nonverbal means of communication dates back to the heyday of oratory in ancient Rome (II-I centuries BC). Cicero believed that all the feelings of the speaker should be “expressed, or rather, burned on his own face.” In the 1st century BC. oratory theorist Quintilian developed a theory of gesture, facial expressions, posture, as well as rules for the movement of shoulders, arms and head, breathing and voice of the speaker.

Both verbal and non-verbal means are signs by their nature; they perform the basic functions of communication - informational, pragmatic and expressive. But if verbal signs are predominantly conventional symbols, that is, unmotivated and indicate the realities of reality, then non-verbal signs, in particular, gestures and facial expressions, for the most part are indexical signs, unmotivated and signal feelings, emotions, evaluative attitudes, for example, frowning eyebrows signal dissatisfaction, disagreement, doubt, etc.

There are also much more complex phonation means, expressed in the personal characteristics and emotional states of the speaker - timbre, tempo, sonority or dullness, strength, pitch, monotony of the voice and others. Phonation means are most closely related to verbal means - in fact, they “voice” words in a speech context, give utterances communicative completeness and expressiveness, and this is the difficulty of identifying their own functions. These include:

- social-informational - with the help of accents and other pronunciation features, signs of the social status of communicants, demographic characteristics and evaluative orientation are updated;

- evaluative - expressed using logical stress and tone (in this case, the verbal expression of evaluation may not correspond to the tone intentionally or unintentionally);

- emotive - expressed using volume, height of voice, pause,

sigh, tempo, and also with the help of vocalizers - non-verbalized sounds

like “mm-mm”, “uh”, “um”;

- regulating - is expressed with the help of pauses, signaling the beginning, continuation or completion of a statement, the expectation of a response.

It is difficult to clearly determine which functions are assigned to a given phonation device, because in most cases their components are used simultaneously, for example, tone and characteristic properties of the voice. But the natural properties of the voice have a subjective interpretation, as well as tempo. The most “loaded” in functional terms is the tone, which is capable of conveying various signs of evaluative information. It is noted that the emotions of fear and anger are better recognized by tone, but feelings such as love and sadness, pride and satisfaction are poorly distinguished. Within the framework of an utterance, verbal and phonation means function synchronously, and this determines their close interaction in the interpretation of semantic and evaluative information.

Kinesics, including facial expressions, are used in three basic functions, within which various particular functions are actualized. Information functions include: messages about someone or something (the thumb and middle fingers raised up form the initial letter of the English word Victory “Victory”, the palm should be turned towards the audience), messages about the properties of someone or something or (widely spaced palms showing large size, thumbs up indicating high quality), messages about actions (roll up sleeves before starting an action, work), indicating the location of someone or something (indicate as appropriate finger direction, head movement, gaze).

The following particular functions have a pragmatic orientation:

1. Establishing contact (using gaze); establishing feedback;

2. Self-presentation (stand with your arms crossed over your chest as a sign of your independence);

3. Social orientation;

4. Incentive (to silence with a glance, to call for silence with the clap of palms);

5. Regulatory (look indicating the beginning and end of a statement, hand gestures) Expressive functions include:

6. Emphatic (raising the index finger emphasizes the importance of information, waving the finger from side to side emphasizes categorical disagreement or denial of something);

7. Emotive (using facial expressions, gaze, various gestures and postures, various feelings and emotions are demonstrated);

8. Adaptive (gestures and body movements, often unconscious, expressing embarrassment, nervousness, doubt, etc.).

Unlike phonation devices, kinemes can function independently. Autonomous functioning of nonverbal means takes place in three cases: when it is not possible to use verbal means (the interlocutor is at a far distance, noise interference, communication in underwater conditions, etc.), when for some reason it is impossible to use speech to transmit information and in conditions of adaptation to a tense situation (unconscious use of gestures and some components of gaze - pupil dilation, blink rate, etc.

Gestures, in addition to (self) adapters and iconic ones, often function in close interaction with verbal means. In related functioning, gestures can be used: a) synchronously, simultaneously with verbal means, b) preceding verbal means and c) following them.

Thus, the simultaneous use of verbal and nonverbal means is determined by the desire to specify information, make it more expressive and meaningful in order to influence the interlocutor. Despite the fact that in related use non-verbal means occupy the “secondary plane” of communication, they perform the function of influence with greater efficiency.

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