Definitions of moral and ethical concepts, material for preparing for the Unified State Exam (GIA) in the Russian language (grade 9) on the topic

Morality is morality in its historical form. The principle of morality is the desire for its highest forms, which remain basic and unchanging values ​​over time. Morality is always addressed to a free person, who is able to perceive the law not as external coercion, but as an internal need of a person. Philosophy views ethical teachings as the foundation for a system of views on society. It was from these foundations that fundamental research and schools of sociology and philosophy began.

The Science of Morality

There is a science about the forms of morality and ethics, which is called ethics. The subject of her study is morality in its historical forms. The system of categories of ethics limits the subject area of ​​this sphere of knowledge.

As a science, a special discipline, ethics goes back to the ancient Greek thinker Aristotle.

His works on ethics became a fundamental system of knowledge and defined the subject of this science. Ethics is the science of morality. Based on the term “ethos”, which means habitual habitat, and later acquired the meaning of “habit”, “character”, “custom”, the ancient Greek thinker identified that special section of human reality that constitutes the subject area of ​​science.

By analogy, Cicero, with a direct reference to Aristotle, formed the word “moral”, and from it the noun “morality”, which became the equivalent of the term “ethics”. Thus, the basic concepts and categories of ethics were formed. They became basic in the development of this area of ​​​​humanitarian knowledge.

Categories of ethics

This is how the prerequisites for a system of scientific knowledge about the principles of morality and the basic concepts of morality and ethics arose. The categories of ethics are not limited to these two terms. It is possible to say that there is a scientific field of knowledge only if there is a subject and a system of categories that limits the scope of scientific knowledge from related fields of science. Ethics as a science has its own subject and research tools - a system of categories. Main categories of ethics:

• Morality and ethics.
• Good and evil.
• Good.
• Justice.
• Equality.
• Dignity.
• Duty.
• Meaning of life.
• Love.

The system of ethics categories limits the scope of scientific research from adjacent areas of the humanitarian cycle. The ethical teachings of leading thinkers in the history of human thought and modernity are the basis for the formation of approaches in philosophical schools and directions. It was thanks to the ethical views of philosophers that famous teachings were formed.

general characteristics

The concept of morality is often identified with the concept of “morality”. They define a system of norms of behavior and communication, values, and value judgments of a person.

Throughout history, scholars have assessed morality as:

• A system of norms
  , values ​​and principles that are imposed on a person from birth.
• A separate sphere
  of individual personality development.

Morality includes the following components:

• principles;
• ideals;
• meaning of life;
• criteria of spirituality;
• moral qualities of a person.

Rice.
1. Components of morality Morality is characterized by two features:

Important! Moral consciousness becomes the basis on which the individual’s attitude towards himself and the world around him is formed. It builds a scale for assessing good and evil, beliefs, and other people.

Morals and ethics

Morality is a historical form of morality. Moral commandments are timeless categories. These are known as the principles of moral life. The Christian commandments “thou shalt not kill,” “thou shalt not commit adultery,” “thou shalt not steal,” “do not be angry,” “be envious” are nothing more than forms of moral behavior imprinted in religion.

The well-known saying “Oh times, oh morals!” - This is evidence of the variability of historical forms of morality. This is why a problem arises in the relationship between generations of “fathers and sons”, a conflict between different forms of moral behavior.

For example, during the Soviet period, any form of speculation - making a profit through the resale of goods - was considered absolutely immoral. People were subject to criminal prosecution for engaging in activities that are currently legitimized by the Law “On Entrepreneurship.”

For the Middle Ages, the highest degree of immorality was an attempt at natural scientific knowledge of the nature of things. History has preserved the sad picture of the Middle Ages as a symbol of “obscurantism.” Any form of renunciation of blind faith was persecuted and strictly prohibited.

Morality is a form of behavior adopted by a society during a certain historical period and recognized as the norm for this community. In case of refusal to accept norms, the individual is subject to alienation and censure by society in various forms.

Thus, what appears as evil in certain time conditions can turn into good in another time paradigm. Evil and good are the main moral categories of ethics.

How to write a term paper on speech therapy

07.09.2010 257570

These guidelines are compiled to help students gain an understanding of the content and structure of coursework in speech therapy.

Logopedia of pedagogical science that studies anomalies of speech development with normal hearing, explores the manifestations, nature and mechanisms of speech disorders, develops the scientific basis for overcoming and preventing them means of special training and education.

The subject of speech therapy as a science is speech disorders and the process of training and education of persons with speech disorders.

The object of study is a person suffering from a speech disorder.

The main task of speech therapy as a science is the study, prevention and elimination of various types of speech disorders.

Coursework in speech therapy is a student's scientific and experimental research. This type of educational activity, provided for by the educational and professional program and curriculum, contributes to the acquisition of skills in working with literature, analyzing and summarizing literary sources in order to determine the range of insufficiently studied problems, determining the content and methods of experimental research, processing skills and qualitative analysis of the results obtained. The need to complete coursework in speech therapy is due to the updating of knowledge concerning the content, organization, principles, methods and techniques of speech therapy work.

As a rule, during their studies, students must write two term papers - theoretical and practical.

The first course work should be devoted to the analysis and synthesis of general and specialized literature on the chosen topic. Based on this analysis, it is necessary to justify and develop a method of ascertaining (diagnostic) experiment.

In the second course work, it is necessary to provide an analysis of the results obtained during the ascertaining experiment, as well as determine the directions and content of speech therapy work, and select adequate methods and techniques of correction.

So, let’s present the general requirements for the content and design of coursework in speech therapy.

The initial and most important stage of working on a course project is the choice of a topic, which is either proposed by the supervisor or chosen by the student independently from a list of topics that are consistent with the areas of scientific research of the department.

Each topic can be modified, considered in different aspects, but taking into account a theoretical and practical approach. Having chosen a topic, the student needs to think through in detail its specific content, areas of work, practical material, etc., which should be reflected both in the formulation of the topic and in the further construction of the study. It should be recalled that the chosen topic may not only have a purely theoretical orientation, for example: “Dysarthria. Characteristics of the defect”, “Classification of dysgraphia”, but also take into account the practical significance of the problem under consideration, for example: “Speech therapy work on speech correction for dysarthria”. It should also be taken into account that when formulating a topic, excessive detail should be avoided, for example: “Formation of prosodic components of speech in preschoolers of the sixth year of life attending a preschool institution for children with severe speech impairments.”

The course work includes such mandatory parts as: introduction, three chapters, conclusion, bibliography and appendix.

The text of the term paper begins with the title page . An example of its design can be seen here.

Then the content of the work is given, in which the names of chapters, paragraphs, and sections are formulated in strict accordance with the content of the thesis. An example of its design can be seen here.

In the text, each subsequent chapter and paragraph begins on a new page. At the end of each chapter, the materials are summarized and conclusions are formulated.

The introduction reveals the relevance of the problem under consideration in general and the topic being studied in particular; the problem, subject, object, and purpose of the study are defined. In accordance with the goal and hypothesis, objectives and a set of research methods aimed at achieving the objectives must be defined.

The relevance of the topic lies in reflecting the current level of pedagogical science and practice, meeting the requirements of novelty and usefulness.

When defining the research problem, it is important to indicate what practical tasks it will help to implement in training and educating people with speech pathology.

The object of research is understood as certain aspects of pedagogical reality, perceived through a system of theoretical and practical knowledge. The ultimate goal of any research is to improve this object.

The subject of research is some part, property, element of an object, i.e. the subject of research always indicates a specific aspect of the object that is to be studied and about which the researcher wants to gain new knowledge. An object is a part of an object.

You can give an example of the formulation of the object, subject and problem of research:

– The object of the study is the speech activity of preschool children with phonetic-phonemic speech disorders.

– The subject of the study is the features of intonation speech of children with phonetic-phonemic speech disorders.

– The research problem is to determine effective directions for speech therapy work on the formation of intonation expressiveness of speech in the system of correctional intervention.

The purpose of the study contributes to the specification of the object being studied. The goal of any research is to solve a specific problem. The goal is specified in tasks taking into account the subject of research.

The research objectives are formulated in a certain sequence, which determines the logic of the research. The research objectives are set on the basis of a theoretical analysis of the problem and an assessment of the state of its solution in practice.

The first chapter is an analysis of literary sources, which examines the state of this problem in historical and modern aspects, and presents the most important theoretical principles that formed the basis of the study.

When writing the first chapter, you should pay attention to the fact that the text of the course work must be written in a scientific style. When presenting scientific material, it is necessary to comply with the following requirements:

– Specificity – a review of only those sources that are necessary to disclose only a given topic or solve only a given problem;

– Clarity – which is characterized by semantic coherence and integrity of individual parts of the text;

– Logicality – which provides for a certain structure of presentation of the material;

– Reasoning – evidence of thoughts (why this and not otherwise);

– Precision of wording, excluding ambiguous interpretation of the authors’ statements.

A literary review of the state of the problem being studied should not be reduced to a consistent presentation of literary sources. It should present a generalized description of the literature: highlight the main directions (currents, concepts, points of view), analyze in detail and evaluate the most fundamental works of representatives of these directions.

When writing a work, the student must correctly use literary materials, make references to the authors and sources from which the results of scientific research are borrowed. Failure to provide required references will reduce your coursework grade.

As a rule, in coursework on speech therapy, references to literary sources are formatted as follows: the number of the cited source in the general list of references is placed in square brackets. For example: General speech underdevelopment is a speech pathology in which there is a persistent lag in the formation of all components of the language system: phonetics, vocabulary and grammar [17].

When using quotations, in square brackets, in addition to indicating the source number, the page number from which this excerpt is taken is indicated, for example: Speech rhythm is based on a physiological and intellectual basis, since, firstly, it is directly related to the rhythm of breathing. Secondly, being an element that performs a communicative function, “correlates with meaning, i.e. controlled intellectually” [23, P.40].

However, course work should not be of a purely abstract nature, so you should not abuse the unreasonable abundance of citations. Quoting should be logically justified, convincing and used only when really necessary.

In the second chapter , devoted to experimental research, the organization should be described and the program of the ascertaining experiment should be presented. The survey methodology, as a rule, consists of a description of several series of tasks, with detailed instructions, visual and lexical material, the procedure for completing tasks by experiment participants, and scoring criteria. This chapter also provides a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the results obtained.

When analyzing the results of an experiment, it is necessary to use a scoring system. Examples of various criteria for quantitative and qualitative assessment are presented in the following works:

– Glukhov V.P. Formation of coherent speech in preschool children with general speech underdevelopment. - M.: Arkti, 2002. - 144 p.

– Fotekova T.A. Test methodology for diagnosing oral speech of primary schoolchildren. - M.: Arkti, 2000. - 56 p.

– Levchenko I.Yu. Pathopsychology: Theory and practice. - M.: Academy, 2000. - 232 p.

In order to visually present the results obtained during the experimental study, it is recommended to use tables, graphs, diagrams, etc. Histograms can be used in a variety of ways - columnar, cylindrical, planar, volumetric, etc. An example of the design of tables, figures, and histograms can be found here.

The third chapter provides a rationale for the proposed methods and techniques and reveals the content of the main stages of correctional work.

The conclusion contains a summary of the material presented and the main conclusions formulated by the author.

The bibliography must contain at least 25 sources. The list includes bibliographic information about the sources used in preparing the work. An example of its design can be seen here.

In the application you can present bulky tables or illustrations, examination protocols, observation records, products of activity (drawings, written works of children), notes from speech therapy classes, etc.

The volume of one course work must be at least 30 pages of typewritten text.

In general, coursework in speech therapy is the basis for a future thesis, in which the study of the begun problem can be continued, but from the standpoint of a different approach or a comparative analysis of the disorders being studied in different age categories of people with different types of speech disorders.

The content and format of theses in speech therapy can be found here.

Literature:

1. How to write a term paper on speech therapy: Methodological recommendations. Educational and methodological manual / Comp. Artemova E.E., Tishina L.A. / Ed. Orlova O.S. – M.: MGOPU, 2008. – 35 p.

2. Research work of students in the system of higher professional pedagogical education (specialty 031800 - Speech therapy). Methodological recommendations for completing the thesis / Compiled by. L.V. Lopatina, V.I. Lipakova, G.G. Golubeva. - St. Petersburg: Publishing house of the Russian State Pedagogical University named after. A. I. Herzen, 2002. - 140 p.

good and evil

The categories “good” and “good”, as a rule, are endowed with identical content. However, this does not correspond to their social nature.

Good is a sociological characteristic. Good is ethical. Good is such to the extent that it satisfies human needs. Goodness carries within itself a purely ethical content.

The categories of ethics, good and evil, determine the degree of morality in the behavior of people and society. Therefore, it makes sense to consider them in inextricable unity with the historical continuum. These categories can be briefly limited by the level of compliance with the ideals of society. Or inconsistencies (evil) with them. Good has a creative beginning, evil has the meaning of destruction.

The categories of professional ethics that reflect the values ​​of guild cultures and norms are endowed with practical content.

Professional ethics

The code of ethics, established as a principle for carrying out professional activities, is associated with areas that directly affect the interests and values ​​of specific people. First of all, these include humanitarian areas of professional activity:

• Medicine.
• Jurisprudence.
• Education.

The code of ethics of a doctor has been injunction since the times of Roman law: do no harm! The Hippocratic Oath contains a list of sacred commandments that a member of the professional community must observe.

It is difficult to talk about a more humane professional field than medicine. Because it protects the most important human right – the right to life. Medical ethics contains the principles of humane treatment of people and touches on many problems, such as medical confidentiality, attitude towards hopelessly ill people, responsibility and duty. Serving people in this area requires representatives to impeccably adhere to moral principles.

The same principle underlies the ethical codes of lawyers and teachers.

The categories of pedagogical ethics determine the norms of behavior towards students in such a way that not only words, but also deeds and actions set a role model.

Children and adolescents are especially sensitive to injustice and violation of their freedoms and rights. But they cannot yet fully defend their interests, so it is especially important to be able not to violate their faith in the justice of society.

Justice, respect for the individual, the principle of observance of morality are not just categories of pedagogical ethics, but the regulating principle of behavior of people who are involved in educating the younger generation.

Voluntary submission to the principles of corporate ethics serves as an element of the management of many organizations and enterprises. The ability to agree and comply with the principles of ethical behavior is a distinctive property of the human community.

High moral principles

There are no norms and principles that are not subject to change. Over time, what seemed unacceptable can easily become the norm. Society, morals, worldviews change, and with them the attitude towards certain actions changes. However, in society there are always high moral principles that time cannot influence. Such norms become the standard of morality to which one should strive.

High moral principles are conventionally divided into three groups:

1. Internal beliefs completely coincide with the norms of behavior of the surrounding society.
2. The right actions are not questioned, but their implementation is not always possible (for example, rushing after a thief who stole a girl’s bag).
3. Implementation of these principles may result in criminal liability when they contravene the law.

Justice and equality

Population protests have always taken place under the slogan of equality and justice... If we recall history, all revolutions were the result of violations of these social norms.

This suggests that such categories of ethics as justice and equality are the principles of organizing a conflict-free society.

Justice requires from a person and society the observance of morality, stipulated by the social contract - law, constitution, law, morality and ethics. Therefore, it is important to understand that the categories of ethics in question are not empty words. They have a level of value that guarantees a civilized path of development of society.

Equality has always meant the right of every person to equal opportunities for self-realization in society. Achieving the principle of equality is only possible hypothetically. Since the difference in the forms of existence of people, societies, states, and social groups is so great that a long path is still required to rise to the level of equal opportunities for people in this world.

Functions of morality

Morality is considered the most civilized degree of social regulation. Its main purpose is to be a form of spiritual mastery of reality, a way of orientation in the world of values ​​and social relations. This purpose of morality is revealed in its functions:

1. Regulatory. Morality develops a system of value orientations: rules, norms, prohibitions, ideals, assessments. They are part of social consciousness and regulate relationships in society and in everyday activities. For example, in the family, at work, in politics, within a social group.
2. Estimated. The imperative function of morality is manifested in its imperative character. Morality reflects the phenomena of reality as they should be. It also includes an assessment procedure, that is, the compliance of a person’s behavior with moral requirements. These requirements are based on a humanistic approach to the world and contain such concepts as good and evil, justice and injustice, nobility and baseness. Forms of moral assessment: criticism, disapproval, censure, agreement, praise.
3. Educational. Generalizes the moral experience of society, thereby passing it on to future generations. Develops moral ideals, skillfully combining the priorities of the individual and society.
4. Motivational. Public morality becomes the basis of a person’s morality and influences the motivation of his behavior. It is the reason for a person’s actions in a given situation.
5. Controlling. Control can be exercised by both society and the person himself, his conscience. Condemnation or approval of a social group serves as one of the levers influencing the actions of an individual. Moreover, this function also extends to self-control, to a person’s thoughts, to his choice. By committing an unbecoming act, a person risks being condemned by society and losing friendships.
6. Coordination. Coordinates the actions of communication participants, making their actions predictable. Thus, the coordination function ensures conflict-free coexistence of people. Provided that all members of society accept its principles, which serve as guidelines for behavior.
7. Integrating. It allows people to be in the same value system, but at the same time create strong social groups in which the principle of mutual assistance operates. Humanistic ideals of morality in this function are transformed into concrete actions.

Duty, dignity, honor

These categories of ethics are directly enshrined in the constitutional norms of the most significant state document.

Debt is a person’s direct responsibility to fulfill obligations to society and people. Duty to parents and children, duty to the Motherland to fulfill military duties - we agree that every person, due to his moral upbringing, should perceive these rules of behavior not as external norms, but principles of moral behavior. However, this is not always the case, and in case of violation of these norms, sanctions are provided for the violator.

Dignity is a measure of self-esteem of one’s own importance in society and it is protected constitutionally. This is the price for contribution to social development. The right of every person to have his worth recognized is an important norm of a just society.

Honor is a very capacious term in its content. The scope of the concept is much greater than that which embraces the totality of individual qualities and capabilities of an individual person. Often it conceals belonging to the general

vitally important social institutions and communities. The honor of an officer, a uniform - in these terms lies a person’s personal responsibility for the right to belong to a certain system of universal values. Dignity, honor, duty are at the same time categories of professional ethics of those spheres of human life that are intended to protect the life, health and safety of people.

A brief dictionary of moral concepts

Gratitude - a feeling of gratitude for the attention provided, for selfless help; readiness to reciprocate with mutual benefit, to “repay good for good.”

Callousness - about a person devoid of sensitivity, responsiveness, capable of being cruel; who is not touched by the sorrows and joys of others. The opposite of sensitivity, responsiveness, participation, attention.

Ruthlessness – inability to show compassion and pity; heartless, merciless, unmerciful; "heart of stone"

Indifference is a state of complete indifference, disinterest, indifferent attitude towards what is happening or towards a person; coldness, insensibility. The opposite of participation, interest.

Selfless - the kind act of someone who does not seek personal gain and is able to care about others more than about themselves; when there is no desire to acquire rewards for good deeds; unmercenary.

Fearlessness is a positive character trait, expressed not so much in the absence of fear as in the ability to overcome it; courage, courage.

Tactlessness is a negative character trait, manifested in a lack of sensitivity, cordiality, and a sense of proportion in relationships with other people. The opposite of tactfulness and correctness.

Beneficence - manifests itself in care and compassion aimed at the benefit of people; goodwill and generosity, understanding the problems of another person and participation in his fate.

Benevolence - favor, goodwill, goodwill, friendliness, sympathy, friendliness.

Nobility is the ability to rise above selfish motives and act selflessly in the interests of other people; generosity (greatness of soul), selflessness, high morality, honesty, chivalry.

Politeness is the expression of courtesy and respect in dealing with people; attentiveness, goodwill, willingness to provide a service to everyone who needs it, delicacy, tact. The opposite of rudeness, rudeness, arrogance and neglect.

Generosity is nobility when humanity exceeds the measure of generally accepted norms; self-sacrifice for the interests of others; refusal of the requirement to punish the person who committed the act or caused the damage; humane attitude towards the vanquished.

Loyalty is steadfastness in relationships and the fulfillment of one’s responsibilities, duty, constancy in feelings. The faithful love their loved ones, are devoted and reliable in the family.

aid is mutual assistance, support given to each other, and relationships based on common interests and goals.

Mutual understanding – agreement, mutual understanding, understanding, close contact. Those who understand each other have unanimity in opinions and actions.

Arrogance is an exaggeratedly high opinion of oneself and a disdainful attitude towards others; arrogance, arrogance, arrogance, selfishness, arrogance, pride.

Pride is a person’s too high assessment of his or others’ achievements and merits; self-assertion, conceit, self-confidence, swagger, arrogance, pride - exorbitant pride.

Delicacy - tact, courtesy, gentleness, spiritual subtlety, sensitivity, politeness, courtesy, courtesy.

Diplomatic - political, distinguished by subtlety, dexterity, and prudence.

Benevolence - desire for good to others, location, participation, benevolence; manifests itself in a friendly disposition, participation, sympathetic words, and a friendly manner of communication.

Kindness is the desire to do good; caring, attentiveness, the ability to sympathize, without which kindness is unthinkable.

A friend is a person close in spirit, in convictions, on whom you can rely in everything; comrade, close by type of activity, occupation; a friend with whom you have a good, but not very close relationship.

Friendship is a selfless relationship that is based on mutual disposition and trust, on respect and love, on common views and interests; friends are always ready to help.

Envy is a feeling of dislike towards another person in relation to his happiness, well-being, success, moral, cultural level or material superiority; based on egoism, selfishness.

Individuality is the unique identity of an individual, the unique embodiment in his personality of what is hereditary and acquired during life; the totality of thoughts, feelings, interests, habits, moods, abilities, and intellect unique to him.

Intelligence – personal qualities of a person; a combination of nobility of soul and industriousness of mind, intelligence and tolerance of character, reliability of words and truthfulness of actions; a combination of interest in art and literature, respect for culture and moral integrity.

Sincerity - openness, straightforwardness, honesty, genuineness, sincerity, directness, truthfulness; a sincere person does not pretend and does not hide his true attitude towards others.

Self-interest is the desire for profit and enrichment; selfishness, commercialism, the desire to extract material benefit from everything.

Culture is the level of achievements of human society in a certain era among a nation or class; cultural – civilized, developed.

Laziness is inaction, idleness, inertia, lack of desire to work, to work. The opposite of vigorous activity.

Love is the highest feeling of heartfelt affection, the purest feeling that gives rise to the desire to do good and be merciful.

Mercy is active participation in the fate of another; willingness to selflessly help those in need; mercy, compassionate love.

Courage is a combination of courage, endurance, perseverance and determination in a person; the embodiment of strength of character, loyalty to the ideal and to oneself when faced with danger and injustice.

Tenderness – warmth and softness, subtlety and fragility in relationships. Actions that express tender feelings, kind words.

Sociability is a person’s need and ability to communicate, contact with other people, and establish mutual understanding with them; desire for initiative.

Optimism is a cheerful and joyful attitude; cheerfulness, love of life, life affirmation.

Responsibility is the ability of an individual to understand the compliance of the results of his actions with the goals set and the norms accepted in society.

Responsiveness - cordiality, kindness, sympathy, sympathy, compassion, sensitivity; a sympathetic, sincere, kind-hearted, attentive, humane person.

Patriotism is a feeling of love for one’s Fatherland; willingness to subordinate one's personal interests to the interests of the country; serve and protect her faithfully.

Pessimism is hopelessness, lack of faith in the future.

Truthfulness is the quality of a person to tell the truth, not to hide the actual state of affairs from people and himself.

Devotion – loyalty, constancy, commitment, immutability, ideologicalness. The opposite of infidelity, treason, betrayal.

Betrayal - perfidy, betrayal, desertion, deceit. The opposite of loyalty, devotion.

Indifference - lack of participation, interest in the environment, what is happening, indifference, indifference, indifference.

Joy is a feeling of great pleasure and mental satisfaction, a good, festive mood, fun, cheerfulness.

Cordiality is a cordial attitude combined with hospitality, with a willingness to help, to provide a service, friendliness, hospitality, a warm welcome.

Repentance is a feeling of guilt for a wrong or bad act and a desire to atone for it; conviction of the wrongness, immorality or criminality of the actions taken, feelings of guilt and remorse.

Homeland - the country in which a person was born and lives, Fatherland, Fatherland, native side, native land; the history of the country, its culture, language.

Selflessly - selflessly, ascetically, forgetting about yourself, sparing no effort and life, sacrificing your interests, yourself for the good of others.

Independence – independence, self-sufficiency; freedom from external influences, coercion, from outside support and assistance.

Modesty – ease of use, a critical attitude towards oneself, respect for others, reluctance to emphasize one’s merits. It manifests itself in a person’s entire behavior, in his clothing, manners, speech, and lifestyle.

Weakness of character - lack of stamina, firmness of character; weak-willed, spineless, faint-hearted, soft-bodied.

Courage is a person’s ability to overcome feelings of fear, uncertainty of success, fear of difficulties and unfavorable consequences for him.

Condescension – a gentle and tolerant attitude towards the mistakes and mistakes of others; tolerance, tolerance.

Conscience is an innate moral sense; consciousness and a sense of responsibility of a person for his behavior, encouraging a person to truth and goodness, turning him away from evil and lies.

Compassion is a feeling of pity caused by someone’s misfortune or difficult fate. This, for example, is suffering for orphans. Next to compassion there are such concepts as mercy, sympathy, compassion, pity, regret .

Empathy - understanding the feelings of another person; concern, condolences; the ability to relate with participation and compassion to someone’s experience or misfortune; share someone else's grief.

Save - help, serve as protection, rescue, protect, protect, protect, preserve; go to the rescue, rescue.

Justice is the compliance of human relations, laws, orders with moral, ethical, legal norms and requirements.

Fear is a feeling of strong anxiety, restlessness, mental confusion in the face of some danger; horror, fear, trepidation.

Tactfulness – adherence to measures in communication and accepted rules of politeness; exclusion of actions and words that may be unpleasant to the interlocutor; showing attention to people around you; correctness.

Patience - patience, as opposed to ardor, the ability to maintain restraint and self-control.

Hard work is a necessary condition for any work activity; diligence, diligence and diligence.

Respect is a feeling based on recognition of someone’s merits and merits; reverence - deep respect, usually for a person older in age, position, knowledge; piety - the highest degree of respect, reverence.

Compassion is a good character trait, primarily responsiveness and compassion. A person with such spiritual qualities is attentive to people, warm-hearted and kind. He takes an active part in the fate of orphans and has compassion for the sick and weak.

Bravery is a character trait that manifests itself in an individual’s ability to overcome feelings of fear in a situation of danger and risk oneself in order to achieve a goal.

Honesty - truthfulness, straightforwardness, nobility, sincerity, sincerity, decency, crystallineness, purity, integrity, spotlessness.

Ambitious - striving to achieve a high position, gain fame, glory; vain - striving for glory, for honors for their own sake.

Honor – dignity, reputation; honor, respect; signs of attention shown to someone.

Generosity - lack of stinginess, material donation, charity, assistance; generosity, generosity of spirit, the desire to selflessly share ideas, to joyfully convey to others one’s creative, scientific and other achievements.

Egoism is a personality trait, a character trait that manifests itself in self-love, preferring one’s personal interests to the interests of other people. Based on the motives of selfishness and self-interest.

Erudition is a manifestation of breadth of mind, based on a large amount of knowledge on a given issue and provided by memory.

The meaning of life and love

Concepts that contain the highest moral values ​​of human life are significant for every person. These are guidelines for positive and meaningful activity for the benefit of both the individual and other people.

The meaning of life, following the logic of the natural process, is to prolong the race. As an ethical category, this is a reflexive process of a person’s awareness of the purpose of his existence, his mission on earth.

Is it possible to live without a goal? Naturally, as a biological being, man is predetermined in his purpose. Ethics does not examine this. Biological individuals are the subject of study in natural sciences.

Since antiquity, service to people has been proclaimed the highest virtue. This is the purpose, the moral principle of man. Understanding your life is a certain level of intellectual development of the individual. It has been noted that scientists who have completely subordinated their lives to serving humanity constitute the largest stratum of centenarians. This is explained very simply. Serving humanity so fills the life of an individual with meaning that the very form of limiting life in time is subordinate to this higher goal and extends the life of a person in this world.

Love is a great value. A well-known aphorism says that only a lover has the right to be called a man. This is a person’s moral and aesthetic tension, which cannot be compared in terms of emotionality with any of the feelings.

Conscience

This concept has an exclusively moral basis. It’s curious, but it’s difficult to find analogues in foreign languages. More often it means “self-awareness.” The origins of the term “conscience” lie in Christian teaching, according to which this quality is a gift from God, a guide to the righteous path for man.

This term is included in the concepts and categories of ethics and is inextricably linked with an understanding of the content of such moral postulates as duty, honor, and human responsibility. A harmonious personality is a person with a clear conscience when he realizes the righteousness of his life. Conscience is spiritual freedom and the right to choose based on moral duty.

Morality of modern society and morality

As mentioned earlier, morality and morality are the same in essence, but differ in the historical form of manifestation.

It is often said that modern society is immoral. This statement is valid for any historical form of human development. The ideal - a moral and harmonious society - remains the goal of development. It is unattainable by definition. Because life is always a development limited by time and space to achieve an ideal.

Violation of moral norms can lead to the self-destruction of society as a historical form. On the other hand, there is a positive trend based on the principle of self-preservation. Humanity has a strong enough rationality potential to protect itself from these extreme forms of self-destruction.

The main categories of ethics are the subject of scientific research. But their theoretical analysis serves as the basis for the formation of practical views on the moral forms of behavior of a person, society and the state.

Permissiveness

Moral principles and permissiveness are radically opposite things. In ancient times, morality was not simply different from what exists today.

It would be more correct to say that it did not exist at all. Its complete absence sooner or later leads society to death. Only thanks to the gradually developing moral values ​​was human society able to pass through the immoral ancient era.

Permissiveness develops into chaos, which destroys civilization. The rules of morality must always be in a person. This allows us not to turn into wild animals, but to remain intelligent creatures.

In the modern world, a vulgarly simplified perception of the world has become widespread. People are thrown to extremes. The result of such changes is the spread of radically opposite sentiments among people and in society.

For example, wealth - poverty, anarchy - dictatorship, overeating - hunger strike, etc.