Origin and meaning of the term psychology. Scientific and everyday psychological knowledge. Presentation

In the dictionary D.N. Ushakova

PSYCHOLOGY, psychology, many others. no, female (·Greek psyche - soul and logos - teaching) (book). 1. Science that studies mental processes that arise as a result of the constant influence of the objective world and the social environment on humans (and animals). Experimental psychology. Animal psychology. 2. The set of mental processes that determine this or that type of activity. Psychology of creativity. Psychology of acting. 3. Psyche, mental structure, a set of mental inclinations and habits. A person with an unusually complex psychology. Child psychology.

The meaning of the word "psychology"

In the Encyclopedia Dictionary

(from psychology... and...logy), the science of the patterns, mechanisms and facts of the mental life of humans and animals. The main theme of psychological thought in antiquity and the Middle Ages is the problem of the soul (Aristotle, “On the Soul”, etc.). In the 17th-18th centuries. On the basis of mechanistic philosophy, a deterministic approach to the psyche emerges. All R. 19th century At the intersection with physiology, experimental psychology (psychophysics, psychophysiology, etc.) arises. In the 1870-80s. is emerging as an independent discipline, distinct from philosophy and physiology. In line with the ideas of neo-Kantianism, a dualistic concept of “two psychologies” arose - natural scientific and cultural-historical (see Understanding Psychology). The main trends in psychology of the 20th century. — Gestalt psychology, behaviorism, psychoanalysis; in the beginning. 1960s Humanistic psychology and cognitive psychology have developed (mainly in the USA). Branches of psychology: psychophysiology, zoopsychology and comparative psychology, social psychology, child psychology and educational psychology, developmental psychology, occupational psychology, creativity psychology, medical psychology, pathopsychology, neuropsychology, engineering psychology, psycholinguistics, ethnopsychology, etc.

History of ideas about the subject of psychology

The history of psychology goes back more than two thousand years. In the historical development of psychology, there are 4 main periods that correspond to changes in ideas about its subject:

First. Psychology as the science of the soul. Originated in the ancient world. Ancient thinkers tried to explain certain phenomena in human life by the existence of the soul.

Second. Psychology as the science of consciousness. Appeared in the 17th century. The subject of psychology was considered to be the facts of consciousness, and the main method of research was introspection (self-observation).

Third. Psychology as a science of behavior. It arose at the beginning of the 20th century. The subject of psychology was considered to be facts of behavior, i.e. something that can be directly observed both under normal conditions and in laboratory experiments.

Fourth. Psychology as a science about facts, patterns and mechanisms of the psyche. This is a modern understanding of the subject of psychology and it was formed in the mid-late 20th century.

A widely accepted view is to divide the history of psychology into two main periods:

1. The first period is from antiquity to the second half of the 19th century. This is the so-called “pre-experimental” period in the development of psychology, when psychology was considered a branch of philosophy, and its main method was the method of introspection (self-observation). The main subject of psychology was considered to be the facts of consciousness.
2. The second period is from the second half of the 19th century to the present. The beginning of this period is considered to be 1879, when Wilhelm Wundt opened the first experimental psychology laboratory in Leipzig. Therefore, this period is also called “experimental”. Behavior began to be considered the main subject of psychology during this period.

Similar words

Psychologist Psychologist Psychologism Psychological Psychological Psychological Psychological Labor Psychology Psychologize Children's Psychology Psychologization Psychological Psychology of Aging Depth Psychology Social Psychology Psychological School Engineering Psychology Developmental Psychology Aviation Psychology Space Psychology Medical Psychological Journal Psycho Institute of RAS “objective” psychology Psychological profile Associative psychology Analytical psychology Psychological school of law Adler's individual psychology

Psychology of words

Women's magazine » Psychology of women
Everyone knows the popular proverbs: “A word is not a sparrow; if it flies out, you cannot catch it” or “You can kill with a word” and many others. As a rule, folk wisdom is always right

So here, the importance of the spoken word, its specificity, sound and vibrations were studied not only by philologists, but also by physicists, mathematicians, chemists, doctors and, of course, psychologists

Non-traditional sciences and extrasensory specialists, priests, metaphysicians, hypnotists, etc. also took part in similar experiments. And they all came to one common opinion: “The word is great power.” All words contain a certain amount of information and emotional connotation, so they can affect both positively and negatively.

So how can a word affect a person’s psyche? What is more important: what to say or how to say it? There was such a case in psychological practice. A fairly mature woman, who had already established herself as an individual, as the wife of a successful businessman and the mother of a small child, asked for help. The fact is that it was difficult for her to find a common language with others.

From a very early age we hear words. It is not surprising that each word contains a huge amount of information. But these combinations of letters have another specific feature - an emotional connotation. Remember those words that make you feel good in your soul, make you want to smile, and pleasant associations arise.

But there are also those that cause sadness, aggression, and sometimes despair. Now let's go back to the example. In a conversation with a woman, the psychologist noted that the content of her story in itself may not carry anything bad.

But what words did she use to describe her life situation! While narrating the situations, too many words with a negative emotional connotation and words with the particle “not” were heard. In addition, she very often used exaggeration in her speech. For example, words such as “I hate”, “I would kill”, “I want to destroy” were constantly heard.

It is not surprising that nearby people begin to have headaches or develop a general unpleasant state of health. Children and overly emotional people can be especially sensitive to this. You can and should watch what words you use. The easiest way: record your long conversations (telephone, with friends, partner or child) several times on a voice recorder.

After listening to the recordings, pay attention to the connotation of the word (positive or negative), which words you repeat more often and write them down. And then it’s hard but productive work

Try to reformulate every word you hear and record into one that does not differ in content, but is psychologically opposite in form. It's very simple.

For example, instead of the words “don’t be sick” you can say “be healthy”, the words “catastrophe” or “problem” can be replaced with “difficult situation”. So, gradually, you will be able to compile a whole list of words that are in your vocabulary and “spoil” your conversation. Let's say more, incorrectly chosen, thoughtless words can greatly influence the interlocutor.

Ask your loved ones to help you and correct you at the right time. When you want to use an “old negative” word in a conversation, remember its “positive replacement” and pronounce it. Gradually you will succeed

What happened to the woman from the example? While working with a psychologist, she managed to learn to pay attention not only to the essence of the conversation, but also to its form of construction. Now this woman enjoys communicating with family and friends

She also noticed that her relationship with her son and husband had become closer.

Everyone can improve their speech, you just need to work a little on yourself. Enjoy your communication!

Discussions on the forum

:

Good:

Good article. Thank you!

from: Alexander ():

Tell me, where can I read such literature in more detail?

Peter:

nothing new, in the Bible and in more detail and with practical examples.

Sergeevna:

I really liked the article. I read straight into every word and thought about it. I became very interested. I would also like to know where I can read more information on this topic.

Nikolay:

Useless article. Not particularly useful in practice.

Alexander:

Nikolay, you need to replace the phrase “useless article” with “the article does not suit me”, the phrase “not particularly useful in practice” with “it’s difficult for me to understand what this article is saying.”

— Developmental Psychology (Clinical-Children’s) —

Includes psychological changes that occur throughout life, from birth to death, although this area of ​​psychology originally focused primarily on infancy and childhood. The field of developmental psychology covers psychological factors that change throughout life, such as motor skills, problem solving, language acquisition, and human identity formation, among others.

Developmental psychologists may study how mental structures influence learning and how environmental factors influence the development or evolution of human characteristics. On a larger scale it

attempts to explain changes in cultures or populations over time.

Developmental psychologists' research has far-reaching implications, including topics such as:

• Neurobiological development
• Emotional and social development
• Cognitive-intellectual development
• Language acquisition
• Developmental psychologists often work in academic institutions, clinics, schools, and hospitals.

— Forensic psychology —

One of the fastest growing areas of psychology. It involves the application of psychological principles to criminal investigation and the law. Forensic psychologists practice their craft in criminal and civil courts, working alongside attorneys, offenders, families and witnesses, as well as in rehabilitation centers, jails and prisons, and police departments.

Forensic psychologists may also focus their work on research, working in colleges, universities, and government agencies where they study the interaction of human behavior in criminology and the legal system.

The work of forensic psychologists often includes:

• Testifying in court
• Conducting psychological assessments
• Compliance with judicial assessment orders
• Attention to the mental health needs of pupils (screening, therapy groups, inpatient tours, etc.)
• Consultation with prison staff, prisoners, court systems and lawyers
• Providing consulting or crisis management services to police departments

Psychiatry

— A.B. Smulevich. Glossary of terms (depression in general medicine). M.: Medical Information Agency, 2001

— V.M. Bleikher, I.V. Crook. Explanatory Dictionary of Psychiatric Terms, 1995

— Glossary, Clinical psychology: Educational method, complex for teachers and students of psychology departments / V. N. Kosyrev; 2003

— Glossary. DSM-5 Psychological Terms and Definitions. American psychiatric association

— Zhmurov V.A. Great Encyclopedia of Psychiatry, 2nd ed., 2012

— Classification of mental disorders ICD-10. Research diagnostic criteria

— Classification of mental disorders ICD-10. Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines

- Clinical psychology. Dictionary, ed. N.D. Tvorogova. Psychological Lexicon

— Brief dictionary of psychiatry, 2002

— L. Balabanova. Forensic pathopsychology (terms of the book), Stalker Publishing House, 1998. - 432 pp.

— R. Comer. General psychology: glossary

— Dictionary of psychiatric terms (psychiatry.ru)

— Directory of neurologist and psychiatrist Ed. Grashchenkov, N.I.Snezhnevsky, A.V., 1965

— T.B. Fadeeva. Mental and nervous diseases: a doctor's reference book. Mn.: Modern writer, 2002

— Terminological glossary of the main terms of dynamic psychiatry Ed. V.A. Shapovalova

- Clinical psychology -

Combines science and theory with practice. Psychology at the clinical level involves the application of scientific findings in an attempt to understand, predict and alleviate suffering or dysfunction among patients in order to promote their well-being and personal development. It studies all aspects of human activity, including biological, psychological, intellectual, emotional and behavioral aspects and factors.

It includes psychological assessment and psychotherapy, although clinicians may also provide expertise in forensic testimony, research and teaching, among other things.

The work of clinical psychologists includes:

• Consideration of any number of diagnoses and interventions in a person's life
• Understanding psychopathology and mental health across the lifespan
• Assessing patients by integrating data with standardized assessment measures
• Consultations with professionals in the field of psychopathology
• Participation in research and review of scientific evidence and psychological research

— Labor Psychology (Industrial-Organizational) —

Professional psychology

(often called industrial-organizational psychology) studies how organizations function and how people in those organizations behave and work. The ultimate goal of occupational psychology is to ensure optimal performance and satisfaction of workers or groups of workers.

Professional psychologists usually provide their services to large companies or organizations. Company owners and high-level administrators often seek the help of professional psychologists, usually as consultants, to solve specific or general problems related to employee retention, company morale, or overall performance.

Business leaders can seek help on any number of pressing business issues, such as organizational development or leadership training, or they can draw on the expertise of professional psychologists during periods of change, such as a merger or acquisition.