What are interpersonal relationships and their types: definition

Public, social and interpersonal relations: the essence of concepts

The main categories characterizing the specifics of the emerging relationships.

Interpersonal relationships are objectively experienced, to varying degrees perceived, relationships between people.

To denote a system of relations, various concepts of “social relations”, “public relations”, “human relations”, etc. are used. In some cases they are used as synonyms, in others they are opposed to each other.

Social relations are official, formally secured, objectified, effective connections. They are leaders in regulating all types of relationships, including interpersonal ones.

Social relations are relationships between social groups or their members.

Public and social relations are classified on the following basis:

1. From the point of view of ownership and disposal of property;

2. By the amount of power (vertical and horizontal relationships);

3. By sphere of manifestation (legal, economic, political, moral, religious, etc.);

4. From the position of regulation (official, unofficial)

Interpersonal relationships are objectively experienced, to varying degrees perceived, relationships between people. They are based on the various emotional states of interacting people.

Interpersonal relationships include three elements:

1. Cognitive element, which involves awareness of what is liked or disliked in interpersonal relationships;

2. The affective element, expressing the various experiences of people about the relationships between them;

3. Behavioral component, implemented in specific actions.

Interpersonal relationships are built vertically (subordinate - leader, mother - son) and horizontally (sister - brother, friends).

The emotional manifestations of interpersonal connections are determined by the sociocultural norms of the groups to which the communicating people belong and individual differences.

Interpersonal relationships can be formed from the positions of dominance - equality - submission and dependence - independence.

There are a number of categories that characterize the specifics of the emerging relationships.

Social distance is a combination of official and interpersonal relationships that determines the closeness of communicating, corresponding to the sociocultural norms of the communities to which they belong. Social distance allows you to maintain an adequate level of breadth and depth of connections when establishing relationships. Its violation leads to disjunctive interpersonal relationships, and then to conflicts.

Psychological distance characterizes the degree of closeness of interpersonal relationships between communication partners.

Interpersonal compatibility is the optimal combination of psychological characteristics of partners that help optimize their communication and activities.

Interpersonal attractiveness is a complex psychological property of a person, which, as it were, “attracts” a communication partner and evokes a feeling of sympathy in him. The formation of this property is influenced by a number of factors:

• § physical attractiveness;
• § spatial proximity;
• § accessibility in communication;
• § expectation of continued interaction;
• § reciprocity;
• § similarity;
• § complementarity;
• § empathy;
• § promoting the achievement of personally significant goals;
• § personal harmony.

Emotional attractiveness is the ability of an individual to understand the mental states of a communication partner and, especially, to empathize with him.

The concept of “attraction” is closely related to interpersonal attractiveness. Some researchers consider attraction as a process and at the same time a result of the attractiveness of one person to another; distinguish levels in it (sympathy, friendship, love) and connect it with the perceptual side of communication.

Others believe that attraction is a kind of social attitude in which a positive emotional component predominates.

Attraction is understood as the process of preferring some people over others, mutual attraction between people, mutual sympathy.

Attraction is determined by external factors (the degree of expression of a person’s need for affiliation, the emotional state of communication partners, the spatial proximity of the place of residence or work of those communicating) and internal, actually interpersonal determinants (physical attractiveness, demonstrated style of behavior, the factor of similarity between partners, the expression of personal attitude towards partner in the process of communication)

Common Mistakes

What are the most common mistakes made by those who try to establish such a connection? And they usually make several wrong steps:

• they force events, they move towards rapprochement too early;
• they are trying to save, to warm up with their own feelings;
• they try to find their suddenly estranged partner and find out what’s going on;
• they reproach, blame for the current situation, because of which the relationship finally collapses and the counterdependent personality type begins to look for a new victim;
• they are afraid of losing their soulmate and do not make attempts to improve the situation;
• turn to dubious people (fortune tellers) for help, study horoscopes, and drown bad moods in alcohol

Interaction, social and psychological relations

All socio-psychological phenomena arise, function, change and manifest themselves both in the process and as a result of positive or negative interaction between people as representatives of various social communities. However, their content is determined not only by this interaction, but also by the objective conditions in which the life activity of a given community unfolds.

Domestic philosophers, sociologists and historians even believe that in the process of human development, interaction became the original form of the emergence and subsequent improvement of people as highly organized living beings with an extensive system of various connections between them and the surrounding reality.

In turn, psychological science considers interaction as a process of people influencing each other, giving rise to their mutual connections, relationships, communication and joint experiences.

It naturally follows from this that interaction should be taken as the unit of analysis in social psychology (Obozov N.N., 1979).

In addition, in the process of production and consumption of material goods, people enter into various kinds of connections with each other, which, as already mentioned, are based on the interaction of people.

This is how social relations are formed. Their character and content are largely determined by the specifics and circumstances of the interaction between individuals, the goals pursued by specific people, as well as the place and role they occupy in society.

There is a certain system of social relations. They are based on material relations; a whole series is built on top of them: social, political, ideological, etc., which together make up a whole system of social relations.

Social relations can be classified based on different criteria:

• 1) according to the form of manifestation, they are divided into economic (production), legal, ideological, political, moral, religious, aesthetic, etc.;
• 2) from the point of view of belonging to various subjects, they distinguish between national (international), class and confessional, etc. relationship;
• 3) based on the analysis of the functioning of connections between people in society, we can talk about vertical and horizontal relationships;
• 4) by the nature of regulation, social relations are official and unofficial (Bodalev A.A., 1995).

All types of social relations in turn permeate the psychological relations of people, that is, subjective connections that arise as a result of their actual interaction and are already accompanied by various emotional and other experiences of the individuals participating in them. Psychological relationships are the living “human tissue” of any social relations (Obozov N.N., 1979).

Thus, first there is interaction between people, and then, as a consequence, their social and psychological relationships.

The difference between social and psychological relations is that the former are, so to speak, “material” in nature, are a consequence of a certain property, social and other distribution of roles in society and in most cases are taken for granted, are in a certain sense impersonal character.

In social relations, first of all, the essential features of social connections between spheres of people’s life activities, types of work and communities are revealed.

Mental states associated with these habits

Is fear of intimacy really a problem that makes life significantly more difficult? Perhaps this is normal and there is no need to worry?

Face-to-face consultation

What are the features and advantages of face-to-face consultation?

Skype consultation

What are the features and benefits of Skype consultations?

But there is also a very serious reason for concern. Counterdependent behavior in relationships among men is a direct path to loneliness, which invariably entails depression and anxiety.

In some cases, a person may, on the contrary, consciously exalt himself above others, turning into a narcissist. This will also not give him anything good in the end, except for the loss of the ability to empathize and sympathize with people.

What does interpersonal psychology study?

They reveal the objective dependence on each other of persons performing certain social functions (roles), but at the same time without regard to those specific individuals who, when performing these functions, interact and personify these functions with their personal characteristics (Andreeva G.M., 1980 ).

Psychological relationships are the result of direct contacts between specific people who are capable of expressing their likes and dislikes, recognizing and experiencing them.

They are full of emotions and feelings, i.e. the experience and expression by individuals or their groups of their attitude towards interaction with similar subjects of social life.

Psychological relationships are completely personalized, as they are of a purely personal nature. Their content and specificity are filled, determined and depend on the specific people between whom they arise.

Thus, interaction and psychological (social) relations underlie the correct and initial understanding of all other psychological phenomena.

One should only make a reservation, or rather, always remember that the interaction itself and psychological (social) relationships can be adequately understood through the analysis of mutual perception and influence of people on each other, the nature of communication between them.

Interaction, psychological (social) relations, people’s perception of each other, their mutual influence, communication and mutual understanding between them are one-order, but at the same time multi-level phenomena that are inseparable from one another.

Just as society does not exist in the form of an independent “person”, outside the individuals that make it up, so interaction and psychological relationships cannot but manifest themselves outside their real perception by people, their influence on each other and communication between them.

However, in the interests of a correct understanding and comprehension of each of these phenomena, we must tear them out of their universal connection and consider them in isolation.

The life and activity of people is a social process in which their actions are appropriately distributed and coordinated both in relation to each other, to the means and methods of production, and in relation to joint efforts thanks primarily to material (economic, production) relations.

The family develops the child.

The more parents devote time to their child, the more full-fledged member of society he grows. Thanks to the sensitive attention of mom and dad, any child will develop into a mature personality and will be ready to enter adulthood.

But parents often ignore this fact. Sometimes a child wants to speak out, share, ask for advice, but at that moment the parents are busy with their own affairs and work. And it also happens that a child has only one parent and he cannot give enough attention and love to his baby. Then the child looks for where to make up for the communication lost from an early age.

The child keeps all his experiences inside, begins to withdraw into himself, and then splashes out all his problems on the surrounding society.

Social relations: role and place in society, structure, management problems

The nature of social relations. The role and place of social relations in society.

Interpersonal relationships

System of social relations. Types of social relations. Problems of managing social relations in open and closed societies.

Society at any stage of its development and in any specific manifestation is a complex interweaving of many different connections and relationships between people.

The life of society is not limited to the lives of the specific individuals that make it up. The complex and contradictory tangle of human relationships, actions and their results is what makes up society.

If individual people, their associations and actions are quite obvious and visual, then connections and relationships between people are often hidden, ethereal, immaterial.

That is why the huge role of these invisible relationships in public life was not immediately understood. The study of society, which began in the mid-19th century from the angle of social relations within the framework of Marxism (“Society does not consist of individuals, but expresses the sum of those connections and relationships in which these individuals are related to each other,” concluded Marx), then in the 20th century continued within the framework of other, non-Marxist philosophical schools (for example, P. Sorokin).

Indeed, without people there is no society. And yet, such an answer is superficial, because it comes down to the empirically stated fact of the existence of a collection of people.

At the same time, the connections inherent in society remain in the shadows ,

which connect disparate elements into a single integrated system. These connections are reproduced in the activities of people and are of such a stable nature that many generations can replace each other, but the type of connections that characterize this particular society remains. Now the words of K. Marx become clear: “Society does not consist of individuals, but expresses the sum of those connections and relationships in which these individuals are related to each other.”

It would be incorrect to interpret this provision in the sense of reducing the entire diversity of the social system to social relations alone.

Marx identifies the most important specific feature of society and, at the same time, what makes society a system, connects individuals and their disparate actions into a single, albeit internally dismembered whole. Detection and analysis of such connections - social relations -

the greatest merit of K. Marx, an important element of his philosophical concept of society.

But what are they?

Social relations are inseparable from activity. They do not exist on their own, in isolation from the latter, but constitute its social form. Thus, production activity always takes place in a form that gives this activity a sustainable character and thanks to the presence of which production is organized on a societal scale.

It is precisely this organizing role of the internal structure, the active form, that production relations perform.

Existing as a form of human activity, social relations have a transpersonal, supra-individual character.

It is not the individual with his inclinations and inclinations that determines social relations, but on the contrary: when a person is born, he finds already established, functioning social relations.

As a member of a certain society, class, social group, nation, collective, etc., he is involved in various forms of activity and enters into certain relationships with other people on this basis.

Activities and social relations shape a person as a public, social being. Socialization of a person occurs as sociality is actively mastered by him, translated into his inner world, and becomes a general scheme of action given to him by society and passed through his individual experience.

The formation of a person as a social being is at the same time his formation as an individual.

Thus, social relations connect the individual with a social group, with society.

And thus they are
a means of including the individual in social practice,
in sociality.

All activities of large social groups are carried out in the forms of social relations: economic, political, legal, moral.

The relationships that have developed in society turn into unique algorithms for the activities of social groups.

This does not mean that social relations are given from above: they are generated by the activities of real people and exist only as forms of this activity.

But having arisen, they have great activity, stability, and give society qualitative certainty.

Types of public relations are presented in the diagram

Attitude is the meaning that the people around him, phenomena, and people have for him.

Myaishchev: relationships can be of two types: 1) social, 2) psychological (interpersonal).

Social are official , formally enshrined, objectified connections.

It is based on objective connections.

The structure of social relations is studied by sociology. Sociological theory reveals a certain subordination of various types of social relations, where economic, social, political, ideological and other types of relations are highlighted.

All this together represents a system of social relations. Their specificity lies in the fact that they not only “meet” individual with individual and “relate” to each other, but individuals as representatives of certain social groups (classes, professions or other groups that have developed in the sphere of division of labor, as well as groups formed in the sphere of political life, for example, political parties, etc.).

Such relationships are built not on the basis of likes or dislikes, but on the basis of a certain position occupied by each person in the social system.

In reality, each individual performs not one, but several social roles: he can be an accountant, a father, a trade union member, a football team player, etc. A number of roles are assigned to a person at birth (for example, to be a woman or a man), others are acquired during life.

However, the social role itself does not determine the activity and behavior of each specific bearer in detail: everything depends on how much the individual learns and internalizes the role.

What are the parameters of education?

Among the parameters of parental education, it is worth highlighting parental control and parental requirements. Why exactly them?

Every parent usually demands exemplary behavior from their child. The higher the parents' demands and expectations, the more the child tries to exceed these expectations. But sometimes a parent can get too carried away, not realizing that the child cannot always live up to their desires and hopes.

As a result, the child makes every effort to make the parent happy, but does not receive proper encouragement and praise. Because of this, dissonance occurs and the child’s psychological state is disturbed. Therefore, the parent must control his requirements and understand whether they are feasible for the little person. Otherwise, it may negatively affect his health.

It has become the norm for parents that all the actions of their children are under their strict control. In many families, it is accepted that children obey their parents and unquestioningly do what they are told. This comes either at the genetic level or from childhood. But this is how it used to be: children had to obey their elders and follow any of their instructions.

Interpersonal relationships: types and features

The act of internalization is determined by a number of individual psychological characteristics of each specific bearer of a given role.

Therefore, social relations, although in essence they are role-based, impersonal relations, in reality, in their concrete manifestation, acquire a certain “personal coloring”.

Psychological are subjectively experienced relationships and mutual influences of people.

At the core are emotions and feelings. Interpersonal relationships are a system of attitudes, expectations, orientations, stereotypes through which people perceive and evaluate each other.

Obozov: (according to the degree of emotional involvement) relationship of acquaintance, friendly, comradely, friendly, intimate-personal: love, marital, related.

Aronson: sympathy-antipathy, friendship-enmity, love-hate.

All social relations are permeated by interpersonal ones and mutually determine each other.

The existence of interpersonal relationships within various forms of social relations is, as it were, the implementation of impersonal relationships in the activities of specific individuals, in the acts of their communication and interaction. At the same time, during this implementation, relations between people (including social ones) are reproduced again.

In other words, this means that in the objective fabric of social relations there are moments emanating from the conscious will and special goals of individuals. It is here that the social and the psychological directly collide.

The nature of interpersonal relations differs significantly from the nature of social relations: their most important specific feature is their emotional basis. Therefore, interpersonal relationships can be considered as a factor in the psychological “climate” of the group.

The emotional basis of interpersonal relationships means that they arise and develop on the basis of certain feelings that arise in people towards each other. In the domestic school of psychology, three types or levels of emotional manifestations of personality are distinguished: affects, emotions and feelings. The emotional basis of interpersonal relationships includes all types of these emotional manifestations.

However, in social psychology, emotional manifestations usually characterize feelings, and the term is not used in the strictest sense.

Naturally, the “set” of these feelings is limitless. However, all of them can be reduced into two large groups:

1) conjunctive - this includes various kinds of things that bring people together, uniting their feelings.

In each case of such a relationship, the other party acts as a desired object, in relation to which a willingness to cooperate, to joint actions, etc. is demonstrated;

2) disjunctive feelings - these include feelings that separate people, when the other side appears as unacceptable, maybe even as a frustrating object, in relation to which there is no desire to cooperate, etc.

The intensity of both types of feelings can be very different. The specific level of their development, naturally, cannot be indifferent to the activities of groups.

At the same time, the analysis of only these interpersonal relationships cannot be considered sufficient to characterize the group: in practice, relationships between people do not develop only on the basis of direct emotional contacts.

The activity itself sets another series of relationships mediated by it. That is why it is an extremely important and difficult task for social psychology to simultaneously analyze two series of relationships in a group: both interpersonal and those mediated by joint activity, that is, ultimately the social relations behind them.

How do our attitudes affect children?

We often impose our own attitudes on the people around us. However, it's not that simple. But it’s much easier to impose attitudes on your own child. But the more we try to achieve our own satisfaction, the more our children suffer.

The attitudes of the mother or father should not in any way infringe on the interests of the child. After all, what we project onto a child, he will project onto his children, and so on. The best solution here is to strive to satisfy each other's needs equally.

Psychology of Interpersonal Relationships

Review questions

1. What content do you put into the definition of the category “personality”?

How do the concepts “person”, “individual”, “personality”, “individuality” differ from each other?

3. In your opinion, is a preschooler or schoolchild a person?

4. Briefly describe the meaning of basic theories of personality.

What are their strengths and weaknesses?

5. What is the structure of the individual’s needs? How to arrange the structure of needs depending on the increase in social significance for a person?

6. What motives guide a person in his activities? Give examples of motivation for the activities of a person.

Interpersonal relationships are an independent, complex and intensively studied section of psychological science. The category “communication” is one of the central ones in psychology, along with such categories as “thinking”, “behaviour”, “activity”, “personality”, “relationships”.

The “cross-cutting nature” of the communication problem becomes clear if we give one of the typical definitions of interpersonal communication. Along with communication, the main types of human social activities are also play, work and learning. These types of activities are characterized by specific interpersonal communication.

Interpersonal communication is a process of interaction between at least two persons, aimed at mutual knowledge, establishment and development of relationships and involving mutual influence on the states, views, behavior and regulation of joint activities of the participants in this process.

Over the past 20-25 years, the study of the problem of communication has become one of the leading areas of research in psychological science, and especially in social psychology.

Its movement to the center of psychological research is explained by a change in the methodological situation that has clearly emerged in social psychology in the last two decades. From a subject of research, communication simultaneously turned into a method, a principle for studying initially cognitive processes, and then the person as a whole.

Communication is the reality of human relations, which involves any form of joint activity of people.

Attention to the problem of communication has also increased due to the sharp increase in the intensity of communication in modern society.

It has been noted that in a large city with a population of one million, a person comes into contact with 600 other people every day, which requires constant control over the emotional sphere.

Communication is not the subject of only psychological research; in this regard, the task of identifying the specifically psychological aspect of this category arises with utmost importance.

At the same time, the question of the connection between communication and activity is fundamental; One of the methodological principles for revealing this relationship is the idea of ​​unity of communication and activity.

Based on this principle, communication is usually understood as the reality of human relations, which involves any form of joint activity of people. However, the nature of this connection is interpreted differently. Sometimes activity and communication are considered as two sides of a person’s social existence; in other cases, communication is usually understood as an element of any activity, and the latter is considered as a condition for communication. And finally, communication can be interpreted as a special type of activity.

It should be noted that in the overwhelming majority of psychological interpretations of activity, the basis of its definitions and categorical-conceptual apparatus is the “subject-object” relationship, which nevertheless covers only one side of human social existence.

In this regard, it becomes extremely important to develop a category of communication that reveals another, no less significant side of human social existence, namely, the “subject-subject(s)” relationship, ᴛ.ᴇ. the very essence of communication.

You can cite the opinion of the famous domestic psychologist L.V. Zankova, ĸᴏᴛᴏᴩᴏᴇ reflects the existing ideas about the category of communication in modern Russian psychology: “Communication I will call this form of interaction between subjects, which is initially motivated by their desire to identify each other’s mental qualities and during which interpersonal relationships are formed between them...” By joint activity we further mean situations in which interpersonal communication between people is subordinated to a common goal - solving a specific problem.

The subject-subject approach to the problem of the relationship between communication and activity overcomes the one-sided understanding of activity only as a subject-object relationship.

In Russian psychology, this approach is implemented through the methodological principle of communication as subject-subject interaction, theoretically and experimentally developed by B.F. Lomov and his staff. Communication considered in this regard acts as a special independent form of activity of the subject. Its result is not so much a transformed object (material or ideal), but rather the relationship of a person with a person, with other people. In the process of communication, not only a mutual exchange of activities takes place, but also ideas, ideas, feelings, a system of “subject-subject(s)” relationships manifests itself and develops.

In the works of A.V. Brushlinsky and V.A. Polikarpov, along with this, a critical understanding of this methodological principle is given, and the most famous cycles of research are listed, in which all the multidimensional problems of communication in domestic psychological science are analyzed.

The essence of psychological influence comes down to the mutual exchange of information and interaction. From the content side, psychological influence can be pedagogical, managerial, ideological, etc. and carried out at different levels of the psyche: conscious and unconscious.

The subject of psychological influence can act as an organizer, performer (communicator) and even a researcher of his influence process. The effectiveness of influence depends on gender, age, social status and many other components of the subject, and most importantly, on his professional and psychological preparedness to influence a communication partner.

The subject of interpersonal influence is multifunctional:

— studies the object and the situation in which the influence is carried out;

— chooses strategy, tactics and means of influence;

— takes into account signals received from the object about the success or failure of the influence;

— organizes counteraction to the object (with possible counter-influence of the object on the subject), etc.

In the event that the object of interpersonal influence (recipient) does not agree with the information offered to him and seeks to reduce the effect of the influence exerted on him, the communicator has the opportunity to use the patterns of reflexive control or manipulative influence.

The object of interpersonal influence, itself, being an active element of the influence system, processes the information offered to it and may disagree with the subject, and in some cases, carry out a counter-influence on the communicator.

The object correlates the information offered to it by the communicator with its existing value orientations and its life experience, after which it makes independent decisions. The characteristics of the object that influence the effectiveness of the impact on it include gender, age, nationality, profession, education, experience in participating in communication exchanges and other personal characteristics.

The process of interpersonal psychological influence (influence), being in turn a multidimensional system, includes strategy, tactics, means, methods, forms, argumentation and criteria for the effectiveness of influence.

Ways to raise children

In parent-child relationships, there is such a thing as parenting style. Most often, parents do not even know about this, but raise their son or daughter intuitively (or rely on the works of psychologists and teachers). Then they do not adhere to one parenting style, but rather a combination of 2-3 styles at once. Although, one specific style is dominant. What parenting styles are distinguished?

• Democratic;
• Authoritarian;
• Overprotective;
• Hypoprotective;
• Hard.

1. Democratic style of education.

When a family adheres to a democratic parenting style, the main role in the family belongs to the parents. They make all the important decisions, however, the child’s opinion regarding this issue is also taken into account. In this case, the final decision is often made together at a family council. Psychologists say that this style of education is the most correct in the modern world.

2. Authoritarian parenting style.

This is the complete opposite of the democratic style. In such a family, all decisions are made exclusively by the parents, and the child’s opinion does not matter here. Children usually carry out any instructions from their parents unquestioningly, do not ask unnecessary questions and do not show any reaction. The parent controls every step of his child, tells him what to do, how to speak and even how to think.

3. Overprotective parenting style.

This is also a kind of opposite parenting style to an authoritarian one. When a child grows up in such conditions, he gets absolutely everything he wants and does not know refusal. The child does not understand what danger is and where it can await him. He knows that if something happens, his family will protect him and lend their shoulder. The baby himself cannot make any decisions: when to eat, take a walk or go to bed. If a child accidentally gets hurt, parents begin to care for him even more. Over time, this guardianship only gets worse: parents choose with whom their son or daughter will go for a walk, with whom they will be friends, etc. Such parents prefer to keep everything in their hands and control 100%.

4. Hypoprotective parenting style.

In a family with such a parenting style, parents live their lives, go about their business, without paying any attention to the child. And if their son or daughter needs something, the parents simply ignore his words or request. In such families, children grow up on their own, are constantly alone and simply have no one to tell about their problems. The child experiences a lack of attention, care and warmth from his parents, and over time begins to seek support outside the family. When parents realize their mistakes, the child has already become sufficiently distant from his family and does not want to share his achievements with them.

5. Rigid parenting style.

It’s not for nothing that a strict parenting style is called harsh. When a parent is guided by this type of upbringing, he requires the child to fulfill his requirements in an extremely strict manner. The little person strives to make every effort to make mom or dad happy and carry out any assignment. If a request cannot be fulfilled, the child suffers greatly. Such upbringing is fundamentally wrong, because the child grows up with a lot of complexes that will only harm him.

Types and characteristics of interpersonal relationships

Strategy is the subject’s methods of action to achieve the main goal of psychological influence on the recipient. Tactics is the solution of intermediate tasks of psychological influence through the use of various psychological techniques.

In social psychology, verbal (speech) and nonverbal (paralinguistic) features of means of influence are distinguished.

Methods of influence include persuasion and coercion (at the level of consciousness), as well as suggestion, infection and imitation (at the unconscious level of the psyche).

The last three methods are socio-psychological. Forms of interpersonal influence are verbal (written and oral) and visual. The argumentation system involves both ideological (abstract) evidence and information of a specific nature (numerical and factual information is easier to remember and compare).

It is advisable to take into account the principles of selection and presentation of information - evidence and satisfaction of the information needs of a particular object, as well as communication barriers (cognitive, socio-psychological, etc.)

Look around

You are not alone! There are people around you who care about you. Don't be afraid to ask for help and support from loved ones and friends. Don’t be afraid to be weak, lean on others and learn to accept help from them. Contact a psychologist for professional psychological support if you feel that you cannot cope any other way.

I wish you an easy and environmentally friendly way out of a dysfunctional relationship! Taking care of you, Irina Meshcheryakova.

Meshcheryakova Irina Nikolaevna Head of the Department of Psychology VI (F) Moscow State Economic University, Candidate of Psychological Sciences, certified Gestalt therapist Tel. Email Skype email: irrinanm

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