Person-to-person perception (HPP)

Perception is one of the processes that allows a person to understand the world around him and create a subjective picture of it . It is on perception that a person’s behavior and vision depend. Our life energy is spent on certain things, and these expenses are determined by perception. Do not confuse perception with sensations. If sensations are specific feelings that show individual characteristic features or properties of objects, then perception affects a person holistically.

To better understand what perception is, you need to understand its features. There are several types of perception . It can be social or personal, it can be primary or secondary, it can be controlled or uncontrollable. Each person has his own picture of the world, formed through perception. That is why we are so different, we have different views and points of view. Opinions based on perception may differ even among close people.

It is better to explain the impact of perception on the behavior of different people using examples. Let's take a everyday situation - a broken lock on the front door. Family members will perceive this situation differently; their vital energy may be directed in completely opposite directions.

For example, the head of the family will use experience. He will appreciate all the shortcomings of the lock and buy a new one, which will be better different from the broken one. The vital energy of the head of the family is aimed at action. The wife usually begins to worry and look for someone to blame for what happened. Her attitude is “we have constant problems.” These are negative emotions, and the wife’s vital energy will go precisely in this negative direction. The older generation, grandparents, will perceive this situation completely differently. They will need to stay home to change the lock. This means that you can put aside your accumulated tasks and relax. Such people are highly dependent on chance; usually all responsibility for their own actions is shifted to chance. Life energy goes in the direction of clues from life, they are constantly looking for justification for their actions. Moreover, the justification must be force majeure, and not one’s own desire.

Human perception has quite an active impact on our daily lives. Displeasure and dissatisfaction are the result of channeling vital energy along the path of negative emotions. Some people specifically look for shortcomings or problems in any current situation and focus on the negative aspects. Naturally, their life will be full of dissatisfaction. This is the path of the wife from the previous example. If you approach everything more rationally, as the head of the family did, then you can cultivate responsibility in yourself, use the situation as a source of experience or new knowledge. Seeing only the good in a situation can have a dual effect. Either we, like the grandmother in the example, will escape reality and depend only on chance, on a gift of fate. Or we can open up new spaces and horizons for development.

The influence of perception on life is understandable, but should we learn to manage it? Yes, you should, but you need to do it carefully. Don't focus only on the positive aspects of the situation. This way we can miss the dangers that also await us. If we see only the bad, then dissatisfaction will negatively affect our condition and peace of mind. The best option is to study all aspects of the situation , paying attention to both the positive and negative sides. Then managing perceptions will bring the desired results.

Social perception and HSP

The content of the perceptual side of communication is specified in the concept of social perception. Social perception is the perception, evaluation and understanding by social subjects (individuals or groups) of social objects (themselves, other individuals, groups, social phenomena, etc.).
One of the varieties of social perception is person-to-person perception (HPP) . People's perceptions of each other include:

Perception of external signs of a communication partner;
Correlating them with the personal characteristics of the perceived person;
Interpretation on this basis of his actions and achievements, the reasons for his behavior;
Forming an idea of the relationships that connect the subject and object of perception.

Lecture on the topic “Perception. Properties, classifications. Perception disorders"

Lecture 4.
Perception. Types of perception. The role of perception in professional activity.
Plan:

Concept of perception.
Types of perception.
Interpersonal perception.
Factors influencing interpersonal perception.
The role of perception in professional activity.

Sensation and perception are closely related. Both one and the other are the so-called sensory reflection of objective reality, existing independently of consciousness and due to its influence on the senses: this is their unity.

To illustrate the fundamental difference between the process of perception and the process of sensation, we can recall the parable of three blind men who were walking around the zoo and, one by one, approached the enclosure with an elephant. When they were later asked what an elephant was, one said that it looked like a thick rope, another that an elephant resembled a burdock leaf: it was flat and rough, and the third said that an elephant resembled a tall and powerful column. Such a variety of descriptions of the same animal consisted in the fact that one blind man took the elephant by the tail, another touched the ear, and the third hugged the leg. Accordingly, they received different sensations, and none of them was able to construct a holistic perception of the object.

Perception

- a holistic reflection of objects and phenomena in the totality of their properties and parts with their direct impact on the senses.

In the process of perception, images are formed, which are subsequently used by attention, memory and thinking.

As a result of sensations, a more complex mental process arises, called perception in psychology. Thanks to sensations, a person gains the opportunity to judge, for example, the color, weight, and smell of products. However, products differ from each other not by individual individual characteristics and properties, but by their totality. The reflection in consciousness of some particular property of a product (for example, smell) is a sensation. The reflection of all the properties of this product (color, taste, smell, mass, etc.) is its perception.

Perception, although formed on the basis of sensations, is not reduced to their summation. Other processes and states are also involved in the process of perception: thinking, imagination, emotions and feelings.

Types of perception

The perception of time is a reflection of the objective duration, speed and sequence of phenomena of reality.
The perception of space is a sensory-visual reflection of the spatial properties of things (their size and shape), their spatial relationships (location relative to each other and the perceiving subject both in plane and in depth) and movements. All human senses are involved in the perception of space. The leading role in the perception of space belongs to the joint activity of the visual, motor, cutaneous and vestibular analyzers. The greatest information about space (up to 95%) is given to a person by vision.
The perception of complex sounds is the process of receiving and processing by an auditory analyzer sounds of a complex spectral composition, usually changing over time according to an algorithm characteristic of a given source. The world of complex sounds is extremely diverse, but some groups with relatively common characteristics and principles of perception can be distinguished in it. These groups include: sounds of a synthetic environment (technical objects), voice sounds and speech sounds, musical sounds.
Perception of oral speech is one of the highest mental functions of a person. The perception of oral speech is the internal mental side of such a type of speech activity as listening (listening).
The perception of a person by a person is the process of psychological cognition by people of each other in conditions of direct communication.

Organization of perception

Scientists working in this direction, M. Wertheimer and W. Keller, experimentally proved that:

1.
People tend to organize their perceptions into “simple” schemes.
This means that simple perception of a stimulus is preferred even in the presence of the possibility of complex perception

In a study, when psychologists asked to connect the dots of a stimulus “A,” most people enclosed them in a circle “B,” despite the fact that the same dots could be connected by two squares “B.” In the same way, consumers come to simpler interpretations of advertising messages. This is especially true for print advertising. You will often find advertising leaflets and brochures with complex graphic illustrations and combinations of “abstruse” words. Extravagant advertising certainly attracts attention, but is rarely remembered. Due to this pattern.

2. The organization of perception follows two main schemes: image - background.

The first is the image,

that is, those elements of the perception field that attracted the greatest attention. The remaining less significant elements that make up the environment are called the background.

3. Perception is holistic

. A person tends to develop a complete picture of perception, even if some of its elements are missing.

4. Perception is selective

. It is aimed primarily at the information that a person currently needs to make a certain decision. This purposeful perception is called observation.

The main perception disorders include:

1. Illusions are a distorted perception of a real object. For example, illusions can be auditory, visual, olfactory, etc.

Based on the nature of their occurrence, there are three types of illusions:

1) physical;

2) physiological;

3) mental.

2. Hallucinations are disturbances of perception that occur without the presence of a real object and are accompanied by the belief that this object really exists at a given time and place.

Visual and auditory hallucinations are usually divided into two groups:

1. Simple. These include:

a) photopsia - perception of bright flashes of light, circles, stars;

b) acoasms - perception of sounds, noise, crackling, whistling, crying.

2. Complex. These include, for example, auditory hallucinations, which have the appearance of articulate phrasal speech and are usually of a commanding or threatening nature.

3. Eidetism is a disorder of perception in which a trace of just ended excitation in some analyzer remains in the form of a clear and vivid image.

4. Depersonalization is a distorted perception of both one’s own personality as a whole and individual qualities and parts of the body. Depersonalization

is

one of the mental disorders characterized by impaired self-perception or a complete absence of it
. This
means that the patient perceives his own feelings and thoughts aloofly, as if observing from the outside. In essence, a person simply ceases to connect his personality and body.

Depersonalization is a syndrome in which the normal perception of oneself and the world around us is disrupted.

A person’s consciousness seems to split into two: one part of the personality becomes a neutral observer who looks at everything that happens from the outside, and the second part experiences discomfort and panic due to the seeming feeling of losing control over one’s own body and mind.

This condition often occurs as a protective function of the psyche against severe shock and stress; it can quickly go away on its own, without causing pathology, and does not require special treatment. However, a prolonged syndrome is dangerous due to inappropriate behavior, harm to oneself and others, and a tendency to suicidal mood. With deep neurosis, a person requires medication and psychotherapeutic help.

Description of the syndrome

Depersonalization of personality was described by French psychiatrists at the beginning of the 19th century. Scientists of that time paid attention to the feeling of alienation from their body that patients complained about. This dissociation of one’s own “I” became the basis for the study of the strange syndrome.

In modern diagnostics, depersonalization is included in the clinical symptoms of a number of mental disorders. For example, diseases such as:

depression;
bipolar disorder;
schizophrenia, etc.

The syndrome is often observed after panic attacks, phobias or any neurosis. But it often arises on its own, as a feeling of the unreality of what is happening. Especially in a state of physical fatigue, emotional shock or sudden fear.

In an effort to abstract from the stressful situation that has arisen, the human brain switches to a “protective” mode, reducing emotional coloring and sensory sensitivity: colors seem faded, sounds are muffled, objects feel strange to the touch. Because of all this, there is a feeling of unrecognizability of the surrounding environment and the unusualness of one’s own perception of the world.

More than 75% of people experience this feeling occasionally. There is no need to treat it; it is not a mental disorder.

The real pathology is determined by the duration of the period of depersonalization and certain “persistent” symptoms, which do not disappear over time, but only intensify.

Clinical picture

Depersonalization is characterized by a number of signs, which are divided into three groups:

decrease in emotional coloring of perception of the surrounding world;
dulling of sensory and physical sensations;
state of mental insensitivity.

The first group are symptoms of emotional “coldness”:

there is no feeling of joy from communicating with children, parents, close friends;
indifference to the suffering of others;
equanimity and detachment in situations in which the person previously experienced anger and irritation;
loss of sense of humor and sensitivity to music.

Of all the feelings, only fear of disorientation in space and loss of control over one’s body can clearly manifest itself. A person feels confused, not recognizing familiar places, not understanding how he got here and what he needs to do now. This feeling gnaws and depresses more and more over time.

Disturbances in the normal physical perception of the world include the following symptoms:

bright colors may appear gray, in some cases even color blindness appears;
individual objects seem to be blurred and have no clear boundaries;
sounds are perceived as muffled, as if a person is in water;
sensitivity to cold and hot decreases;
There may be no pain with minor injections and cuts;
taste sensations are impaired.

Physical manifestations of the pathology include disorientation in space, lack of coordination and loss of appetite due to lack of hunger.

Mental symptoms of the syndrome are expressed as follows:

Partial loss of individuality: a person does not remember what he likes and what he doesn’t.
Time disorientation: a person may sit without activity for several hours and not know how much time has passed. In some severe cases, people do not know which day of the week or month it is.
Loss of motives and incentives. People suffering from depersonalization do not want to go to work, go to the store, wash their clothes or cook food, because they do not see the need for this.

A person with such a neurosis constantly thinks that he is playing some role in a boring play. He sees his life from the outside, like a dream.

Psychologists call one of the main signs of depersonalization a person’s excessive absorption within himself. In the first stages of the syndrome, people clearly realize that they somehow misperceive their own personality, and experience mental confusion about this, which is very depressing. They try to understand what is happening to them, but they become even more entrenched in their personal sense of the unreality or absurdity of reality and avoid communication.

Causes

Depersonalization is almost always associated with stressful situations in which the psyche resists, switching a person’s attention to the view “from the outside.”

This helps reduce the emotional stress, but leaves the opportunity to think logically. Hence the dulled sensory perception of the world and deep reflection.

The exception is clinical schizophrenia, in which split personality has slightly different causes. In the case of this serious mental disorder, depersonalization is just one of the symptoms of an illness that is quite difficult to treat.

Physiological processes as the causes of the syndrome are described as follows: in response to severe stress, the body produces an increased amount of endorphins, which intensively attack the receptors. As a result, the system responsible for emotions (the limbic system) is unable to cope with chaotic stimulation and partially shuts down.

Based on this, two types of depersonalization are distinguished:

1) partial (impaired perception of individual parts of the body); 2) total (impaired perception of the whole body).

5. Derealization is a distorted perception of the surrounding world. An example of derealization is the symptom of “already seen” (de ja vu).

6. Agnosia refers to impaired recognition of objects, as well as parts of one’s own body, but at the same time consciousness and self-awareness are preserved.

The following types of agnosia are distinguished:

1. Visual agnosia – disorders of recognition of objects and their images while maintaining sufficient visual acuity. Are divided into:

a) object agnosia;

b) agnosia for colors and fonts;

c) optical-spatial agnosia (patients cannot convey the spatial characteristics of an object in a drawing: further - closer, more - less, higher - lower, etc.).

2. Auditory agnosia – impaired ability to distinguish speech sounds in the absence of hearing impairment;

3. Tactile agnosia - disorders characterized by failure to recognize objects by feeling them while maintaining tactile sensitivity.

Control questions

What is perception?
List the types of perception. Briefly describe them.
What factors influence the formation of the first impression of a person.
Describe the role of perception in the professional activities of a waiter, bartender, and restaurant manager.

Perception of external signs of a communication partner

Physical appearance (body type, height, hair color, etc.) - allows you to determine nationality, age, gender and other general characteristics.
Expressive movements (facial expressions, gestures, postures, gait) reflect the emotional state of a person and some personality traits. For example, the speed of gait allows one to draw a conclusion about the type of temperament, etc.
Appearance design (clothing, jewelry, makeup, hairstyle) speaks about the level of development of aesthetic needs, about a person’s personal characteristics and motives. For example, bright and unusual clothes indicate a person’s desire to be the center of attention.

Trend towards the middle

If a person really cannot decide how to treat his new acquaintance, if he is not sure about something, then very often he simply averages. This means: perceives on a more neutral level.

“I don’t know” or “Let’s see.” However, it would be more correct to position yourself clearly.

As they say, it is impossible to be “not quite pregnant.” Either you're pregnant or you're not. This means a clear “yes” or “no” is more appropriate in the perception of other people and situations.

Image by leoessen from Pixabay

Making decisions in communication is sometimes a problem for many. Because perception has a great influence on communication as well as behavior. Most often it is easier to remain neutral than to decide on your attitude.

Correlating external signs with personal characteristics and interpreting behavior

The correlation of external signs with the personal characteristics of the perceived person and the interpretation on this basis of his actions and achievements, the reasons for his behavior occurs using two main mechanisms:

Attribution is the attribution of any qualities to a communication partner based on perception. Including causal attribution - attribution of causes of behavior.
Stereotyping is the attribution of a set of qualities to a perceived person based on his assignment to a certain class. A stereotype is a generalized and stable image of an entire class of people, based on public or personal experience. Stereotypes continue to operate even when their inconsistency is proven during communication.

In addition to attribution and stereotyping, the following mechanisms are involved in the formation of an idea of another person in the process of his perception:

Identification is likening, identifying oneself with another, which underlies empathy - feeling into the inner world of another person;
Reflection is introspection and analysis of the actions, actions, words of another person, as well as analysis of feedback, i.e. how the perceiver evaluates the perceiver.

Sensory order

However, feelings form not only the content of communication. They also have a number of specific rules of behavior that go hand in hand with non-verbal communication. There is an order that emerges from mutually stabilizing expectations. Person A expects a certain response from Person B, and also expects that Person B to also expect something from Person A. Expectations sound funny, but they are an accurate description of the communication process.

Giphy

When communicating, direct, seeking eye contact is usually welcomed, whereas when the gaze is lowered, silence usually ensues. Igor expects that when Masha looks at him as she passes by, she greets him, and he also knows that Masha expects the same from him.

These rules of behavior have been developing over decades and are constantly changing. If someone blows their nose on our train, they will not look at him with disapproval. But who knows, maybe in a few years the sound of sniffing in public places will be considered inappropriate, as it is today in Japan.

Formation of emotional attitude

The formation of an emotional attitude towards a communication partner depends on the following factors:

Properties of the object of perception (perceived person), his image:
socio-psychological qualities (level of education, social status, etc.),
manner of behavior;
Properties of the subject of perception (perceiving person):
intelligence (people with low intelligence tend to have a positive attitude towards others),
the state of the subject of perception (the worse the state, the higher the tendency to have a negative attitude towards others);
Correlation between the properties of the subject and object of perception (depends on the content of specific personal qualities):
The principle of difference: acts according to certain personality traits, for example, a powerful person will like a pliable person, and vice versa.
Nature of interaction . Sympathy arises in response to the positive attitude of the communication partner, i.e. sympathy is promoted by cooperation and discouraged by competition.

What is the halo effect

Sometimes we give a certain general impression. These are properties in which everything else is eclipsed. The car is a good example of this. If someone, for example, a former classmate, arrives in a great car, the thought immediately arises:

- Hey, she's successful. She has money.

People may also judge someone who wears a business suit very differently from someone who always wears jeans. Here, too, you can be very wrong. Just listen to stories from car sellers who judge buyers in the same way - by their appearance. This is how pure subjectivity manifests itself in perception.

The buyer comes in a great suit and looks at an expensive car. The seller sees this. He thinks the client has money, of course he can afford an expensive car. Then another buyer comes along, casual and casual, looking at the same car, but the seller immediately evaluates him differently. Are you familiar with such stories?

What factors influence perception

Generally speaking, the fact that people perceive and judge differently is because they never perceive each other regardless of context. And, of course, this context looks different for each person. It is formed by such individual (life) factors as origin and upbringing, personality, experience, knowledge and habits. It also depends on how strong the corresponding sensory impression is.

Everyone has their own individual stimulus threshold, higher or lower. Someone who lives in a lonely house in the forest is much more sensitive to the noise, bustle and city life than someone who lives on the crossroads of a big city.

The latter, for example, will hear the loud horn of a passing truck, but will not even notice the rustle of many other vehicles - and in general he will have few problems, for example, he is able to sit in a street cafe, enjoy coffee and chat with someone, despite the noisy environment to have fun. On the other hand, a forest dweller perceives road noise as serious stress.

Photo by KoolShooters: Pexels

In addition, likes and dislikes and interests play an important role in assessing perception - a musicologist is sure to listen to 12-tone music with great pleasure, while a musically less educated, "simple" music listener is likely to find it terrible.

This is the essence of the process of perception. It varies so much from person to person that it is virtually impossible to connect equally well with everyone.

Observation and observation

Observation

- This is an arbitrary, planned, deliberate perception undertaken for a specific purpose. A person does not perceive everything that he sees, but highlights what is necessary for him. The main condition for successful observation is clarity of the task, then preparedness and active thinking.

Observation

- not an end in itself, but a means of obtaining the information a person needs. Observation begins with the correct formulation of the problem and a plan is drawn up. The main thing in observation is systematicity, and it is important to be able to navigate the world around you.

Observation

- this is the ability to notice subtle, but very important (details, signs, properties) in objects and phenomena.

High development of observation skills

presupposes curiosity, the desire to learn new things, to delve deeply into the world around us, and a readiness to perceive what is needed for certain purposes.

Development of observation skills

It is simply necessary for the comprehensive development of personality, and it can only develop simultaneously with the development of memory and thinking.

Now, finally, we have led our baby through the world of sensations and perceptions, he is already ready for further knowledge of the world, now for comprehensive development it is necessary to work on his memory and thinking.

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