Socio-psychological characteristics of the individual, group, family

Family socio-psychological characteristics

The concept of “personal social and psychological characteristics” is also applicable to a certain group, collective of people, or even a social unit, for example, a family.
It should be noted that the concept of family implies not only a generally accepted unit of a cell in modern society, but also the most ancient institution in human history

Throughout its existence, regardless of the historical era, national, political and cultural characteristics of society, the family in it goes through a certain series of stages: this is the initial formation of the family, through marriage between the future father and mother, the subsequent birth of the first child, followed by the birth of the last child and therefore the marriage of the last of the children. There is also a separate stage, often called the “empty nest” stage, which is characterized by the death of one of the spouses.

It goes without saying that family socio-psychological characteristics directly depend on the relationship between spouses, that is, the elders in the family. Of secondary importance is the peculiarity of their interactions with children, as well as the spouses’ parents, their close relatives and friends. In this case, the dominant role is played by the process of communication, as the main and unique method of information exchange. The atmosphere in the family and the relationship between husband and wife depend on the specifics of communication.

The following series of functions are identified that a full-fledged family should perform:

An educational function that is based on the processes of socialization of the younger generation and instilling in them certain cultural and moral principles and values.
A household and economic function, which is to most effectively maintain the health of all family members as a unit of society. Also in this case, care for children or elderly, sick people is considered.
The economic function is the adequate use of financial and material resources, their distribution and support of disadvantaged, old or minor family members. Spiritual function. It implies spiritually rich communication, cultural development of all family members.
A status or social function, which is based on the acceptance by all family members of certain traditional social statuses regarding their position in the family or society.
Emotional. This function includes the need to provide any psychological or sensory support to any of the family members. Responsibility for the psychological well-being of each participant.
Leisure function. Formation and regulation of free time for all family members. Joint recreation and free entertainment.

Personality Research in Social Psychology

Item:	Social Psychology
Kind of work:	Essay
Language:	Russian
Date added:	11.04.2019

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Introduction:

Personality is a basic category of psychological science; it is the main stage in human society. Man, as a super-complex being, lives in an infinite number of worlds.

Social psychologist Jurgen Habermas proposed to identify the following as the main worlds:

The external world, the social world (our world is a world in which other people exist along with me);
Inner world (my world, my individuality, the uniqueness of my life path).

The very inclusion of a person in the social world is formed on his awareness and mastery of the system of subject-object relations existing in this world.

The subjective psychological relationships of an individual to the world around him form his most important awareness as a person. After all, the existence of a person in the social and external world is his activity. In activity, personality is realized, formed, expressed, and tries to stand out. It is difficult to find any area of activity in which psychological knowledge and methods are not used so closely and are not associated with any need to take into account the integrity of the individual as a subject and at the same time an object of psychological impact and influence. In psychological practice, it is impossible to work with any one part of the personality, a separate process, without affecting the entire personality as a whole, without changing anything in the strategy of its relationships, motives and experiences.

The complexity and diversity of the personality phenomenon leads to the fact that in the field of personality psychology there exist together different theories that describe personality as nothing more than an integrated whole and at the same time explain the differences between people. In the numerous and quite diverse specific subjects of social psychology, there is some inconsistency in hypotheses about what place the problem of personality should take in this difficult science.

But the emphasis was placed precisely on the personality, on its socially meaningful characteristics, as well as on the formation of specific qualities in it as a result of social influence, and so on.

At the same time, some other position in the dispute was based on by no means the main object of research for social psychology - the individual, therefore the very idea of \u200b\u200bimplementing this special branch of psychological knowledge is to study the psychology of the group.

With such argumentation, it was most assumed, although this was not always emphasized openly, that the personality itself acts in this situation as a subject of study in general psychology, and the difference between social psychology and general psychology is carried out in a different focus of interest.

The essence of the concept of “personality” in social psychology

The concept of “personality” refers to most of the most vague and rather controversial concepts in psychological science. As many theories of personality as there are, there are as many definitions and opinions of psychologists on this matter. We will look at several definitions of personality that have been given by leading experts in the field of social psychology.

So, B.G. Ananyev noted that a person is, first of all, a contemporary of a certain era, and this determines many of its socio-psychological properties. Among such sets, he included a person’s belonging to a specific class, group, nationality, profession and other parameters.

L.I. Antsyferova in her reasoning defines personality as a way of being of a person in society, in specific historical conditions, it is an individual form of existence and development of social connections and relationships.

However, all psychologists agree with the statement that a person is not born, but becomes, and for this a person must make considerable efforts. First, he will have to master speech, and then, with its direct help, many motor, intellectual, and sociocultural skills.

Personality is considered by scientists as the result of the socialization of an individual who has mastered the traditions and system of value orientations developed long ago, at the initial stages, by humanity. The more a person was able to perceive, understand and assimilate information and experience in the process of socialization, the more developed a person he is in the future.

The general interest of many sciences in the studied problem of personality is very important, since it can only be solved through the joint efforts of all scientific disciplines that are relevant to the matter. Only the combination of these efforts determines an integrated approach to the study of personality, and this is possible only with a fairly precise definition of the search area for each of the disciplines involved in solving the problem.

Differences in the interpretation of the concept of personality also relate to other aspects of the problem, but most of all to ideas about the structure and essence of personality. Psychologists have offered several reasonable explanations for the ways in which personality can be characterized.

Each of them corresponds to its own specific idea of the essence of personality. The least agreement exists on the issue of the dispute over the inclusion or non-inclusion of individual psychological characteristics in a person.

The answer to this question varies among different authors of hypotheses. As rightly noted by I.S. Kon, the polysemy of the concept of personality usually leads to the understanding of some as the personality of a certain subject of activity in the integrity of his individual properties and his social roles.

Others present this ambiguity somewhat differently, personality as a social property of an individual, as a set of socially significant traits integrated in him, formed in the direct and indirect interaction of a given person with other people and making him, in turn, a subject of work, cognition and communication .

Although the second approach is often considered more sociological. It is also present within general psychology as one of the poles of the discussion. The dispute here occurs precisely on the issue of the responsibility of the individual in psychology, and whether it should be considered primarily in this second meaning or in the strategy of this science the main thing is the based connection in the personality (and not just in a person) of socially significant traits and individual properties of a person.

In the process of writing the work and studying articles in search of information, in one of the generalizing works on personality psychology, which provide knowledge of the first approach, it was proposed to distinguish three formations in personality - mental processes, mental states and mental properties. Within the framework of the integrative approach to personality, the set of characteristics and parameters taken into account is significantly expanded.

According to K.K. Platonov, these substructures differ in the proportion of social and biological contents. It is precisely by the choice of such substructures that general psychology differs from social psychology as a subject of analysis.

Thus, if general psychology focuses its attention on the first three substructures, then social psychology, in turn, according to this scheme, analyzes mainly the fourth substructure, since the social determination of personality in social science is presented precisely at the level of this substructure.

Now all that remains to the share of general psychology is the analysis of such characteristics as gender, age, temperament (which is reduced mainly to the biological substructure) and the properties of specific mental processes, such as memory, various emotions, experiences, thinking (which is reduced, as a rule, into the substructure of individual psychological traits). In a certain sense, this also includes social experience. Personality psychology itself in general psychology is simply not represented in such a scheme.

A fundamentally different approach to the issue was proposed by another research psychologist A.N. Leontyev. Before moving on to his characterization of personality structure, he begins to formulate some general premises for a thorough consideration of personality in psychology.

Their essence comes down to considering personality in inextricable connection with activity. The principle of activity in this case is consistently carried out in order to set the entire theoretical scheme for the study of personality. The main idea of the study is that a person’s personality is in no sense pre-existing in relation to his activity, just like his consciousness, it is generated by it.

Although formally this intricate scheme does not contain a sufficient list of points of the personality structure, in essence such a system is presented as a structure of traits of characteristics derived from the characteristics of activity. The idea of social determination is carried out in this case most consistently; personality, firstly, cannot be interpreted as an integration of merely biosomatic and psychophysiological characteristics.

However, if we turn to the very essence of this entire concept, to the understanding of the subject of psychology by A.N. Leontiev, then it becomes obvious that the approach of general psychology to the problem of personality is outlined, which is fundamentally different from traditional concepts.

The main difficulties of expressing a specific socio-psychological range of vision are just beginning. It would be quite easy to identify a number of his problems if the entire area of social determination of personality remained to his share. But such an approach would be appropriate (and, indeed, it has far from the last place) only in those structures of psychology where often only an initial consideration and explanation of the personality outside of its social connections is allowed.

Social psychology in such a structure begins at the place where these same social connections begin to be analyzed. With consistent implementation and study of the ideas that were formulated by famous research psychologists L.S. Vygotsky, S.L. Rubinstein, A.N. Leontyev, such an approach in this situation is simply unlawful. All branches of psychological science consider personality as given in its initial position in the system of social connections and relationships, then determined by them, and, moreover, acting precisely as an active subject of activity.

Features of the socio-psychological approach to understanding personality

The search for the specifics of the subject of social psychology of personality as a special scientific discipline was carried out by comparing general psychological, sociological and socio-psychological approaches to understanding personality. There are diverse points of view on the question of what is the specificity of the socio-psychological approach to the study of personality. These ideas are formulated most clearly by G.M. Andreeva, E.S. Kuzmin, B.D. Parygin, K, K. Platonov, E.V. Shorokhova.

So, according to G.M. Andreeva, social psychology uses the definition of personality given by general psychology, finds out how, i.e., first of all, in which specific groups the personality, on the one hand, assimilates social influences (through which of the systems of its activity), and, on the other sides, how, in what specific groups it realizes its social essence (through what specific types of joint activities).

In this regard, for social psychology, the main guideline in the study of personality is the relationship of the individual with the group (not just the individual in the group, but the result that is obtained from the relationship of the individual with a specific group). The main issues in this study are socialization and social attitude.

The definition of personality in the system of socio-psychological concepts given by K.K. seems quite general. Platonov. Pointing out that for a socio-psychological analysis of personality it is necessary to clearly distinguish between the concepts of personality, individual, individuality, he defines personality in this way. Personality is a person as a subject of active activity, transforming the world, and, consequently, a bearer of consciousness and self-awareness.

In this definition, the specificity of the socio-psychological aspect of personality is poorly visible.

In the textbook “Social Psychology,” ed. E.S. Kuzmina and V.E. Semenov argues that social psychology carries out a synthesis of sociological and general psychological approaches in the study of personality, integrating, on the basis of concrete scientific research data, the study of the structure of personality as an object and subject of the historical process, concrete social conditions and relationships.

The subject of social psychology of personality is the study of the subject type, the typology of the social subject as an individual, the study of historically and socially specific types of social activity, taken at the level of internal mental structure, motivation, value orientations, social attitudes and other dispositional formations.

The views of B.D. have undergone a certain evolution on the subject of social psychology of personality. Parygina. He argued that the specificity of the socio-psychological approach is to reveal the entire structural complexity of the personality, which is both an object and a subject of social relations and represents an organic unity of the social and biologically universal, specific and individually unique.

Later, the author considers it necessary to introduce new dimensions into the study of social psychology of personality. This addition is implemented in the statement that this study “assumes the correlation of all the mental strengths and capabilities of the individual, his spiritual and moral potential with his psychological readiness to give an adequate response to the challenge of the time. And this, in turn, is possible only in the conditions of the development of a new socio-psychological vision of ways to solve the eternally pressing problem of the individual, associated with his need for self-realization as a unique individuality, making his feasible contribution to the universal and national culture in the life, space and time allotted for it .

Certain ideas about what social psychology of personality studies are contained in the works of E.V. Shorokhova. Considering the basis of the socio-psychological understanding of personality to be the characteristics of the social type of personality as a specific formation, a product of social circumstances, its structure, the totality of role functions of the individual, their influence on public life, Shorokhova defines the subject of social psychology by listing the objects of socio-psychological research.

The main thing in this list is the factor of sociality, which exists and manifests itself in different forms.

Basic approaches to understanding personality in domestic social psychology

Views on socio-psychological problems of personality were formed by representatives of different schools and areas of Russian psychology. Let us dwell on a brief description of the main approaches to the development of social psychology of personality and the author’s concepts representing these approaches.

The founder of relationship psychology in Russia was A.F. Lazursky. According to Lazursky, attitude is a system-forming factor in the structure of personality. Characterizing personality as a complex whole, he divided its manifestations into two types: endopsychic and exopsychic. Endopsyche is the totality of all interconnected and interdependent mental elements and functions. This is the internal mechanism of the human personality.

The foundation of personality, according to Lazursky, are two types of relationships:

Relationships between the individual and the environment;
The relationship between its endo- and exopsychic manifestations.

These relationships go through different levels of development, and their relationships are different at different levels. Based on the parameters of these relationships, pure and mixed, transitional types of lower, middle and higher levels are distinguished. The direction of development is increasing the importance of exopsychic characteristics. General psychological characteristics will be mixed towards socio-psychological ones.

V. N. Myasishchev made a great contribution to the development of the concept of relationship psychology. The starting point for personality psychology, according to Myasishchev, is the characterization of the essence of man as an ensemble of social relations. Social relations exist in two forms, as objective relations and as subjective relations. The latter are also called personal relationships, psychological, internal, life relationships.

Reflecting objective social relations, these subjective relations characterize to the greatest extent the personality of each person. It is these internal relationships that actually constitute the core of personality.

A significant step in the development of the psychology of relationships and its application to the development of socio-psychological problems of personality is the concept of B.F. Lomova.

According to Lomov, to reveal the objective basis of a person’s mental properties, an analysis of the individual-society relationship is necessary.

In this system, social relations act as such a basis. The individual as a member of society is necessarily included (whether he is aware of it or not) in the system of social relations. Her motives, aspirations, attitudes, habits, likes and dislikes depend on what her objective attitude to production, exchange and consumption is, what civil rights she has, and how she is included in the political and ideological life of society. There are different ways to include specific individuals in different types of social relations. The degree of their implementation in the life of each individual also varies.

Lomov’s ideas about subjective relationships are of particular importance for the social psychology of personality. These relationships reflect how a person relates to certain events and phenomena of the world in which he lives. In this case, we are talking about value orientations, attachments, likes, dislikes, interests, etc., everything that expresses the subjective position of the individual, his bias, assessment of events and persons participating in them. Lomov considers subjective relations to be a generic concept in relation to such concepts as attitude, personal meaning, and attitude. In a number of cases, he calls these relationships subjective-personal relationships. The system of these relations constitutes a complex, multi-level, dynamic formation, which can be described as a multidimensional subjective space, each dimension of which corresponds to a certain subjective-personal attitude (toward labor, property, other people, political events, etc.).

Socio-psychological problems of personality from the standpoint of attitude theory

The founder of the Russian attitude theory is D. N. Uznadze. For the development of social psychology of personality, the central ideas of this theory are of great importance. The subject himself enters into active interaction with reality, and not individual acts of his mental activity.

The behavior and life activities of a subject arise from the presence of needs. To satisfy them, a certain situation is necessary. The presence of needs and situations causes a special state that characterizes his inclination, orientation, and readiness to perform certain actions. This state is the attitude. Uznadze characterizes an attitude as a modification of a living being, corresponding to the objective course of things, as a special state of the individual, its mode in specific conditions. This is a personal factor, the specific certainty of the individual at any given moment.

The ability to objectify contains a mechanism for going beyond the personal, into the sphere of another person. There is a transition from personality psychology to social psychology of personality.

This transition was successfully carried out by Sh. A. Nadirashvili. He supplemented the two-level characteristic of human mental activity given by Uznadze by introducing a third level. At the first level, the physical situation (specific sensory data of an object) is associated with life’s needs, and a set of practical behavior is formed. The final stage of this connection is practical behavior.

At the second level, the objectification of socially appropriate behavior is carried out. The need for knowledge arises. A system of intellectual operations, moral reasoning, and a problematic situation is created. An attitude of consciousness and evaluation is formed. The result of the second level behavior is the choice of an acceptable solution - theoretical activity.

At the third level, the situation is characterized by social reality in the broad sense of the word. The sphere of needs includes social needs, social attitudes, motivation processes, imaginary, acceptable behavior, and self-portrait. The decision-making process based on these psychological formations leads to the formation of a set of social behavior. The final link in the implementation of mental activity at this level is social behavior.

The ideas developed at Uznadze’s school served as the starting points for the creation of V.A.’s dispositional concept of regulation of personal behavior. Yadova. Yadov identified dispositional-attitude phenomena as a system-forming feature or relationship in the system of internal regulation of human social behavior. Taking as a basis Uznadze’s position that an attitude is a holistic personal state of readiness, a disposition to behave in a given situation in order to satisfy a specific need, Yadov analyzed all the components of this system. In Uznadze’s triad, situation-need-attitude, Yadov replaced the concept of attitude with the concept of disposition. All three components of this system are hierarchical formations.

Dispositions, according to Yadov, represent various states of a person’s predisposition or preparedness to perceive the conditions of activity (situations), his behavioral readiness that directs his activity.

The characteristic of a hierarchical system of dispositions occupies a central place in Yadov’s concept. He identified four levels of this hierarchy. These levels differ from each other in their different composition of activity conditions, needs and attitudes and in the different ratio of these elements in them. So, at the first, lower level, the situations (conditions of activity) are the simplest.

Needs - basic, vital (vital needs). Under these conditions, a system of fixed attitudes is formed (according to Uznadze); at this level there is still no situation or needs. Behavioral readiness for action is fixed by previous experience.

An integrated approach to the study of personality

An integrated approach is one of the methodological foundations of social psychology of personality. It was formulated and implemented by B. G. Ananyev.

Analyzing the features of modern scientific knowledge about man, Ananyev noted that the problem of man is becoming a general problem of all science as a whole. Psychology plays a large role in the complex of human sciences. It accounts for the study of man as an individual, personality and his life path, man as a subject. The severity of the socio-psychological component increases from the study of a person as an individual to the study of him as a subject.

New socio-psychological ideas about personality are presented by a systematic approach formulated and developed by B.F. Lomov.

Using the existing division of qualities in science into material-structural, functional and systemic, Lomov believes that in the study of the psyche, not only functional characteristics are revealed, but also a mode of systemic quality.

The basis of human qualities is the social system. In this system there are all connections and relationships of a person with other people and their communities, providing the necessary conditions for his existence and development. A person is a component of a social system. His belonging to this system determines the social qualities of a person. These qualities express his generic essence.

From the perspective of a systems approach, the task of scientific research is to reveal the laws of the formation of the whole, the laws of the structure of the whole, the laws of the development of the whole, the relations of the system with other systems, and the interaction of the system with the outside world.

Social and psychological ideas about personality from the position of the subject-activity approach are contained in the works of S. L. Rubinstein.

As K.A. rightly points out. Abulkhanov, the single logical basis, the main idea, the main direction of the internal connections of his philosophical and psychological concept is the idea of the subject.

Having expressed a cardinal position about the inclusion of man in the composition of being, Rubinstein considers subjectivity to be the most important mechanism of this inclusion. A person’s relationship with the world takes place in different forms - cognitive, active and relational. The latter is the relationship of a person to another person.

All these forms of relationships that make up the essence of the subject take shape in activity.

The development and specification of the subject-activity approach is contained in the works of K.A. Abulkhanova. Abulkhanova’s contribution to the development of socio-psychological problems of personality lies in the “development” of the main categories of this approach.

In Abulkhanova’s concept, the category of activity is presented in a new way. The activity itself acts as a form of activity existence. The subject-activity approach itself is transformed into an active-subject approach. Activity is the main object of research as an attribute of personality. Activity is defined as vitally functional higher abilities that provide (or not) the opportunity to be a subject.

It was developed by A.N. Leontiev and was one of the methodological principles of Russian social psychology of personality. Leontiev considered the key to a truly scientific understanding of personality to be the study of the process of generation and transformation of a person’s personality in his activities taking place in specific social conditions.

Activity gives rise to all mental phenomena, qualities, characteristics, processes and states. Unlike the individual, personality is in no sense prior to his activity, just like his consciousness, it is generated by it.

The basis of ideas about personality is the doctrine of activity, its structure, its development and its transformations, its various types and forms. Of all these varieties, objective activity stands out as the main one. The initial units of psychological analysis of personality are the activities of the subject, and not actions, not operations, not psychophysiological functions or blocks of these functions.

The most complete implementation of the activity approach in the social psychology of personality is presented in the concept of activity-based mediation of interpersonal relationships, developed by A. V. Petrovsky.

The socio-psychological emphasis of this concept is that the fundamental categories in it are personality, activity and collective. The importance of these categories is expressed in the title of his book “Personality. Activities of the Team.

The essence of the concept of activity mediation comes down to the following. Interpersonal relationships in a group are mediated by the content and values of the group. The specification of activity, considered from the standpoint of the activity approach, in Petrovsky’s concept is determined by the fact that this activity is joint, socially determined.

Social and psychological phenomena in a group are determined by the content of this activity, the multi-level structure of group activity, and the level of development of groups. The vector of this development is from a diffuse group to the development of a team, which is a group where interpersonal relationships are mediated by the socially valuable and personally significant content of joint activities.

Petrovsky and his students analyzed in detail a large set of socio-psychological phenomena - the motivational core of choice in interpersonal relationships, self-reference, well-being of an individual in a group, well-being of a group, self-esteem, expected assessment, leadership, collectivistic identification, cohesion, value-orientation unity, compatibility, the phenomenon of attribution responsibility. The subjects of all these phenomena are the group and the individual.

There is a wide variety of personality theories in which the principle of structure occupies a large place. At the same time, various aspects of the structure are brought to the fore, its different sides are considered. In a number of theories, decisive importance is attached to one factor of combining different aspects and elements into a single entity. For social psychology, the views of social psychologists are of great importance - A.G. Kovaleva, K.K. Platonova, B.D. Parygina - on the structure of personality.

These concepts lay the foundations for a holistic understanding of personality in its specific quality as a subject of social psychology, and define the socio-psychological qualities of personality.

A.G. Kovalev proposed to distinguish three formations in personality: mental processes, mental states and mental properties. These formations are dynamic and interconnected. Mental processes are extremely dynamic, states are less dynamic, and the mental properties of the individual are stable. Mental processes form the foundation of personality. They form states. Mental properties are formed from mental processes. Properties characterize a stable, constant level of activity, ensuring the best adaptation of the individual to external influences.

A more detailed and detailed description of the personality structure is contained in the works of K.K. Platonov. He calls his concept the psychological concept of the dynamic functional structure of personality. Central to this concept are the concepts of personality, psychological structure, dynamic structure, elements of structure, substructures, hierarchy of substructures, personality properties, consciousness, and activity.

A significant advancement of the structural-dynamic approach to the study of personality is contained in the concept of B.D. Parygina. He set out to analyze the socio-psychological structure of personality. What is new in his ideas is the identification of two qualitatively different models of personality structure; static and dynamic.

He assigns a special role in the structure of personality to the emotional factor. A new concept is introduced - mental attitude. By static structure, Parygin understands an abstract model that is extremely abstract from the actually functioning personality and characterizes the main aspects, layers or components of the individual’s psyche.

All models currently coexist.

Conclusion

The work examined issues related to the study of the specifics of the study of personality in social psychology, in particular, the emerging contradictions in interpretations of personality were touched upon. An attempt was made to understand and study personality as a new psychological formation that is formed in the life relationships of an individual as a result of the transformation of his activities.

In the system of interpersonal relationships and joint activities, in social space, a person can realize himself, therefore it is very important that these relationships and joint activities produce good results. In full-fledged joint activity there is always a place for psychological and social contact between people and groups.

The work carried out showed that it is possible to use various interesting techniques for studying teams and individuals in a team.

Character as a psychological characteristic of personality

Definition 3

Character is a complex of stable personality traits that characterize a person’s attitude towards himself and the people around him; it is formed and strengthened under the influence of life circumstances, a person’s upbringing style and behavior.

The character of a person depends on the goals that give direction to his activities.

Orientation is a selective attitude towards reality that defines a person and influences his activities.

Attentiveness is considered a mental characteristic of orientation. Attentiveness is revealed in both involuntary and voluntary attention

When a person concentrates attention on many things, then this is involuntary attentiveness. Conscious, intentional attentiveness is an indicator of such significant strong-willed character traits as perseverance and endurance

A personality trait is a stable and unchanging pattern of behavior. They are divided into:

leading traits that determine the manifestation of personality;
secondary ones, which are subordinate to the leading ones or are not always detected, are less manifested.

It is the leading character traits that characterize a person’s activity and attitude towards assessing the world around him. Yet not every attitude that a person expresses speaks volumes about his character.

It is necessary to take into account circumstances and willpower when a person decides what reaction to show.

Character

Character is a complex of acquired personality traits. Don’t believe those who say: “That’s my character” or “We don’t get along.” Unlike temperament, character can be changed.

First, let's define the concept. Character is a complex of stable personality properties that determine a person’s behavior and reactions and his attitude towards other people and himself. Now let's look at several character classifications.

Classifications

S. Freud, within the framework of his theory of psychosexual personality development, identified the following types of character:

Oral. This is an irritable person prone to overeating, alcohol abuse, smoking and other addictions. Among people of this type there are representatives of two subspecies: passive-oral and oral-aggressive. The first are distinguished by naivety, suggestibility, and knowledge. The latter are characterized by cynicism, often show aggression, crave power, and tend to manipulate people.
Anal. These are overly pedantic, secretive people prone to hoarding. As with the oral character, there are two subtypes: anal-retentive and anal-thrust. People of the first type are distinguished by greed and stubbornness. People of the second type are characterized by emotional instability and an aggressive desire for leadership.
Phallic. People of this type try to demonstrate their masculinity/femininity as much as possible in everything. And not in the best forms: impudence, bitchiness, depravity. These are people of extremes. They either hate themselves or they adore them; or remain faithful, or regularly engage in casual relationships; or are overly cautious, or lead a wild and dangerous lifestyle, etc.
Genital. According to Freud, this is the optimal, healthy type of character. He is characterized by a high level of stress resistance, developed adaptive abilities, sociability, openness, and activity. Such people achieve success in all areas of life and know how to win people over.

Another psychoanalyst, Alexander Lowen, named these types of characters:

Oral. These are people who depend on other people's opinions and are afraid of being rejected and abandoned. Every minute they demand attention to themselves, waiting for words of love. However, they do not know how to give off heat.
Masochistic. These are secretive, distrustful and vindictive people, prone to self-punishment and self-flagellation. They are used to playing the role of a victim and suffering. Those who find themselves next to them become unwitting participants in some kind of drama.
Hysterical. These are very artistic people. They do not live, but play on stage. Their every word, reaction, gesture is clearly verified and rehearsed. However, excessive emotionality prevents you from making and implementing long-term plans. Such people need emotions, so they constantly get into some kind of trouble, become participants or instigators of scandals and fights.
Narcissistic. These are people who are guided solely by personal interests. People for them are tools, a means to achieve personal goals. A narcissist does not know how to empathize or sympathize. He asserts himself at the expense of others. He cannot stand loneliness, as he needs to see, hear and feel admiration for himself.
Schizoid. People who live in their own world. Outwardly it seems that they are cold, callous, indifferent. But that's not true. Passions boil in the inner world of a schizoid; he knows how to love and get carried away by something. But he does not tolerate “water” or anything superficial. Carefully chooses friends, hobbies, and work.

I believe you have noticed that characters get their names from a set of individual, leading qualities. Therefore, sometimes character types are called accentuation types. But let's look at this separately.

Note! There are no bad or good characters. Each person has their own advantages and disadvantages.

Accentuations

Accentuations are sharpened character traits. That is, this is some kind of disharmony, in which some features are weakly expressed, while others are overdeveloped.

In psychology, it is customary to focus on the typology of accentuations proposed by A.E. Lichko:

Hyperthymic type. These are resourceful, active and sociable people. They will make their way everywhere, however, problems arise with long-term planning. Risk-prone, rarely think about the consequences of their actions.
Cycloid type. The life of such people consists of cycles: sometimes a good mood, sometimes a bad one, activity is replaced by passivity, a period of increased performance turns into a period of loss of strength, etc. If you communicate with this person occasionally, you may get the impression that you are dealing with different people. One phase of the cycle lasts 2–4 weeks.
Labile type. Unpredictable and emotionally unstable type. Your attitude towards yourself, other people and the world is directly related to your mood. Increased sensitivity to external stimuli is noticeable.
Asthenoneurotic type. An anxious, capricious, lethargic type, prone to hypochondria - excessive preoccupation with one's own health. Such people quickly get tired of work, communication and other activities.
Sensitive type. These are sensitive and impressionable people. They prefer solitude, calm and quiet games, and “one-on-one” hobbies. In the presence of close people they behave relaxed, but in a circle of unfamiliar people they are reserved and indecisive.
Psychasthenic type. These are anxious, suspicious, indecisive people, prone to philosophizing. They get tired quickly and suffer from mood swings. They often withdraw into themselves.
Schizoid type. These people build an invisible wall between themselves and the world. They do not express the need for social contacts; they are happy alone. These are stubborn and purposeful people who do not like to pour water. The essence of things is important to them, not the form. Actions are preferred to words.
Epileptoid type. This is a passive, inflexible type who is prone to affective outbursts. Moreover, in this case, the affect lasts quite a long time – up to several days. All this time the person is in a depressed mood and is looking for someone to take his anger out on. Epileptoids can be dangerous to others and are capable of violence during an outbreak.
Hysterical type. Such people are characterized by egocentrism. They are indifferent to the problems and interests of others and crave constant attention to themselves. Prone to manipulation and blackmail, including demonstrative attempts at suicide.
Unstable type. People of this type do not like to work, they try to escape from reality and responsibility into the world of entertainment and games. They cannot be alone. In companies they occupy the position of slaves.
Conformal type. People of this type are afraid of novelty and do not perceive it in any form. They become attached to things, people, work, order, etc. They take a long time to get used to a new environment and have difficulty adapting to any changes in life. In a group, people are more likely to be followers than leaders.

You may have been confused by some of the names, as they are very similar to the names of mental disorders. Don't be alarmed. Accentuation is not a pathology. However, it cannot be considered normal either. This is a borderline state between the norm (a harmonious character in which all traits are balanced and compensate for each other) and pathology (psychopathy). Accentuations need to be monitored and, if possible, corrected, since under the influence of unfavorable factors they can turn into pathology.

Structure

Character structure is a group of leading traits. There is no generally accepted classification in psychology, but the following character structure can be roughly distinguished:

emotional traits - cheerfulness or gloominess, sensitivity or callousness;
volitional traits - decisiveness and indecisiveness, independence and dependence, initiative and passivity;/li>
moral traits - kindness and cruelty, responsiveness and indifference, sincerity and deceit;
intellectual traits - curiosity or indifference, intelligence or dullness, resourcefulness or confusion.

In everyday life, there are many unofficial names for characters: weak-willed (a rag), steely-willed (a man with a core), no character (a “neither fish nor fowl” person). All this has to do with character structure. That is, those around you notice which group of traits is expressed more strongly or weakly and, based on this, they give the name to the entire character. For example, the core refers to developed volitional qualities.

Classification

Social and psychological phenomena of social psychology and their manifestations depend on many things. From the communities, small and large groups in which they arise.

Also on their type. Communities can be both organized and unorganized. The phenomena that arise in them are called mass-like (this will be discussed below), and the behavior is called spontaneous.

The class of psychological phenomena also matters. Phenomena can be rationally meaningful (opinion, belief, values), emotionally ordered (mood, social feelings), functioning in certain conditions (for example, in extreme or conflict situations). And of course, they can be both conscious and unconscious.

Abilities as individual psychological characteristics of a person

Definition 4

Abilities are individual psychological qualities that distinguish one person from another and are related to the effectiveness of activities.

When talking about abilities, you need to keep the following in mind:

these are the characteristics that distinguish one person from another;
abilities serve the effective implementation of activities;
Abilities are characterized by the ability to transfer developed skills and abilities to a new situation.

Special abilities – abilities for established types of activities (abilities in mathematics, music, pedagogy, etc.).

General abilities are the ability to form special abilities.

Definition 5

Giftedness is a qualitatively specific combination of abilities, on which the possibility of achieving greater or lesser success in performing a particular activity depends.

The basis of abilities is made up of inclinations.

Note 3

Inclinations are natural prerequisites that seem to be a circumstance in the formation of abilities, not only in the sense that they give originality to the process of their formation, but also in the sense that, within certain limits, they can predetermine the content side and influence the degree of achievement.

The formation of abilities largely depends on the conditions that make it possible to realize inclinations.

Psychological analysis of personality

Character and personality manifestations are closely intertwined and in many ways similar.

Personality analysis is carried out on the basis of genetically determined traits.

For psychological analysis of personality, there is a clear and simple system that every person can apply in their life. This system is called psychogeometry. It was created in 1989 by Doctor of Psychology S. Dellinger. The system of psychological analysis of personality is quite accurate and makes it possible to classify a person as one of the personality types.

Figure 2. Psychogeometry. Author24 - online exchange of student work

Having understood psychogeometry and talked with a person, you can immediately determine his personality type, after which he becomes an open book for you.

Psychogeometry is based on five personality types, each type has its own geometric figure.

Figures should be ranked according to the degree of attractiveness for each person.

The first figure selected will represent the core personality figure. All the rest will be additional figures with halftones, and their significance will decrease. The last figure will remind you of itself when a person is upset about something. Moreover, not only one, but two figures can dominate, then the psychological type of personality will be combined.

Decoding of figures:

The square represents the solid and correct type; it is a tireless worker. People of this type are hardy and attentive to details, they observe order, rules and moral standards in everything. As a rule, they live according to a plan, they know how to organize themselves and others, so they can work as leaders, but, nevertheless, it is better when they work as executors. The conversation of these people is quiet, the speech is clear, logical and thorough. In clothes they prefer soft, restrained tones. The vital value of squares is stability, safety, reliability.

Discipline, punctuality, accuracy are strong qualities.

Weak qualities include dryness, pedantry, poor imagination, isolation, and stinginess. Squares make good accountants, analysts, inspectors, and local police officers.

The triangle is a symbol of leadership, the characteristic feature of which is the ability to concentrate on the main goal. These are energetic, strong individuals who set clear goals and achieve them. The need of triangles to always be right and decide not only for themselves, but also for other people. Their dominant attitude is victory, success. They are often categorical and have difficulty changing their decisions. The negative quality of triangles is strong egocentrism; they do not show particular scrupulousness when moving towards their goal. Their main life values are career, leadership, power, victory. They play the role of warrior and prophet.

Strengths: leadership, energy, rationality, courage, initiative.

Weak qualities include authority, self-confidence, selfishness, and categoricalness.

Rectangle . Rectangle people are in a state of transition and change. They are not satisfied with the lifestyle they lead now, so they are busy looking for something better. The main features of rectangles are inconsistency and unpredictability. Even within one day they can change greatly. Their self-esteem is low. They are gullible, suggestible, naive, so they can easily be manipulated. Rectangles are the owners of unclear, confused, uncertain speech. Their life values depend on external circumstances. In life, this is usually a weakling, a scapegoat, a bungler, a loser.

Strengths: readiness to change, sensitivity, gullibility, openness.

Weak qualities - spinelessness, uncertainty, unreliability.

Circle . The mythological symbol of harmony is the circle. Of all the five psychological forms, the circle is the most benevolent. This is the “glue” that holds both the team and the family together. Circles are the best listeners, therefore the best communicators. They feel other people's joy and pain as their own. They have high sensitivity, the ability to empathize and sympathize. The business sector is a weak point for them. Circles strive to ensure that everyone always gets along, so interpersonal conflict is difficult for them. During a conflict, the circles concede first. General well-being, comfort and helping people are their life values. The role assigned to them is that of a peacemaker, a homebody, a keeper of comfort.

Strengths: gentleness, delicacy, tolerance, sociability, kindness.

Weaknesses - passivity, conformism, sloppiness, indecisiveness, dependence on other people's opinions.

Zigzag . The zigzag is a symbol of creativity and creativity, so this figure is one of the rarest. This is a “right-brain” thinker. Zigzags have a well-developed aesthetic sense. Success is achieved not by concessions, but by a conflict of ideas, using natural wit. Quite sarcastic. They prefer independence at work and are focused on the future. Zigzag is the most enthusiastic and most excitable psychotype. They strive to tell the whole world their new idea. They are not restrained and expressive. Self-expression, risk, speed, creativity and novelty are their life values. They are assigned the role of an artist, an extreme sportsman, a heartthrob, a flighty type.

Strengths include wit, easy-going, and creativity.

Weak qualities - uncontrollability, unpredictability, excitability, unreliability, recklessness.

Social and psychological characteristics of the group

A person does not live separately from others. Sooner or later, he classifies himself as a member of a certain group - an association in which more than two people are united by interests, common goals, activities, motives, tasks, etc. A group is a single organism that includes individuals with their own socio-psychological characteristics . This, in turn, forms the characteristics of the group with its socio-psychological orientation.

Small groups play an important role in the life of every individual. Small groups are families, teams, friends, school classes or college groups. All of them include on average up to 30 people who are united by a common cause and goals, interests and views. Here there is a greater impact on each individual.

A group is a cell to which an individual is attached. One of its characteristics is the commonality on which people unite. Cohesion is the second socio-psychological characteristic.

The composition of a group is the qualitative composition, that is, the characteristics of its members. Size is the number of group members (that is, a quantitative characteristic).

In a group, two factors become important:

Communication – its culture, manners, language, etc.
The relationships between its members are morals and ethics, rules and norms.

Personality characteristics in psychology

The main way to characterize a personality is to refer to its traits or characteristics (qualities). A personality can only be described by indicating its characteristic features. Personality is a set of certain qualities that indicate value, independence, activity, consciousness and the ability to be a member of society. This is the view of S.L. Rubinstein, who proposed a complex of personality qualities (components). According to him, “subjective” traits, not “social” ones, i.e. interpersonal, belong to individuals.

Leontyev A.N. further narrowed the list of personality traits, emphasizing the central motivational area.

A clear contribution to the understanding of personality traits is personality trait theory. Allport G., Kettel R. and Eysenck G. are three leading researchers in the field of personality traits.

According to them, personality traits can be grouped by linking them to more general traits and emphasizing character traits, temperament, etc. To assess a personality, you need to know its seven sides: Abilities, temperament, character, orientation, social and professional competence, self-esteem.

Abilities, according to Allport G., Kettel R. and Eisenk G., are mental and physical qualities, in the expression of which, as well as with the right motivation and character, a person has high learning ability in one or more areas of life.

Abilities include:

ability to count;
verbal flexibility;
verbal perception;
spatial orientation;
memory;
ability to reason;
quick perception of similarities and differences.

Personal temperament is a balanced, harmonious psyche, a stable union of individual traits associated with its dynamic rather than substantive aspects. Temperament includes:

Individual pace and rhythm of mental processes;
degree of stability of emotions;
level of willpower.

Temperament is closely related to characteristics of increased nervous activity.

Character is the side of personality that is associated with power, the ability to mobilize the psyche, as well as with an established way of life, communication and behavior.

The following specific personality traits should be attributed to characteristic characteristics:

individual psychological equivalents of simple moral norms;
traits that provide a certain degree of direction, organization and orderliness of behavior;
traits indicating readiness to overcome difficulties, stability in difficult, critical situations and activities;
determination of a person’s social behavior, characteristics of his relationships with other people.

Personal orientation is an ordered structure of mental values, needs, expressed long-term goals, supported by views, beliefs and life principles. Some people are focused on creativity, others on consumption, others on creation, others on destruction, etc.

A person's social or professional competence is his willingness to live and act in society, to realize his life potential and to fulfill his responsibilities. Social competence consists of a person’s social intelligence, awareness of the laws of social life, knowledge and understanding of people, social skills, i.e. the ability to live in society, interact with people, find a common language and build close relationships. Social skills include:

Discipline;

respect for laws and administration;
the ability to obey authority;
acting as an organizer of joint actions.

Professional competence is the knowledge, skills and abilities necessary to function in a specific profession, i.e. realized abilities and professionally important characteristics.

Self-concept or self-awareness is a central characteristic of personality. Personality begins with self-awareness. It is the sum total of a person's perception of himself, all the things he thinks about himself, how he evaluates himself, and how all of this influences his behavior. This is a stable view of oneself in the present, past and future; seeing oneself as real and desirable.

Self-assessment includes:

cognitive;
emotional and evaluative;
motivational-behavioural.

The cognitive component is a deep knowledge of oneself, which is usually very stable and convincing, whether true or false; awareness of one’s actions, experiences and states; a visual representation of oneself in general or in specific situations, including how a person looks at himself through the eyes of others.

The emotional assessment component is, in essence, a person’s self-esteem, a sense of self-worth, as well as all experiences of one’s social status, successes and failures, traits and conditions.

The motivational-behavioral component is everything that determines a person’s behavior, for example, responsibility for one’s actions and feelings, the desire to act in accordance with ideas about the real or ideal self.

Concept and tasks

In modern psychology, the concept of “social group” is a collection of individuals who have similar features, perform the same type of activity, and perceive themselves as members of a community. The group has 3 main qualities:

mandatory interaction between participants;
unity of goals for which the group was created;
all members have a characteristic unique to this community.

Social psychology of groups studies the process of group formation, its types, structure and influence on the individual. The task of the industry is to assess and forecast the development of the group, identify the characteristics of interaction, and the main criteria. Throughout life, a person simultaneously belongs to several groups and often moves from one to another. This is due to a change in activity or status: for example, a schoolchild becomes a student, a worker becomes a pensioner. In this regard, we can highlight the main task of social psychology of groups - classification according to certain criteria.

Subject, tasks and methodology of social psychology

Social psychology as an independent branch of scientific knowledge began to take shape at the end of the 19th century, although the concept itself began to be widely used only after 1908. Some questions of social psychology were posed long ago within the framework of philosophy and were in the nature of understanding the characteristics of the relationship between man and society.

However, the study of socio-psychological scientific problems proper began in the 19th century, when sociologists, psychologists, philosophers, literary scholars, ethnographers, and doctors began to analyze the psychological phenomena of large social groups and the characteristics of mental processes and human behavior depending on the influence of surrounding people.

The problems posed were difficult to study only within the framework of the then existing sciences. The integration of sociology and psychology was necessary, since psychology studies the human psyche, and sociology studies society. The main stages in the development of social psychology as a science. The first stage is the formation of social psychology as a science (from the mid-19th century to 1908). The subject of study and the main problems are determined. The first fundamental works on basic issues of social psychology are published.

At this stage, the solution and theoretical analysis of socio-psychological problems attract the attention of specialists in various fields: psychologists, sociologists, philosophers, literary critics, ethnographers, etc. Most works on social psychology were published in the first period of development of this science.

The second stage (until the mid-40s of the 20th century) is characterized by the emergence of scientific socio-psychological schools, focused both on the development of fundamental theory and on applied aspects of research.

One of the most influential social psychologists of this period is K. Lewin, the creator of the theory of group dynamics. He investigated the problems of social factors of will as goal-directed behavior; social psychology of small groups, leadership, personality in a group, etc. A large amount of experimental work was carried out and at the same time fundamental theories were developed that have not lost their relevance in our time.

The third stage (from the mid-1940s to the present day). It is associated with solving practical problems and working for a social order. Experimental psychology continues its development, fundamental theoretical developments recede into the background.

Social psychology is gaining wide popularity, is being introduced into general education university programs and is one of the compulsory subjects of study for specialists in various fields. Such close attention to socio-psychological issues is caused by the needs to improve and stabilize social relations at all levels of social stratification.

So-called small theories are being developed that have specific applied significance: socio-psychological characteristics of managing a children's group, business psychology, advertising psychology, psychology of public opinion formation, etc. The combination of the words “social psychology” indicates the specific place that this discipline occupies in the system of scientific research. knowledge.

Having emerged at the intersection of the sciences of psychology and sociology, social psychology still retains a special status. This leads to the fact that each of the “parent” disciplines includes it as an integral part. This ambiguity in the position of the discipline has many reasons. One of them is the objective existence of such a class of facts of social life, which themselves can be studied only with the help of the combined efforts of two sciences: psychology and sociology.

Another reason for the dual position of social psychology is the very history of the formation of this discipline, which matured in the depths of both psychological and sociological knowledge, and was born “at the crossroads” of two sciences. All this creates difficulties both in defining the subject of social psychology and in identifying the range of its problems. The needs of social development practice dictate the need to study border problems. Requests for socio-psychological research in the current stage of social development come from all spheres of public life, especially due to the fact that radical changes are taking place in each of them today. Such requests come from the field of industrial production, various areas of education, the mass information system, the field of demographic policy, sports, the service sector, etc.

All this stimulates the intensive development of social psychology at the present stage. The need for this is aggravated by two circumstances. Firstly, the fact that in the history of the existence of Soviet social psychology as an independent science there was a rather long break and a new stage of revitalization of social psychological research began only in the late 1950s - early 1960s.

Secondly, social psychology is essentially a science that is very close to social and political problems, and therefore its results can be used by various social forces.

For social psychology, it is important to simultaneously solve two problems: developing practical recommendations obtained in the course of applied research that are necessary for practice; “completing” one’s own building as an integral system of scientific knowledge with clarification of one’s subject, development of special theories and special research methodology. When starting to solve these problems, it is necessary to outline the range of problems of social psychology in order to more strictly define the problems that can be solved by means of this discipline.

It is necessary to isolate from psychological problems issues that fall within the competence of social psychology. Since psychological science in our country, in defining its subject, is based on the principle of activity, we can conditionally define the specifics of social psychology as the study of patterns of behavior and activity of people determined by their inclusion in social groups, as well as the psychological characteristics of these groups themselves.

The subject of social psychology is determined by the question: “What does this science study as an independent, independent branch of knowledge?” Psychology and sociology are “mother” disciplines in relation to social psychology. At the same time, one cannot assume that social psychology is only a part of sociology and psychology.

The independence of this branch of scientific knowledge is due to the specifics of the subject of research, which cannot be studied only within the framework of any one science. There are several points of view on what is the subject of social psychology research. Social psychology studies personality in a group, society, society.

Unlike general psychology, social psychology studies not just the mental processes of an individual, but their specificity in connection with the system of social interactions. From this point of view, the subject of research is a person among people. If the individual characteristics of a subject are considered, it is only as a result of social development associated with upbringing and socialization. A person is studied in all the diversity of his social connections: in the process of personal development throughout life, in the system of interaction at the interpersonal and formal levels, etc. Particular attention is paid to the position of the individual in a group or team.

Social psychology studies social groups in society. These are primarily the psychological characteristics of groups, problems of intragroup dynamics, intragroup relations, intergroup relations, etc.

A social group is considered as a functional unit that has integral psychological characteristics, such as group mind, group will, group decision, etc.

Various typologies of social groups are being created, and an increasing number of criteria are being identified for analysis. The group is considered as a unique entity that cannot be understood only on the basis of studying the subjects that compose it.

A group is more than a collection of members. It has its own characteristics that exist regardless of the individual characteristics of its constituent entities. Social psychology studies the social psyche, or mass mental phenomena. Various phenomena corresponding to this concept are identified: the psychology of classes, social strata, mass sentiments, stereotypes and attitudes; public opinion and psychological climate, mass actions and group emotional states.

The socio-psychological aspect of traditions, morality, customs, etc. is studied. The psychological foundations of the unique semiotic systems created by humanity over the centuries are explored. Most modern social psychologists believe that social psychology studies the individual, groups, and the social psyche, but in a certain context.

Social psychologist G. M. Andreeva defined the subject of social psychology as follows: social psychology studies the patterns of behavior, activity and communication of people determined by their inclusion in social groups, as well as the psychological characteristics of these groups themselves. Within the framework of social psychology, several psychological schools can be distinguished: functionalism, behaviorism, humanistic psychology, cognitivism and interactionism. Functionalism (or functional psychology) arose under the influence of the evolutionary theory in biology of Charles Darwin and the evolutionary theory of social Darwinism of G. Spencer. G. Spencer believed that the main law of social development is the law of survival of the fittest societies and social groups.

Representatives of functionalism (D. Dewey, D. Angell, G. Carr, etc.) studied people and social groups from the point of view of their social adaptation - adaptation to difficult living conditions. The main socio-psychological problem of functionalism is the problem of the most optimal conditions for social adaptation of subjects of public life.

Behaviorism (later neobehaviorism) is behavioral psychology that studies the problems of patterns of human and animal behavior (I. V. Pavlov, V. M. Bekhterev, D. Watson, B. Skinner, etc.).

Behavior was viewed as an objective, observable reality that could be studied under experimental conditions. The central problem of behaviorism is the problem of learning, that is, the acquisition of individual experience through trial and error. Four laws of learning have been identified: the law of effect, the law of exercise, the law of readiness and the law of associative shift. The psychoanalytic direction is associated with the name of S. Freud. He investigated the problems of unconscious, irrational processes in personality and in its behavior.

He believed that the central driving force of a person is a set of drives. Some of the aspects of this direction were developed in the works of K. Jung and A. Adler. Social and psychological problems of the direction: the conflict between man and society, manifested in the clash of human drives with social prohibitions; the problem of sources of social activity of the individual.

Humanistic psychology (G. Allport, A. Maslow, K. Rogers, etc.) studied a person as a fully developing personality who strives to realize his potential and achieve self-actualization and personal growth.

Every normal person has a tendency towards self-expression and self-realization.

Cognitivism interprets human social behavior as a set of predominantly cognitive processes and places emphasis on the process of a person’s cognition of the world, his comprehension of the essence of phenomena through basic cognitive mental processes (memory, attention, etc.). The problem with cognitivism is human decision making. Representatives of the cognitive school (J. Piaget, J. Bruner, R. Atkinson, etc.) paid special attention to human knowledge and methods of its formation. Interactionism (later symbolic interactionism) explored the problems of the social aspect of interaction between people in the process of activity and communication.

The main idea of interactionism: personality is always social and cannot be formed outside of society. Particular importance was attached to communication as the exchange of symbols and the development of common meanings and meanings. Most psychological schools can be distinguished only with a certain degree of convention, since they all study a person in a group, society, and the world.

The entire set of methods of socio-psychological research can be divided into two large groups: research methods and methods of influence. The latter belong to a specific area of social psychology, the “psychology of influence.”

Among the research methods, a distinction is made between methods of collecting information and methods of processing it. Data processing methods are often not allocated to a special block, since most of them are not specific to social psychological research.

Methods of collecting information: observation, reading documents (content analysis), surveys (questionnaires, interviews), tests (the most common sociometric test), experiment (laboratory, natural).

Observation is an “old” method of social psychology. The main problem is to ensure that certain classes of characteristics are recorded so that the “reading” of the observation protocol is clear to another researcher.

The study of documents is of great importance, since with the help of this method it is possible to analyze the products of human activity. A special problem arises due to the fact that the document is interpreted by the researcher, a person with his own, inherent individual psychological characteristics. The most important role in studying a document is the ability to understand the text.

To overcome “subjectivity” (interpretation of a document by a researcher), a special technique called “content analysis” is introduced. This is a special method of document analysis, when special “units” are identified in the text, and then the frequency of their use is calculated. It makes sense to use the content + analysis method only in cases where the researcher is dealing with a large amount of information.

Surveys are a common technique in social psychological research. Typically, criticisms of this method are expressed in bewilderment about how one can trust the information obtained from the direct responses of the subjects, essentially from their self-reports. Among the types of surveys, interviews and questionnaires are most widely used in social psychology. The main methodological problems lie in the design of the questionnaire. The first requirement here is the logic of construction. Most often in social psychology, personality tests are used, less often - group tests.

A test is a special kind of test during which the subject performs either a specially designed task or answers questions that differ from questions in questionnaires or interviews. The questions in the tests are indirect in nature.

The point of subsequent processing is to use a “key” to correlate the responses received with certain parameters. Experiment is one of the main research methods in social psychology. There are two main types of experiment: laboratory and natural. For both types, there are some general rules that express the essence of the method, for example: arbitrary introduction of independent variables by the experimenter and control over them, the requirement to separate control and experimental groups so that the measurement results can be compared with some standard.

The meaning of psychological characteristics in life

It is important to use psychological characteristics when determining tactics for raising children and adolescents and instilling practical skills. At the same time, it is possible to generate interest in socially useful areas that are important to society

Having an idea of a child’s predisposition to any activity, caring parents will never miss the chance to develop their child’s creative or other abilities.

The head of a company, striving to form an active workforce, must promptly take into account the individual psychological characteristics of the recruited employees and gain an idea of their mental characteristics. In such a team, correct communication connections will be formed, and common efforts will be aimed at achieving results.

The concept of personality in psychology

Personality in psychology is a set of mental characteristics in the presence of which a person acquires consciousness and self-awareness (a sense of “I”), becomes a subject of activity and a partner in social interactions. Personality is that aspect of the individual human psyche that is characterized by stability, determines the mental originality of a particular person and establishes the characteristics of his activities, communication and life in general.

Personality is usually defined as a person in the totality of his social, acquired characteristics. This means that personality does not include those characteristics of a person that are determined genotypically or physiologically and are in no way dependent on life in society. Many definitions of personality emphasize that personalities do not include the psychological qualities of a person that characterize his cognitive processes or individual style of activity, with the exception of those that manifest themselves in relationships with people and in society. The term “personality”, as a rule, includes qualities that are more or less stable and indicate a person’s individuality and determine his actions that matter to people.

Personality is a person in the system, therefore his psychological characteristics, which are socially conditioned, manifest themselves in social nature, connections and relationships are stable, determining the moral actions of a person that are significant for him and those around him.

Personality is formed as a result of the interaction of the organism with the social environment. This interaction leads to the emergence of a holistic organization of mental characteristics, which has a more or less clearly defined center, which corresponds to the subjective feeling of “I”. Personality refers to those characteristics of a person that are responsible for the consistent manifestations of his feelings, thinking and behavior.

The concept of personality arose in psychology from at least four sources.

The first is Christianity, which established the concept of the eternal and divine soul of man.

The second is philosophy. Thus, in the middle of the 19th century, the philosopher M. Scheller argued that in a certain sense, “all the central problems of philosophy come down to the question of what a person is, his personality, what position he occupies among all being, the world and God.”

The third source is the psychiatric phenomenon of “split personality” or “multiple personality”. Cases have been described where a person became someone else. His biography, way of thinking, emotional world and range of interests have changed. This gave rise to the theory of personality change.

The fourth source is the needs of psychology itself to overcome feelings of hopelessness. Psychologists, striving for objectivity, focusing on knowledge of the mechanisms and processes of the psyche, felt that they were losing the most important thing in a person - his personality.

There are different ideas about the scope of the concept of personality. Some believe that personality is only the social side of the individual human psyche. Personality is a specific term that refers specifically to the social quality or characteristics of a person.” That is, the concept of personality does not emphasize the individual uniqueness of a person, but something opposite - something that compares a person with other people in the content of culture.

Other psychologists take a broader view of personality, viewing it as a synthesis of all human traits, their unique combination.

In psychology, the term “personality” is used for the following purposes:

Using the concept of "personality" to explain that people differ from each other for a reason. In this sense, personality theory is a theory of individual differences.
Explain consistency in people's behavior. The task of personality psychology in this case is to find out the facts behind this constancy.
Some psychologists view personality as a “mechanism” for organizing and controlling people’s behavior, a higher authority of self-regulation. A number of personality theories are so-called “regulatory”.
The term "personality" is used to denote the source of activity, the driving force of human behavior and activity. All psychodynamic theories are oriented in this direction.
The term “personality” is used to explain the qualitative difference between the human psyche and the psyche of animals. The human psyche, unlike the psyche of animals, is personal.

History of development

Social psychology began studying groups only at the beginning of the 20th century. Previously, the object of study was the individual, not society. They examined in depth the characteristics of perception, attitudes, and interpersonal interaction, but did not try to evaluate a person as an integral part of formation.

Some psychologists completely denied the existence of groups as objects of study. This approach in social psychology was called personalistic. But in parallel with it, another way of studying developed - sociological. Its proponents argued that one cannot fully understand the motives of a person's behavior if one studies him only as an individual. A group, as an association of people, inevitably influences a person and this cannot be ignored.

The study of group processes has developed more actively in the United States. Under the leadership of K. Levin, research was carried out in the laboratory studying the dynamics, types of leadership, cohesion and other categories that determine the behavior of formations.

Already in the middle of the 20th century, personalistic and sociological psychology joined forces. This happened under the influence of government agencies interested in the emergence of new effective methods of managing industrial and military organizations. Interest in the study of various formations only increased by the end of the 20th century. Nowadays, research methods continue to expand and improve.

Phenomena among the masses

Society is a form of unification of people. Accordingly, such a concept as mass psyche directly relates to the topic under discussion. Other terms also follow from it. Mass consciousness, for example. It is one of the most common. Or the mass mood. We have all heard these concepts at least once.

Here, for example, are mass phenomena of the psyche. This is the name given to certain phenomena that arise, exist and develop in fairly large social groups. These are the mass sentiments. These are mental states that affect a large number of people. The prerequisites for their occurrence are usually events of a political, social, economic and even spiritual nature. Naturally, most often negative mass sentiments are most clearly manifested. Which are capable of destroying socio-political systems that have become established in society and are disgusting to it. The turbulent events of the 'nineties showed how influential sentiments can be.

What is a socio-psychological characteristic?

What is a socio-psychological characteristic? This is a set of social and psychological phenomena that explain the qualities, characteristics, properties of an individual, team, family, society, etc. Personal characteristics are determined by the psychological qualities of each component or social factors that influence it.

The characteristics of a group, family, team are determined by the psyche of each member, their relationships, common activities, religion, culture, upbringing, political situation and other factors.

Social characteristics of the family

It is better to prepare a conclusion for a child in two stages. First, the psychologist who conducted the examination processes the results of the tasks, discusses them and comes to certain conclusions about the level of development of cognitive activity, speech, emotional-volitional sphere, personality, behavior of the child and signs of originality in his development, and also decides on the nature of correctional assistance that can be provided to the child. The psychologist then formalizes the results obtained in the form of a written report. Such a conclusion is written in free form, but nevertheless, certain rules must be followed when writing it. Typically, the conclusion consists of three relatively independent parts.

The first part indicates the reasons for examining the child, the purpose of the examination, and the characteristics of the child’s behavior during the examination. Be sure to note the motivation to complete tasks, features of contact, methods of interaction with a psychologist, methods of completing tasks, the nature of the activity, reaction to encouragement, failure, remark

Particular attention should be paid to the child’s ability to use help productively, the types of this help, and the ability to transfer the solution found together with the psychologist to a similar problem. The presence or absence of verbal accompaniment of actions, the nature of statements, and the child’s ability to talk about his actions are noted.

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Uniting and achieving results

This is what collaboration means. Cohesion is a process during which a specific connection is formed between people, due to which they unite into a “single organism”. Everything, again, is done to achieve certain goals and results. Each of the group members is interested in this.

It is customary to distinguish levels of cohesion. And at the first stage, the development of emotional contacts usually occurs - the manifestation of sympathy and disposition of people towards each other, for example. The second level involves the process of convincing each person that his value system coincides with others. And the third is where the common goal is shared.

All this influences the formation of the so-called socio-psychological climate in the team, which contributes to maintaining a general mood, a decent level of performance and well-being.

Temperament as a psychological characteristic of personality

Definition 2

Temperament is a complex of psychodynamic properties of an individual, which are revealed in the characteristics of his mental activity.

Temperament seems to be the natural basis for the manifestation of psychological qualities of an individual.

The first typology of temperaments was formed by the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates, who characterized them depending on which fluid dominates in the human body.

phlegmatic - balanced, strong, the type of nervous system is inert;
sanguine - balanced, strong, type of nervous system is mobile;
choleric - unbalanced, strong, type of nervous system is mobile;
melancholic - the type of nervous system is weak.

The key psychological characteristics of temperament include:

sensitivity (sensitivity), which reveals the picture of what the smallest force of external actions causes reactions in the individual’s psyche and what is the speed of this reaction;
reactivity, demonstrating the level and intensity of an individual’s involuntary reactions to external and internal stimuli (threat, criticism, etc.);
activity, which determines the level of performance, energy of an individual in activity, his ability to overcome obstacles, perseverance, focus, concentration on activity, etc.;
the relationship between activity and reactivity, which reveals a picture of what the individual’s activity depends on - random internal and external factors, moods, random events or consciously set goals, life plans, aspirations, etc.;
the pace of reactions, which determines the speed of movements, actions, speed of speech, speed of mental operations, etc.;
extroversion;
introversion;
plasticity, which determines the ease of a person’s adaptation to unexpected and new circumstances, flexibility of behavior;
rigidity, demonstrating an individual’s predisposition to inert behavior, ingrained stereotypes and habits of life, and manifestations of inertia.

Note 2

Thus, temperament belongs to the so-called genotypic aspects of personality, depends entirely on hereditary factors and does not change throughout life.

Temperament

Temperament is a type of nervous system, an innate characteristic. This is a set of psychophysical properties of a person that determines the specifics of performing an activity. Rhythm, speed, intensity of reactions - all this depends on temperament. Let's take a closer look at the types of temperaments, and then their properties.

Types of temperament according to Hippocrates

Hippocrates was the first to talk about temperaments. He identified four personality types based on which fluid predominates in a person:

Holi (bile). These are active and sometimes fussy people. They are characterized by sudden mood swings and sociability, turning into obsession.
Phlegm (mucus). These are calm, reasonable, slow people.
Melan holi (black bile). These are pessimists, in a state of decline and characterized by indecision.
Sangwa (blood). These are active and persistent people who always achieve their goals. Born leaders.

Since then, many studies have been carried out, different classifications of temperaments have appeared, but this typology is still taken as a basis. True, no one talks about the predominance of liquids anymore, and the names have changed a little. The study of temperaments is conducted around the reactions of excitation and inhibition. And the main person in this theory is considered to be I.P. Pavlov.

Temperament in modern psychology

In modern psychology, the following classification of temperaments is used:

Choleric. Strong, agile, unbalanced type. They say about these people: “Starts with half a kick.” True, the choleric person cools down just as quickly. Moreover, he not only cools down, but forgets the reason for the quarrel, the unpleasant fact itself. Therefore, it is difficult to resolve disagreements with choleric people. Cholerics have leadership qualities, but lack of restraint and emotionality prevent them from achieving a stable result in life.
Sanguine. Agile, balanced, strong type. The processes of excitation and inhibition occur quickly, but this does not affect the mood as clearly as in a melancholic person. Sanguine people are more into humor. They can be called easy-going. They are distinguished by high adaptive abilities, flexibility, and sociability. These are positive and active people who know how to find an approach to every person and have leadership characteristics. A sanguine person does not tolerate boredom and monotony. It is characterized by high speed and strength in performing activities.
Phlegmatic person. Strong, balanced, motionless type. The arousal reaction is weak. Phlegmatic people are distinguished by restraint and prudence, which sometimes turn into tediousness. These are the executive and most responsible workers, but living with a phlegmatic person is difficult. He is stingy with emotions, does not know how to empathize, is cautious and passive. Does not like surprises, experiments, novelty. His restraint, resistance to stress and composure are sometimes mistaken by others for indifference. Phlegmatic people do not like changes in activity.
Melancholic. Weak, unbalanced, mobile type. Like a choleric person, his mood constantly fluctuates, but negative connotations predominate. This is a passive, insecure, vulnerable type. Gets tired quickly and does not adapt well to changes. At the same time, these are the most sincere and empathetic people with a rich and interesting inner world.

Psychologists note that not a single temperament occurs in its pure form. That is, more often a person has 2 or 3 types mixed.

In addition, modern psychology relies on the typology of temperaments by K.G. Cabin boy. He identified two types: extroverts and introverts. The former direct their energy to the outer world, the latter to the inner world. Extroverts have a more acute need for social contacts and group work than introverts. The latter are prone to solitude. This is due to the fact that introverts have a higher sensitivity to external stimuli. Extroverts are more stable, so they need strong emotional influences to be aroused.

Interesting! There are other typologies of temperaments, for example, Galen’s classification, the theory of E. Kretschmer.

Properties

Balance, mobility, strength are properties of temperament. We have already mentioned this, but there are other properties. Let's look at them in more detail:

sensitivity (sensitivity) – reaction to minimal exposure to a stimulus;
reactivity - the strength of the emotional reaction to stimuli;
activity – activity in interpersonal relationships, when performing activities;
pace of reactions - speed of movements, speech, thinking, performance of activities;
mobility (plasticity/rigidity) – speed of adaptation to changing conditions.

Let’s imagine portraits of temperaments through a table, where “+” is a high level, and “–” is a low level of some property.

Sensitivity	Reactivity	Activity	Rate of reactions	Mobility
Choleric	–	+	+	+	+
Sanguine	–	+	+	+	+
Phlegmatic person	–	–	+	–	–
Melancholic	+	–	–	–	–

In addition, when considering temperaments, it is customary to study concentration. Choleric people have slow concentration (distractable type), sanguine people have fast concentration, phlegmatic people have slow concentration, melancholic people have unstable attention (they get tired quickly, are distracted a lot).

Important! Characteristics of temperament must be taken into account during the learning process, during employment and when building relationships with others. The psychological climate in the family, work team, class, group depends on the compatibility of temperaments.

The concept of "Family"

Definition 1

The family is the basic unit of society, a social institution characterized by voluntary marriage, common life, and marital relations.

Man is a social being, therefore he always strives to be part of a group. Few people can derive pleasure from solitude, so people build close connections with other people. This circumstance is determined by the structure of the human psyche at the level of instincts. Thus, family is one of the ways to be with someone in this world.

Human ancestors, as scientists say, lived in large communities in which families gradually began to appear. Over time, the primitive family changed its organization, acquired new conditions of existence, and internal responsibilities.

Modern scientific trends interpret the definition of family differently; sociologists, for example, understand family as an association of several people related by blood or who have legitimized their relationship in the registry office. In their opinion, a family is a husband and wife. Moreover, a young couple, together with their parents and children, is also called a family.

In jurisprudence, a family is people who are officially married and live together.

Note 1

Combining these definitions, we can say that a family is a separate unit of society, confirmed at the state level, connected by a common way of life, similar goals, interests and worldview.

The family has its own characteristics:

registered relationship between a man and a woman;
living together and living together;
jointly acquired material assets;
close intimate relationships;
joint children (spouses without children are also considered a family).

The family performs important functions and, above all, the birth of children in marriage, which ensures continuation of the family. Together, husband and wife create and accumulate material wealth, run a common household, which makes it possible to achieve a higher standard of living.

The educational function is very important; parents must instill moral values in their children and teach them the rules of life in society. For the first time in the family, a little person learns what is good and what is bad, learns kindness, justice, responsibility, learns to appreciate support and provide it himself.

The family passes on accumulated cultural values and family traditions to the child, thereby ensuring a connection between generations.

Note 2

The human psyche contains the desire to love and be loved, and if these important needs in the family are not met, the person suffers greatly.

The structure of modern social psychology

The socio-psychological structure depends on the areas of human activity, objects and research methods. One type of joint venture structure is as follows:

SP of the individual;
psychology of communication and relationships (interpersonal interactions);
psychology of small groups;
SP between groups (intergroup interaction);
psychology of social phenomena and large public groups.

By the way! The course and nature of any of the listed types of interaction depend on the characteristics of human activity.

JV structure

Changes in the government system, internal politics and difficulties in the labor market have caused many citizens to feel a sense of uselessness and lack of demand. Consultation with a social psychologist is one of the steps to solve an individual problem with social adaptation.

Principles of personality structure

Personal temperament.

Structure (design) is a set of stable connections between the components of a complex object, ensuring its integrity and stability.

In psychology, the term “structure” has two meanings. Structures often refer to more or less stable mental formations that initiate and regulate behavior. The second meaning of the word “structure” implies consideration of the individual or its characteristics as a system.

The problem of structure, the nature of its organization, its influence on the functioning of the individual is a central issue in all theories of personality. Many well-known theories of personality are based on structural concepts that show the interrelationship of various traits and functions with respect to invariant personality characteristics.

If personality is understood as a combination of traits, then the question arises about the nature of this combination, that is, about its structure. Personality structure thus deals with two basic questions: what are the basic stable elements of personality and how they relate to each other.

Meanwhile, the term “personality structure” is rather arbitrary. In fact, we are mainly talking about the structural elements of personality. There are debates on many issues: whether a structural approach can be applied to the study of personality; what should be the components of the personality structure, which should be guided by incorporating the personality structure of various traits, etc.

The human personality has many different characteristics, qualities and traits. Many methods have been used to make sense of this diversity and organize it.

Thus, A.V. Petrovsky includes three components in his personality structure:

Intrapersonal (temperament, character, abilities);
Interpersonal, which manifests itself in the sphere of interpersonal interaction (personal self-determination, intragroup identification, etc.).
on an individual who finds his embodiment in those “contributions” to the lives of other people that the subject voluntarily or involuntarily makes as part of his activities.

V.N. Myashev used the concept of structure to characterize the integrity, consistency, stability and depth of personality, and the predominance of certain psychological functions in it. He viewed personality structure as one of the four characteristics of personality, along with the system of attitudes (orientation), intelligence and temperament.

K.K. Platonov, who made a great contribution to clarifying the structure of personality, considered the idea of the structure formed by S.L. Rubinstein, according to which the main features of individuals interacting with each other converge in their real unity. Unlike V.N. Myasishcheva, K.K. Platonov saw structure as a certain combination of basic personality traits, without connecting it with these traits. Guided by a set of criteria, he identified four substructures of personality

Socially determined substantive features (orientation in its various forms, attitudes, moral qualities of the individual, etc.).
Experience (knowledge, skills, abilities and habits);
Traits that depend on the individual characteristics of mental processes;
biopsychic substructure of personality.

Marilyn V.S. considered the structure of personality as the mutual connection and organization of its properties. Based on personality traits, he understands insoluble further components of personality. Each trait is at once “an expression of direction, character and ability, it is formed in activity and at the same time depends to some extent on hereditary predispositions.” These structural expressions of the personality of Marilyn V.S. calls it “symptomatic complexes.”

Social and psychological characteristics of personality

Definition 1

A person is a conscious and active person who has the opportunity to independently choose the most suitable lifestyle for him.

Each personality has certain qualities (psychological and personal), which must be correctly understood and taken into account when interacting with a person.

The main personality traits are:

temperament,
direction,
capabilities,
character.

The personality of each person, as a member of a certain society, is influenced by the sphere of various relationships that develop in the process of human activity, consumption of material goods and personal development. That is, the process of formation of a person’s personality is directly influenced by political, social, economic and ideological factors.

It is especially necessary to note the influence on the psychology of personality of relationships between people within a certain social group, under the conditions in which a person exists. This is due to the fact that in the process of communication and interaction there is a mutual influence of one person on another, as a result of which a community is formed in social attitudes and views, as well as other attitudes towards work, society, people and one’s qualities.

Being in a group, a person occupies a certain status and gains authority among other members of the group, occupies a certain social position and plays roles in accordance with it.

Note 1

Thus, a person is not only an object of certain social relationships, but is also a subject of these relationships, acting as an active connecting link.

The process of formation and development of personality is associated with various factors, the main of which are:

originality and individuality of human higher nervous activity;
anatomical and physiological characteristics of a person;
sphere of human activity;
natural-geographical environment and society in which people exist;
microenvironment and macroenvironment of the individual’s existence;
socially useful activity, in the conditions of which the most important qualities of a person’s personality are formed and developed;

The structure of socio-psychological properties of personality

Definition 2

Socio-psychological properties of a person are a complex of characteristics inherent in a person, each of which has its own internal structure, including certain aspects.

Internal structure of socio-psychological properties of personality:

The psychological side of personality - reflects the specifics of the functioning of mental properties, processes and states of a particular person.
Mental processes are certain mental phenomena that are aimed at ensuring primary awareness and reflection by a person of the impact of the surrounding reality on him.
Mental properties are the most permanent and stable characteristics of a person, which provide her with the necessary level of behavior, actions and activities characteristic of other members of society. The mental properties of a person correspond to the norms and rules established in a particular society.

Note 2

The main sides of the personality are: the ideological side and the socio-psychological side.

The worldview side of a personality is aimed at a person’s reflection of socially significant characteristics and qualities that allow him to occupy a worthy place in a particular group and society as a whole.

The socio-psychological side of personality is aimed at reflecting the basic characteristics and qualities that allow a person to fulfill certain social roles and occupy a position among other members of society.

Family characteristics: features, rules of composition and sample

Physical and emotional development of the child. This is the defining role of the family, which in the early stages of development cannot be replaced by educational institutions.
Formation of psychological gender. This usually occurs in the first three years of a child's life. It is believed that it is the father who tends to differentiate differences between the sexes more strongly. Therefore, the characteristics of an incomplete family determine that the child may have problems with sexual socialization in the future.
Child's mental development. American researchers have found that the IQ of children from prosperous and disadvantaged children differs significantly. Accordingly, this same parameter affects cultural development.
Mastering social norms.
Formation of value orientations. This applies to family relationships, lifestyle, aspirations and goals, communication with others.
Social and psychological support. It is the family that lays in the child’s mind the level of self-respect, self-esteem, as well as the desire for self-realization.

Description of family structure. It should be quite short and to the point. Attention should be paid to the security, stability, openness, and spirituality of the family

It is also important to understand and describe the roles within a given unit of society, as well as the hierarchy. Description of the psychological climate To do this, you will have to work on determining the psychotype of each family member. The report should contain their description, as well as conclusions about compatibility. Parental position

We are talking about describing the lifestyle of adult family members, their social status, and type of activity. If possible, it is worth mentioning their life goals and ways to achieve them. The child's position in the family. Determining the degree of trust in parents and other adult family members, the presence of goals and aspirations appropriate to age, the presence of ideas about self-realization, academic success, state of physical and mental health.

Brief description of the socio-psychological situation in the family

Groups differ in the structure and nature of the relationships that exist directly between its members, in size, in subjective composition, qualitative features of values, rules and norms of relationships that are shared by participants, interpersonal relationships, content and goals of activity. The composition of a group, which is characterized precisely by its members, is called composition. And size is the quantitative composition, i.e. composition is a quality composition.

At primary school age, children develop certain formations - voluntary behavior. At this age, the child becomes more independent. He begins to absorb certain moral values and tries to follow specific rules and laws. Often this can be associated with selfish needs, for example, attracting attention and approval from adults. Thus, the behavior of younger schoolchildren comes down to one dominant property - the motive for achieving success. It is necessary to assess whether the child is able to make an adequate assessment of his actions, whether he is able to overcome his desires. At this age, the child tends to actively think about his actions and hide personal experiences.