Rules of speech communication article on the Russian language on the topic

Speech etiquette is an important part of any community. It helps maintain a balance between the informative and emotional components of communication, making communication understandable and acceptable for representatives of different cultures and social groups. Norms of verbal behavior apply both to everyday life and to the business sphere; they prescribe communication scenarios for special occasions and mournful situations.

The relationship between culture and speech

A cultured person stands out from the crowd with his demeanor, courtesy, awareness and communication skills. Such a person knows how to behave in society, makes contact easily and can carry on a conversation.

The speech of a cultured person is distinguished by semantic accuracy, grammatical correctness, expressiveness, richness and versatility of vocabulary and logical harmony.

Such speech is called standardized - in its oral form it corresponds to the currently existing pronunciation standards, and in written form - to the rules of punctuation and spelling.

The relationship between culture and speech is obvious here. A person who does not have an idea of ​​moral and ethical standards will not be able to observe speech etiquette for the following reasons:

• lack of any education and literacy;
• narrow outlook;
• lack of communication skills;
• an abundance of “weed” words in speech;
• use of profanity.

Important! In some cases, knowledge of etiquette does not guarantee decent communication. Sometimes it is a question of the personal qualities of the interlocutor.

Basic rules and principles

Speech etiquette refers to a number of norms and rules of communication in society. In simple terms, this is the ability to communicate politely and tactfully in any situation.

The way speech is constructed, the words and expressions used are influenced by a number of factors: the age of the interlocutor, the situation, political and religious restrictions. The ability to appeal to all this allows you to build strong, trusting relationships with colleagues, friends and family.

By the way a person speaks, one can draw certain conclusions about him.

Speech is an indicator of education, social status, erudition and literacy. Over several centuries of its development, a lot of rules have accumulated that regulate social contact. It is completely impossible to voice and list them, but it is worth highlighting the rules of speech etiquette, which are considered basic:

1. Politeness. It's always nice to talk to someone who doesn't forget about the rules of decency. Such an interlocutor wants to subconsciously correspond and respond to his “Good morning” with a smile and a similar phrase. Politeness helps out at work when people who are unpleasant to each other come together in one team. This ensures a healthy work environment and ensures that all employees feel comfortable.
2. Following social standards. To feel like a full-fledged part of society, you must adhere to generally accepted norms of behavior. Otherwise, there is a high risk of non-acceptance by society and moral injury.

1. Compliance with speech formulas. Cultural speech is impossible without structuring. Before the conversation begins there is a greeting, and at the end there must be a farewell.
2. The ability to avoid conflicts. A healthy discussion or cultural dispute keeps the interlocutors interested in the topic of dialogue, and outright scolding goes beyond the bounds of a decent form of contact. The ability to say “sorry” in a timely manner will help smooth out the intensity of passions and return the vector of the conversation to a calm direction.
3. Allocation of level between speakers. With close people, mutual contact is more relaxed; warm words and addresses are acceptable: “Hello,” “I’m very glad to see you.” Interlocutors in a less intimate circle prefer to limit themselves to the official phrase “Good afternoon.”

Politeness shows a person’s level of education, but it is not enough to take a worthy place in society. It is necessary to develop correct communication skills and fight shyness in order to correct the situation. Regular language practice and self-education will help with this.

Formation of a culture of communication

You can communicate in very different ways. Within the walls of a department at a state university and, for example, a public canteen, radically different vocabulary is used, but the rules of speech etiquette are generally the same.

This happens because the formation of a culture of communication begins in infancy. Children in different conditions receive different quality of training in social behavior, but according to the same principles (excluding marginalized groups).

The minimum standards of communication culture include the ability to maintain a verbal distance, refuse insults and discuss shortcomings out loud, and the inadmissibility of rudeness and aggression.

To function successfully in society, a young member of society must learn loyalty and a minimum of respect for others.

Since humanity is no longer in a tribal system, respect and goodwill are expressed through speech and its expressions - intonation, words, gestures.

The formation of a culture of communication begins from an early age. Along with the rules of behavior, the child is also taught the postulates of speech etiquette. Direct and indirect influence on the formation of speech culture is exerted by:

• family;
• entourage;
• educational institution.

A child learns his first communication skills in the family. As soon as he begins to speak, he begins to copy the manner of speech of his household, using the same words and intonations - the child’s speech becomes a reflection of the speech of the parents and their task is to convey to the child the basics of a culture of communication.

In families where a lot of attention is paid to raising children, children from an early age know the “magic words” and their meaning.

At the second stage, others intervene in the process of mastering speech rules:

• neighbours;
• random people on the street;
• friends and their parents.

The child’s social circle becomes wider, new words appear in speech, and the manner of speaking changes. And what she will be like now depends not only on the parents.

If a child spends time among well-mannered, cultured people, it means that his speech will become richer and brighter, but if those around him are unfamiliar with the culture of communication and “litter” with profanity, then the child will certainly take on some turns.

Kindergarten, school and other educational institutions teach reading and writing without spelling and punctuation errors, as well as correctly expressing thoughts orally and in writing.

Moreover, the child receives the necessary knowledge from the lessons of the Russian language and literature, but also from other disciplines. The entire educational process is aimed at developing speech etiquette, and the goal is the following points:

• develop sociability and social activity;
• establish communicative relationships with others;
• improve academic performance
• develop rapid adaptation to a variety of activities.

Obscene and shocking words and expressions.

Prohibitions on the use of obscene and shocking words and expressions may be combined with recommendations or instructions to replace them with euphemisms ( see also

EUPHEMISM) This applies to actually obscene words and expressions and those that too directly name objects and phenomena that it is not customary to talk about directly in a given culture. The same expressions may be considered prohibited in some groups and acceptable in others. In the same group, the use of swear words may be considered acceptable, or at least excusable; however, the severity of the prohibition increases sharply in the presence of women, children, etc.

What is speech etiquette?

Speech etiquette is a set of requirements for the content, nature, form, order and appropriateness of statements in a given situation.

Interesting read: Speech etiquette in China.

These are certain rules of speech behavior, a system of specific stereotypical, stable communication formulas that are accepted by society for mutual contact between interlocutors, its maintenance and interruption in the chosen tonality.

Speech etiquette involves the use of certain words and expressions in various situations:

• during greeting;
• at the moment of farewell;
• upon request;
• during treatment;
• at the moment of apology.

The necessary words and phrases are pronounced with a certain intonation, which, together with the sayings, characterizes polite speech.

Mastery of speech culture helps in developing personality, gaining authority, trust and respect. By observing speech etiquette, a person feels confident and at ease in any situation, and also avoids ridicule and awkwardness in an unfamiliar environment.

It is a set of rules that are unique to different races and social groups in some respects. Most of the rules of speech etiquette are considered unspoken and are normally taught to children along with all other social skills.

For example, there is no need to explain the reasons why you should not raise your voice at another person - this is a violation of personal space and rudeness.

It is also obvious that familiarity is not polite with a person of higher social status or simply not familiar.

The history of speech etiquette originates from hierarchical rules, where the elder automatically rose above the younger, women were allocated to a separate social group, and the gap between social classes was incredibly huge.

Humanity has kept most of the rules of speech etiquette unchanged or slightly modified.

Course work "Norms of speech communication"

Content

Introduction

Currently, speech behavior, being a complex phenomenon that largely affects the social side of society, is included in the field of research interests of such disciplines as functional stylistics, speech culture, rhetoric, etc. Currently, issues of studying speech and speech behavior are being developed with positions of linguistic anthropology, and are studied within the framework of such sciences as psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, cultural linguistics and pragmalinguistics. The general approach that unites these directions is that speech behavior is a specific type of human behavior, which consists of speech acts and is based on the use of language, realized in speech. However, each science identifies aspects of this concept that are relevant and relevant specifically for its tasks.

The topic has been repeatedly considered by many authors, not only from the point of view of philology, but also from the point of view of psychology and sociology. I believe that this problem has not yet been studied in sufficient detail, but the norms are constantly changing, and there is no consensus on them. Many books are devoted to communication norms and speech etiquette, since compliance or non-compliance with these norms has a huge impact on a person’s position in society.

Based on the relevance of the problem, we formulated
research
topic “Compliance with the norms of speech behavior as one of the most important conditions for successful communication.”

Research problem:

What are the ways to comply with the norms of speech behavior in successful communication?

Purpose of the study:

Theoretically substantiate the norms of speech behavior among students.

Object of study:

Activation of speech behavior in students.

Subject of study:

Ways to activate speech behavior in students.

Based on our research, we put forward the following hypothesis:

Subject to compliance with the norms of speech etiquette, students can improve the quality of their speech in a certain situation.

In accordance with the purpose, object and subject of the study, we formulated the following tasks:

1. Analyze the psychological and pedagogical literature on the research problem.

2. Reveal the psychological and pedagogical nature of speech behavior on the research problem.

3. Consider the norms of speech etiquette among students.

4. Develop a booklet on the research topic

Research methods:

1.Theoretical (comparative analysis, analysis and synthesis, thought experiment)

2. Empirical (observation, experiment, graphical methods, document analysis)

3.Statistical methods (study of the subject, generalization of knowledge)

Possible risks of the project

is to identify speech aggression among students.

A research project consists of an introduction, two paragraphs, stages of work on the project, a product, possible risks of the project, a conclusion, a list of references, and applications.

In the introduction

the relevance of the research topic is substantiated, the scientific apparatus of the research is determined.

In the first paragraph “Speech behavior

“The concepts of “speech behavior” and “features of speech communication” are considered.

In the second paragraph “Speech etiquette and its norms”

the norms of speech etiquette among students are analyzed.”

In custody

the main conclusions of the study are outlined, directions and prospects for further study of this problem are outlined.

In the application

a sample survey of students at a pedagogical college is presented.

Overall volume

an individual project is 25 pages of typewritten text. The list of sources used includes 15 items

Chapter 1. Speech behavior

A person’s speech behavior is a complex phenomenon; it is associated with the characteristics of his upbringing, place of birth and education, with the environment in which he habitually communicates, with all the characteristics characteristic of him as an individual and as a representative of a social group, as well as of a national community. Speech behavior, as already mentioned, is stereotypical, habitual, therefore it is expressed in stereotypical statements, speech cliches, on the one hand, and in some purely individual speech manifestations of a given personality, on the other. To this we must add non-speech (non-verbal) means of communication - gestures, facial expressions, tonal and phonation features. In other words, speech behavior reveals a linguistic personality belonging to a given time, a given country, a given region, a given social (including professional) group, a given family. There is a lot in common and a lot that is special. A person who is professionally involved in speech activity and accustomed to public speaking (for example, a lecturer, journalist, radio and television announcer, teacher) feels free in communication, his speech behavior reveals him as a person who is fluent in speech, gesture, and can concentrate the attention of listeners . On the contrary, someone who is not connected with the “speech” profession, when he finds himself in front of a microphone, behaves constrained, his facial expressions are unnatural, he does not know where to put his hands, he painfully searches for words... But sometimes this is not the case. An original personality often finds a way to communicate interestingly about himself and his affairs, without difficulty in speaking and revealing looseness and courage in his behavior.

Analysis of the characteristics of verbal communication in social interaction is associated with distinguishing the following levels of social communication: communication of people as representatives of certain groups (national, age, professional, status, etc.). In this case, the determining factor in the speech behavior of two or more people is their group affiliation or role position (for example, leader - subordinate, consultant - client, teacher - student, etc.); transmission of information to many people: direct in the case of public speech or indirect in the case of the media.

First of all, it should be noted that in social interaction the servicing nature of speech activity is clearly expressed; here speech is always subordinated to a non-speech goal, aimed at organizing the joint activities of people. This feature predetermines a much stricter (in comparison with interpersonal interaction) regulation of speech behavior. Although norms of speech behavior belong to the sphere of tacit agreements between members of society, it is in the sphere of socially oriented communication that their observance is accompanied by much stricter control. The described conditions are called the “principle of cooperation”, i.e. a requirement for interlocutors to act in a manner consistent with the accepted goal and direction of the conversation.

In other words, speech behavior reveals a linguistic personality belonging to a given age and time, a given country, a given region, a given social (including professional) group, a given family. Each person finds himself in a variety of role-playing and speech situations and constantly navigates the communication environment, his partner, and the third parties present. He constantly chooses this or that speech manner, this or that behavior.

In a person’s speech behavior, there is a constant “execution” of his inherent role characteristics and “playing out” of variable situational roles, orientation in the general social position in the roles of the addressee, assessment of the formality or informality of the communication environment and in personal relationships with a communication partner, if, of course, there are any there is when they communicate with a person they know. In general, such status relationships can be designated as follows: boss - subordinate, teacher-pupil, teacher-student, parent-child. An unlimited variety of texts is born from a limited number of building units of language. The dependencies here are very diverse: we can communicate in writing or orally, contact or remotely, in the form of dialogue (polylogue) or monologue, with or without the help of a mediating apparatus, engage in mass communication or communicate interpersonally, in an official or friendly environment, play the role of the head a family or a subordinate member of it, a chatterbox or a silent one, a boss, a manager, a colleague, a subordinate, while being a person of a certain gender, age, with a certain educational level, finding himself either a passenger, or a buyer, or a pedestrian, or a patient - and so on ad infinitum. It all depends on who is speaking, to whom, about what, when, where, why, why.

Each of us can, by our personal actions, determine almost unmistakably the degree of their upbringing, the prevalence of their habit of thinking or not thinking about the interests of others. And every era has its own style, every society has its own rules of behavior, but there are universal human values, and it is on their basis that the culture of any nation develops. An integral part of culture is etiquette, which has evolved over centuries and is rooted in the sphere of morality.

Chapter 2. Speech etiquette and its norms

One of the elements of speech culture is speech etiquette.

Speech etiquette is “nationally specific rules of speech behavior, implemented in a system of stable formulas and expressions in situations of “polite” contact with an interlocutor accepted and prescribed by society. Such situations are: addressing the interlocutor and attracting his attention, greeting, introduction, farewell, apology, gratitude, etc.”

The works of many modern linguists and methodologists are devoted to the issues of speech etiquette (A.A. Akishina, B.V. Busheleva, V.G. Kostomarov, L.II. Krysin, T.A. Ladyzhenskaya, M.S. Soloveichik, N.I. Formanovskaya and others).

The most accurate definition of speech etiquette is the statement of Natalya Ivanovna Formanovskaya: “Speech etiquette refers to the regulating rules of speech behavior, a system of nationally specific stereotypical, stable communication formulas accepted and prescribed by society to establish contact between interlocutors, maintain and interrupt contact in the chosen tonality.”

The main functions of speech etiquette are communicative, establishing contact, calling, attracting attention, the function of politeness, etc. Etiquette is a prescription based on the fact that if a person wants to occupy a certain place in a given society, then he must, by his behavior (and speech in including) to meet the expectations of this society, Etiquette helps to get around sharp corners, smooth out contradictions with etiquette formulas or etiquette behavior.

Speech etiquette in the narrow sense of understanding this term is used in etiquette communication situations when performing certain etiquette actions. These actions can have the meaning of motivation (request, advice, proposal, command, order, demand), reaction (reactive speech acts: agreement, disagreement, objection , refusal, permission), social contact in terms of establishing contact (apology, gratitude, congratulations), its continuation and completion.

N.I. Formanovskaya connected the formulas of speech etiquette with “social strokes,” i.e., certain approving actions of partners. In this case, each etiquette speech action is equated to one “stroking”. For example, a greeting is one “stroking”, a question about business is a second “stroking”, a compliment is a third “stroking”, etc. The principle of harmonization of communication requires that communicants exchange the same number of “strokes”.

Etiquette formulas allow you to express a thought, a request, an intention not only politely, but also while maintaining the required distance. Etiquette is a lifeline in situations of communication with strangers or unfamiliar people - when you need to find common topics, when you need to relieve tension and conflict, when you need to soften negative information, when you need to establish a certain distance, when you need to move on to another topic, etc.

Speech etiquette, understood in a broad sense, is not limited only to speech formulas in the etiquette framework of communication, but serves as a means of organizing and maintaining non-conflict communication throughout its entire duration. In this regard, the main purpose of etiquette is to help people not to conflict with each other, to perform actions, including speech, necessary to enter into contact, maintain it and leave contact.

Ethical norms embody the system of protection of moral values ​​in every culture and regulate the forms of their manifestation in speech. Ethical standards prescribe the need for speech to comply with the moral laws of society, as well as the inner world of a person, his perception of other people, and understanding of his place in life and in a given society.

The laws of ethics are based on the task of cohesion, uniting members of a given society; speech performs an important social function in this regard, therefore ethical laws are the basis of a culture of communication.

Communication norms are based on the principles of cooperation, expediency, harmonization and structuring.

Communication norms require taking into account the communication situation and correctly assessing it; strive for communicative cooperation in the communication process; choose the right tone of communication, show interest in the presentation of information and in the process of exchanging information.

One of the most important qualities of speech, constructed in compliance with ethical and communicative norms, is politeness as a norm not only of a speech, but also of a general cultural nature.

The norms of speech etiquette presuppose the ability to choose accurate, appropriate, appropriate and effective means of speech etiquette in a specific communication situation.

Compliance with the norms of speech etiquette in the process of communication testifies not only to communicative skills, but also to the level of culture of those communicating in general, because speech etiquette reflects the level of a person’s spirituality and is an indicator of his moral character.

Thus, ethical and communicative norms reflect the level of morality of a person and society as a whole, emphasize the degree to which a person has formed moral and ethical principles, and ultimately are an indicator of the level of his general culture.

As researchers write, one of the main trends in the historical development of the national language is the tendency towards unity, which is ensured by the general recognition of norms (phonetic, lexical, grammatical). “Any violation of the historical requirement of purity of speech is an inevitable weakening of the linguistic unity of the nation,” we read in the book by B.N. Golovin “How to speak correctly: Notes on the culture of Russian speech”

To maintain purity of speech, one should carefully use clericalisms, cliches, avoid the use of slang words and expressions, dialectisms, professionalisms, and it is appropriate to use foreign language vocabulary.

Speech is also clogged with parasitic words, which deprive the expression of expressiveness, accuracy and impact, and make it difficult to perceive.

Swearing and vulgar words (foul language), rudeness and impoliteness of speech indicate disrespect of the speaker (writer) for the interlocutor, manifestation of aggressiveness in the process of communication, which, as already mentioned, leads to a violation of ethical standards, to speech hooliganism, according to B.N. . Golovin.

In this regard, let us once again emphasize the role of communication culture, speech culture in the education of such moral qualities as politeness, tact, and the ability to take into account the mood of the addressee.

What conditions that contribute to the effective exchange of information and the implementation of a communicative goal should be taken into account when organizing speech communication? Experts include such conditions as the need for communication, communicative interest; attuned to the world of the interlocutor, the closeness of the speaker’s worldview; the ability of the listener to penetrate into the speaker’s intention; external circumstances of strangers (physical condition), knowledge of the norms of etiquette speech communication, etc.

It is very important to create a positive communication climate that helps establish contact and rapport during the communication process. According to foreign scientists, the amount of information transmitted and its accuracy increases in an atmosphere of trust and openness between participants in communication.

The creation of such a climate is facilitated by the observance by the participants of the dialogue of the principle of cooperation G.P. Grice and the principle of politeness of J.N. Leach, establishing partnerships, as well as the application of a number of psychological principles of communication formulated in the scientific and methodological literature.

Thus, the communicative qualities of speech become its advantages if they are successfully implemented when creating an utterance.

Consequently, the culture of speech, the culture of communication, the culture of speech activity are ensured by the ability (and most importantly, the desire) to make a statement accurate, logical, accessible, expressive, etc., which is due to the richness and variety of linguistic and speech means available to those communicating.

Stages of work on the project

1. Information and analytical:

1) immersion in the project-analysis of the topic;

2) planning work on the project, drawing up content;

3) selection of literature;

4) drawing up an introduction, defining the conceptual apparatus;

5) systematization of theoretical material in order to determine the characteristics of reading. Methods: at this stage the theoretical method (analysis and synthesis) is used.

2. Organizational and executive:

structuring theoretical material - compiling a booklet.

3. Control and correction:

1) Correction of theoretical material on the topic “Compliance with the norms of speech behavior as one of the most important conditions for successful communication”;

2) booklet design, printing;

3) presentation for the booklet, project defense

Project product

Research product

is a booklet on the topic “Speech etiquette, its rules and formulas,” which describes a list of rules of speech behavior.

Speech etiquette formulas are certain words, phrases and fixed expressions used for three stages of conversation:

§ starting a conversation (greeting/introduction)

§ main part

§ final part of the conversation

Starting a conversation and ending it

Any conversation, as a rule, begins with a greeting; it can be verbal and non-verbal. The order of greeting also matters: the youngest greets the elder first, the man greets the woman, the young girl greets the adult man, the junior greets the elder.

At the end of the conversation, formulas for ending communication and parting are used. These formulas are expressed in the form of wishes (all the best, all the best, goodbye), hopes for further meetings (see you tomorrow, I hope to see you soon, we’ll call you), or doubts about further meetings (goodbye, farewell).

Main part of the conversation

Following the greeting, a conversation begins. Speech etiquette provides for three main types of situations in which various speech formulas of communication are used: solemn, mournful and work situations. The first phrases spoken after the greeting are called the beginning of the conversation. There are often situations when the main part of the conversation consists only of the beginning and the ending of the conversation that follows.

A solemn atmosphere and the approach of an important event require the use of speech patterns in the form of an invitation or congratulations. The situation can be either official or informal, and the situation determines what formulas of speech etiquette will be used in the conversation.

A mournful atmosphere in connection with events that bring grief suggests condolences expressed emotionally, not routinely or dryly. In addition to condolences, the interlocutor often needs consolation or sympathy. Sympathy and consolation can take the form of empathy, confidence in a successful outcome, and be accompanied by advice.

In everyday life, the work environment also requires the use of speech etiquette formulas. Brilliant or, conversely, improper performance of assigned tasks can become a reason for gratitude or censure. When carrying out orders, an employee may need advice, for which it will be necessary to make a request to a colleague. There is also a need to approve someone else’s proposal, give permission for implementation or a reasoned refusal.

The request must be extremely polite in form (but without ingratiation) and understandable to the addressee; the request must be made delicately. When making a request, it is desirable to avoid the negative form and use the affirmative. Advice should be given uncategorically; giving advice will be an incentive to action if it is given in a neutral, delicate form.

It is customary to express gratitude to the interlocutor for fulfilling a request, providing a service, or providing useful advice. Also an important element in speech etiquette is a compliment. It can be used at the beginning, middle and end of a conversation.

Possible project risks

Conclusion

Speech etiquette is a mirror that reflects the level of a person’s internal culture. It is necessary to learn the rules of speech behavior. Showing good manners should be a common norm of behavior. A cultured person needs not only to know and observe the norms of etiquette. The ability to present yourself and make a good impression will allow you to gain confidence and feel free in any society. Possession of speech etiquette contributes to the acquisition of authority, generates trust and respect. Strict adherence to speech etiquette in business communication leaves a favorable impression and maintains a positive reputation. Cultural speech is a sign of a person’s intelligence and education. Slang words, rude expressions - all this only demonstrates the lack of proper upbringing.

Thus, the problem “What are the ways to comply with the norms of speech behavior in successful communication” has been solved.

The goal of the study “Theoretically substantiate the norms of speech behavior among students” has been achieved.

Tasks to achieve the goal have been implemented.

The hypothesis “Subject to compliance with the norms of speech etiquette, students can improve the quality of their speech in a certain situation” is confirmed

In the future, this topic should be continued to be researched, work on the product should continue, and the material should be studied in depth.

List of sources used

1. Vvedenskaya, L.A. Culture and art of speech. Modern rhetoric / L. A. Vvedenskaya, L. G. Pavlova. – Rostov n/d.: Phoenix, 1998

2. Golub, I. B. Russian language and speech culture / I. B. Golub. – M.: Logos, 2003.

3. Vvedenskaya, L.A., Speech culture / L.A. Vvedenskaya, N. P.

4. I.B. Golub Russian language and culture of speech. Moscow "Logos", 2003.

5. Russian language and speech culture: Textbook for universities / A.I. Dunev, M.Ya. Dymarsky, A.Yu. Kozhevnikov et al. Ed. V.D. Chernyak. - M.: Higher School: St. Petersburg, 2002.

6. Vvedenskaya L.A. A culture of speech. Series "Textbooks, teaching aids". Rostov n/a: “Phoenix”, 2001.

7. Formanovskaya, Natalya Ivanovna. Speech etiquette and communication culture / N. I. Formanovskaya. - M.: Higher. school, 1989.

8. Akishina, A.A. Russian speech etiquette [Text] / A.A. Akishina, N.I. Formanovskaya - M.: Librokom, 2009. - 375 p.

9. Vinokur, T.G. Speaker and listener. Variants of speech behavior [Text] / T.G. Vinokur - M.: Nauka, 1993. - 511 p.

10. Tarasov, E.F. The place of verbal communication in the communicative act. National and cultural specificity of speech behavior [Text] / E.F. Tarasov - M.: Nauka, 1977. - 212 p.

11. Venediktova V.I. About business ethics and etiquette. - M.: Legal Culture Foundation, 1994.-175 p.

12. Maksimova V.I., Russian language and culture of speech. - M., 2000. - 413 p.

13. Shiryaev E.N. What is the culture of speech // Russian speech. - 1991. - No. 4

14. Chestara J. Business etiquette. - M., 1997.

15. Kolesov V.V. A culture of speech. St. Petersburg: Lenizdat, 1988.

16. Collection of articles “On the culture of speech.” M: Knowledge, 1981

17. Goldin V.E., Sirotinina O.B. Speech culture // Russian language. Encyclopedia. - M., 1998.

18. Kalinin A.V. Culture of the Russian word. M: Moscow State University. — 1984

19. https://revolution.allbest.ru/languages/00346923_0.html

20. https://cinref.ru/razdel/02200inostran_izik/10/306634.htm

21. https://www.bestreferat.ru/referat-163535.html

22. https://otherreferats.allbest.ru/languages/00561647_0.html

Annex 1

Questionnaire on the research topic

1. Do you know what speech etiquette is? (Not really)

2. Is it necessary to master speech etiquette skills? (yes, no, difficult to answer)

3. Do you say hello to teachers and technical workers at the college? (always, sometimes, never)

4. Do you say “Good morning” to your family and friends in the morning? (always, sometimes, never)

5. Do you use the words “thank you”, “thank you” in your speech? (often, sometimes, never)

6. Do you use the words “sorry”, “excuse me” in your speech? (often, sometimes, never)

7. Do you use rude, obscene words in your speech? (often, sometimes, never)

Appendix 2

Results of student survey

Basic rules of speech etiquette

Speech etiquette prescribes certain standards of communication for an individual, which are mandatory and have the nature of recommendations.

The following speech rules are mandatory:

• compliance with rules and literary norms in conversation;
• absence of profanity;
• avoidance of tactlessness, rudeness and disrespect;
• compliance with the required stages of speech - the beginning of the conversation, the main part of the conversation and the conclusion;
• absence of errors and distortion of terminology.

Speech etiquette recommendations require:

• speak to the point, avoiding empty, meaningless words.
• conduct a conversation, taking into account the level of development of the interlocutor - express yourself clearly for him;
• do not interrupt your opponent, listen completely;
• be polite and tactful;
• do not get personal during a dispute;
• maintain a calm tone.

Since it will not be possible to completely structure such a large concept - too many cultures and social groups use its principles, there are only basic rules that are acceptable for most modern communities:

1. Smooth, neutral intonation. Raising and lowering your voice is a deviation from the norm in standard conversation. The interlocutors should hear each other well, but those around them, if there are any, should not experience any inconvenience from someone else’s conversation.
2. Greetings and farewells. Every conversation must begin with a greeting (the type will depend on the situation) and farewell.
3. Introduction if there are more than two people in a conversation and someone does not know someone. It is very impolite to start a conversation with others without introducing yourself. Anyone who brings a new person to the company is obliged to introduce him. If there are no acquaintances in a dialogue between several people, the rule is not strictly observed.

The main principles are calmness, exclusion of conflict situations and a friendly (neutral) atmosphere. During a business conversation or any other formal meeting, expressing your emotions and attitude towards others is strictly not recommended.

Everyday speech

Everyday language practice is also built on the principles of maintaining social hierarchy. Any conversation begins with a greeting, and the youngest greets the elder first, the man greets the woman, the young girl greets the older man, and the junior greets the elder.

According to the form, the greeting is classified as:

• time indication (Good morning!);
• wishes of health (Hello!);
• emotion (Glad to meet you!);
• expression of respect (My respect!);
• specific form (I wish you good health!).

The main part of the conversation can be based on three scenarios: work, solemn or mournful. The type of situation is indicated by various speech formulas uttered by the interlocutors (“Accept our condolences,” “Allow me to congratulate you!”, “I would advise you,” etc.).

It is customary to end communication by saying goodbye and wishing all the best.

Types of speech etiquette

Speech is the main mechanism of verbal communication. Verbal communication can be internal, when words are spoken silently, and externally directed - oral (dialogue and monologue) and written.

Oral speech is constructed in the form of a dialogue or monologue. In dialogue, people exchange information, emotions or experiences with each other. The monologue comes from one person, but is directed at the audience or at oneself.

Conversational ethics is less formal than written ethics. Here omissions of words, replacement of phrases with an action or gesture are allowed.

The written form of ethics is limited by strict boundaries - stylistics, spelling and punctuation rules.

Since this is a broad concept, there is no single speech etiquette that ideally suits all social requirements. Specific people or social groups modify the rules to suit their needs without changing the main principles - this is how the classification of speech etiquette by type is born:

1. Formal or business. This is the etiquette that is usually meant by this word by the average person. It is used at events where guests do not know each other, at exhibitions, in the service sector, and at business negotiations.
2. Everyday. The easiest to learn and most common type. Applying the rules of everyday etiquette does not require effort; a well-educated and socially integrated person automatically follows most of the rules and norms of speech etiquette in the process of communication. Applicable in any situation where official etiquette or more rare forms of speech etiquette are not suitable.

Also, for non-standard situations that most people do not encounter, there are unique units of speech etiquette.

For example, religious - it is studied within the clergy of denominations or simply among believers and is practically not applicable in secular society. The same can be said regarding diplomatic and military etiquette.

In general, verbal communication is classified according to content and is:

• material - exchange of products of activity;
• cognitive (cognitive) – exchange of data, experience and knowledge;
• conditional (emotional) – exchange of mood;
• motivational – exchange of intentions;
• activity-based – exchange of skills as a result of joint activities.

Types of speech etiquette are divided according to interaction techniques and tasks.

1. Mask contact. This is formal communication, without trying to find out the character of the opponent.
2. Social communication. This form of verbal communication is pointless, since at such moments people talk about general topics, what they should talk about in this situation.
3. Formal role-playing appearance. The rules and content of communication are important here, and the social status of the interlocutor and his position in society are important.
4. Business conversation. This is interaction for the purpose of exchanging data and messages that are required to achieve the desired result.
5. Interpersonal communication. This type of speech etiquette is also called intimate personal communication, because it consists in revealing the deep personal qualities of the interlocutor.
6. Manipulative communication. This communication is aimed at obtaining benefit from the opponent.

Important! Any form of conversation is subject to certain regulations, which must be strictly observed.

Kinds

External speech is divided into groups:

1. Spoken speech etiquette includes a lot of varieties, starting with conversational speech at the everyday level. This also includes a business style of communication, scientific speech as a way of dialogue between scientists, public figures, and philosophers. Artistic speech is expressed in teaching and in theatrical performances. Publicistic speech is aimed at conveying information and telling stories about events.
2. Written - displaying oral speech in writing text. It is important in terms of preserving information and transmitting it through generations.
3. Monologue - a monologue by one speaker who is listened to by a large audience. Adhere to the etiquette of verbal communication at conferences, seminars, and in speeches by coaches.
4. Dialogical - a dialogue between people on a specific topic that both interlocutors know and understand. Dialogue speech is replete with a set of specific expressions and technical terms related to this topic. People around you who don’t know what you’re talking about may not understand the essence of the conversation. But both interlocutors follow all the rules of speech etiquette during a dialogue that concerns only them.
5. Inner speech. Identified based on the level of education and self-education. This is a person’s ability to listen, perceive and pass through the information received. The ability to think, analyze the situation within oneself, without resorting to written and oral speech. Internal speech is a continuation of external speech, only in silent mode. A person thinks before answering a question, expressing his opinion, and compares information within himself in order to teach it correctly. Inner speech depends on the development of the intellect, on the basis of which the development of speech in a person is judged. Any thought is formed with the help of inner speech, despite the fact that a person expresses it or keeps it to himself.

Functions of speech etiquette

Speech etiquette has certain functions that are very important for a person.

1. Establishing contact. Speech etiquette attracts the attention of the interlocutor, encourages him to make contact and possible acquaintance.
2. Maintaining contact. In this case, ethical communication helps maintain contact without delving into any topic of conversation. It is necessary to form an impression of the interlocutor and maintain a friendly connection.
3. Showing respect and positivity. To some extent, this is the main function of speech etiquette, which is carried out with words of greeting and farewell, apology, sympathy, request, etc.
4. Regulation of behavior. Compliance with speech norms makes people's behavior predictable and understandable for others, and also clarifies the social role of each interlocutor and determines the procedure for action in a given situation.
5. Conflict prevention. Speech etiquette promotes normal communication between people. A timely apology and politeness help to avoid sharp corners in a conversation, and if a conflict has already begun, to get out of it with the least losses.

Important! Etiquette communication is a prerequisite for conversation with others, which guarantees normal relationships between people. It gives a person positive qualities and facilitates interaction with society.

The main function is to establish positive contact with another person or group. Changes in Russian speech etiquette in recent years are just echoes of rituals created by ancient people as a universal constant of communication.

Many parts of them can be traced even now, for example, in handshakes, bows among Asian nationalities, and smiles.

All these seemingly insignificant mini-rituals have accompanied humanity for centuries. They help to show on a conscious and unconscious level that the interlocutor is respected and will be treated well.

Etiquette standards are a universal language in which you can agree with everyone.

Frequent violations and errors

Anyone can encounter errors in speech behavior. The most common of them include:

1. Use of inappropriate language, foul language, use of profanity.
2. Violation of rituals (did not say hello, did not thank, did not apologize, etc.).
3. The presence of jargon in speech (“finally”, “crazy”, “fly away”, etc.).
4. Sarcasm, commanding tone, rudeness, ignorance, lack of empathy towards the interlocutor.
5. Referring to a person present in the third person.

Thus, the norms of speech etiquette are applicable in any situation: from everyday routine to the exchange of experience at international conferences or diplomatic negotiations. Basic rules require the use of a calm tone, a friendly attitude, generally accepted vocabulary and maintaining subordination between interlocutors when speaking.

Linguistic and behavioral means

Speech is mostly words and other sounds, of course, but there are other means of expression. For example, gestures and position in space relative to your interlocutor.

All this is also very important and has significance both from the secular side and in terms of national characteristics, which are also taken into account.

The clearest example of a behavioral tool can be considered gesticulation. This is a completely normal phenomenon - gestures are used by a person as “amplifiers” that complement speech.

They are used to express emotions and send super-fast signals. There are quite strict rules regarding gesticulation, mainly they involve restraining it.

There is nothing wrong with pointing your palm to your interlocutor for a conversation or with a gesture inviting him to enter the room, but waving your arms and closing the distance with a person without his consent is unacceptable.

Linguistic and behavioral means are inextricably linked, but the former exist without the latter, and vice versa - not.

In speech etiquette, the first assistants are linguistic and behavioral means. These include:

• moderate gestures and facial expressions;
• communication distance;
• expressed goodwill and restrained emotionality;
• demonstration of interest;
• avoiding controversial situations;
• non-categorical nature of one’s own statements;
• exclusion of disapproval;
• avoidance of excessive interest in personal details;
• participation in general conversation;
• brevity and uniformity of communication with everyone;
• minimum information about yourself;
• discussion of neutral topics - children, animals, weather, travel;
• helping your interlocutor in a delicate situation;
• expressing disagreement by remaining silent, asking a question, or switching to another topic;
• moderate use of humor;
• ban on sarcasm;
• exclusion of rude and colloquial expressions;
• positive mood;
• compliance with time frames and frequency of communication.

Main rules

What is speech etiquette in the modern Russian language is known to every educated person. A short list of its rules looks like this:

1. Facial expressions and gestures should be moderate and understandable to the interlocutor.
2. It is unacceptable to violate the personal boundaries of another person by reducing the communication distance.
3. Restraint in emotions does not mean a lack of a friendly attitude.
4. In a conversation, you should demonstrate interest in the interlocutor and his point of view.
5. It is better to avoid controversial situations, but if this is not possible, you need to exclude disapproving assessments of your opponent and the categorical nature of your own statements. It is better to express disagreement by silence, moving the conversation to another topic.
6. You should not intrusively ask for details of your interlocutor’s personal life if he avoids these topics. You shouldn't talk about yourself either.
7. In a conversation with several participants, attention should be evenly distributed among all people. The best topics are neutral ones: about animals, weather, travel.
8. Humor is like a spice; you need to use it carefully. But an easy, understandable joke will help you get out of a sticky situation. Humor and sarcasm are not the same thing.
9. Harsh words and colloquialisms should be excluded.
10. The frequency and time frame of communication must be acceptable to all participants in the communication.

Speech etiquette formulas

At any stage, communication is accompanied by speech etiquette formulas - cliches and fixed expressions.

These are words of politeness that are intended for all occasions:

• words of greeting and farewell - “hello”, “I greet you”, “see you”, “goodbye”;
• apologetic phrases - “sorry”, “please forgive me”, “sorry for...”;
• address – “can I contact you?”;
• words of sympathy - “I sympathize”, “I sincerely sympathize”;
• begging phrases - “be so kind as to pass...”;
• invitation words - “I will be glad to see you”;
• compliments and encouragement - “you are a wonderful specialist”;
• gratitude - “I thank you from the bottom of my heart,” “thank you,” “I am very grateful to you.”

These formulas tell you how to behave in any situation and facilitate communication.

No swearing

Speech culture and obscene language are simply not compatible - perhaps this point does not even require any special explanation. The richness of our language makes it possible to do without swearing even in rare cases, and if the use of swearing has reached the level of filler words and interjections, then this is a serious reason to think about it.

Clearing your speech of obscene language is difficult, but it is possible, and the approach is the same as with parasitic words: attention, patience and control. You can also come up with a system of punishments and rewards for yourself, respectively, for using such words and refusing them.

Speech etiquette and business communication

After everyday communication, business communication is the most common. This is logical - the level of medium-sized businesses is growing, more and more people are employed in creative professions or prefer to work for themselves.

It is acceptable to adhere to the standard rules of everyday etiquette at a business meeting, but in this way you will be able to gain respect from your interlocutor only if he himself adheres to a similar approach in business.

IMPORTANT! Depending on different life situations, business etiquette can also be divided into conditional groups.

Rules for successful formal communication

The main thing is no familiarity. Flirting between business partners is also excluded. Interlocutors must find the perfect balance between polite detachment and polite involvement. The first should not turn into arrogance, the second into obsession.

You should not adhere to the picture's officialdom. At a business meeting, there may well be appropriate jokes and conversations on abstract topics. Getting personal is taboo, it’s rude and can offend your interlocutor.

Punctuality, commitment and honesty. When creating a first impression, there are no trifles - don’t be late, don’t be rude to the staff.

Business communication is different in that it does not contain fragments that hint at personal topics. This communication is to the point - polite, courteous and impartial, but at the same time inviting. It is aimed at achieving mutual understanding and contact.

Official communication provides for the following rules:

• manners and speech in accordance with the specific situation;
• extreme clarity of speech - clear pronunciation, clarity of presentation;
• reliability of information;
• correctness;
• moderation;
• attentiveness;
• maintaining distance.

Varieties and their features

Speech etiquette differs depending on the area of ​​application, gender, age and situation. In accordance with these criteria, several of its types are distinguished.

Domestic

Everyone gets used to this form from childhood. Unconsciously, parents instill in their child the peculiarities of communication, which he then uses in everyday life.

From the name it is clear that everyday speech is used by people in everyday life when they are in an informal setting. It is characterized by the following features:

• partial non-compliance with the mentioned rules;
• uneven intonation;
• the use of non-literary words, a large number of interjections and abbreviations;
• addressing your interlocutor on a first-name basis.

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She is spontaneous and free from officialdom. Most of its norms are observed automatically.

Everyday speech etiquette involves the inclusion of a large number of phraseological units and stylistically colored expressive expressions. Emotionality is an expressive feature of everyday contacts.

Business

Communication in a business style takes second place after everyday communication, because the number of entrepreneurs and those who prefer to work for themselves is growing.

The important point here is the lack of familiarity and flirting. Interlocutors should find a middle ground between mutual politeness, detachment and involvement. But there is no need to build theatrical officialdom; it is quite appropriate to dilute the dialogue with a joke or an original witty statement.

The only taboo is getting personal. Business speech implies a complete absence of personal topics. These are substantive conversations aimed at solving current problems. Impartiality is characteristic of such a conversation. Dryness is acceptable. The conversation is aimed at achieving mutual understanding and establishing profitable contacts.

Pedagogical

The teacher's conversational etiquette is close in style to business, but is softer. The teacher must act as an example of beautiful, competent and ethically correct speech for students. His task is to establish trusting contact in such a way as to create a cozy atmosphere.

The teacher must regulate speech behavior depending on the age of his students, not “babble”, but also not sprinkle in incomprehensible terms. You need to express yourself clearly, briefly and logically, to be an ideal rhetorician. It is important to observe social distancing standards: be on a first-name basis with children under 16 years of age, and on a first-name basis with older students.

The timbre of the teacher’s voice, tone of speech, and manner of communication with students are very important. You should be careful when including value judgments in your speech, answering questions, and using gestures.

Criticism, use of jargon, categoricalness, labeling and raising one's voice are unacceptable for a teacher. Self-discipline underlies pedagogical contact with students.

Medical

The specificity of a doctor’s etiquette is directly related to his activities. When communicating with a patient, a doctor must be guided not only by the rules of regulations and laws, but also by the principles of humanism, compassion, and generosity.

The speech of a medical worker should be calm, detached, confident, and competent. He must inspire confidence in himself, his opinion and the profession as a whole.

During the dialogue, the doctor must take into account the psychological state of the patient, his level of education and social status. It is unacceptable to use medical terms without explanation.

Polite treatment is combined with respect and maintaining a normative distance. Flexibility, tact, and impartiality are obvious features of the speech of a medical employee.

You cannot conflict, overload your remarks with inappropriate statements, mislead your interlocutor, get personal, or mention extraneous, personal topics. It is prohibited to disclose medical confidentiality and discuss the professional suitability of other doctors. In addition, the doctor needs to learn not only to clearly convey information to the patient, but also to listen carefully to the patient.

Journalistic

Such speech should inform or tell about events. It does not involve a dialogue between two people, but an appeal to a large number of people at once, that is, to the public. The main features are emotionality, imagery, logic, appeal.

The task of a publicist is not only to convey information, but also to evoke a response from the audience to it. It is acceptable to combine artistic language with expressive vernacular expressions, express your own assessment of what is happening, and include professional vocabulary in a figurative sense.

The publicist must greet the audience in a discreet manner, and at the end of the speech, thank them for their attention and say goodbye.

Speech etiquette for public speaking combines conservative traditions with changing trends in linguistic features.

Network

Networking is vastly different from the way we are used to communicating face-to-face. Internet etiquette began to emerge when forums and blogs, electronic bulletin boards and various fan clubs appeared on the Internet. Today, the norms of interaction between users secretly regulate social networks, because they have become a space for daily virtual contacts.

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The online interlocutor reserves the right to not respond immediately and to leave the chat without warning or explanation. The “Online” icon does not guarantee that a person is at the monitor, but only informs about the opening of the page.

If there is no desire to communicate, then the letter should be left unread so that the interlocutor does not get the impression that he is being ignored. The response time should not exceed 24 hours.

Links and some media files sent in dialogue must be accompanied by at least a minimal comment, and waiting for a response to a banal “hello” is uncivilized.

The right to be added as a friend should not be frowned upon, even if the person has refused the “friendship”. In order not to look intrusive, you should not leave likes and comments on the page of a new acquaintance.

People who access online communication platforms every day are tacitly following these rules. They are not written down anywhere, but are known to every Internet user.

Youth

The language model of the younger generation is dictated by the characteristics of age, preferences and the changing emotional state of adolescents. They are expressed not as needed, but as convenient.

In youth speech traditions, little remains of classical conversational norms. Only greetings and farewells have been preserved, but this also happens in a free form, without observing norms.

The desire to stand out, combined with uncertainty, illusions and youthful maximalism, makes contacts among teenagers not only a way of transmitting information, but also an opportunity to demonstrate superiority over others or, on the contrary, to show that “I belong.”

The abundance of slang, jargon, vulgarisms, expressively colored expressions, and profanity in the speech of young people erases the concept of etiquette. The “question-answer” norms and emphasizing the level of the interlocutors are preserved.

Compliance with the rules of beautiful speech in a teenage environment depends on the upbringing and circle of friends of the child.

Telephone

Not everyone has the art of communicating correctly on the phone. Of course, if this is chatting with a girlfriend or intimate conversations with a loved one, then maintaining etiquette is the last thing people think about. However, in all other cases, do not forget about the rules of telephone conversation:

1. If a person calls first, then first you need to say hello and introduce yourself, and then get to the point. At the end you should say goodbye and end the dialogue.
2. It is better to discuss important issues before 2 pm.
3. If the call fails during a conversation, the initiator must call back again.
4. You cannot express dissatisfaction because the other end of the line took too long to pick up the phone.
5. More than two calls should not be made unless the situation is dangerous to health or money.
6. It is impolite to ask your interlocutor to “hang.” It’s better to apologize and just call back when everything is done.

Stages of business communication

Like any communication, a business conversation is divided into stages:

• greeting – the first person to say the greeting is the one who is younger in age or rank;
• dialogue, observing canons and politeness;
• resolving controversial situations - the ability to avoid sharp corners, constructive dialogue;
• daily interaction – solving daily issues;
• nonverbal communication – attentiveness and cordiality, expressed in gestures and facial expressions;
• farewell is the final stage of communication, on which the mutual impression depends.

Down with parasitic words

“Well”, “there”, “here”, “like”, “in short”, “in general”, “as if”, “that is”, “so to speak”, “uh-uh”, “mm-mm » — found your “favorite” words and sounds? The list goes on. All these elements greatly clog our speech, making it rude, absent-minded and unattractive.

You can get rid of them only by monitoring your speech and strictly controlling it. Most often, filler words serve as pause fillers when it is difficult for a person to put a thought into words or express it quickly, so try to speak at a calm pace, take your time, think about every word - and very soon you will get rid of this habit.

Etiquette for business conversations on the phone

Telephone conversations also have their own rules:

• they begin with a greeting and introduction with the name of the speaker's organization and position;
• the conversation should be concise and to the point;
• it is necessary to maintain the sequence of the conversation;
• negotiations are conducted politely, slowly, in a calm voice;
• diction must be clear;
• After the conversation, you need to say goodbye words.

Important! Before starting business negotiations, it is better to write the essence of the issue on paper so that during the conversation you do not jump from one point to another.

Speech etiquette of different social groups

Speech etiquette is established within each social group. Its features depend on the following aspects:

• age;
• gender;
• education;
• level of education;
• professional direction;
• level of income;
• hierarchical affiliation.

The desire to master speech etiquette is the key to personal development and an indicator of education.

Compliance with the norms and rules of speech improves the culture of a person and society as a whole. That is why the educational process pays maximum attention to this issue.

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Speech means of communication

Verbal (sign) communicative interaction is realized using words. Human speech is considered a verbal means of communication. Studies show that modern “homo sapiens” pronounce approximately 30 thousand words per day, and about three thousand per hour. Words form a variety of speech texts, which are formed depending on the goals of the communicants, for example, to communicate or learn something, to express an attitude or to encourage something. Such texts can be oral or written. They implement language systems, which are systems of signs and methods of their combination. Language systems serve as a kind of tool that facilitates the expression of thoughts, the manifestation of feelings and desires of subjects. They are the most important means of verbal communication.

Language as a means of verbal communication has various purposes. It acts as a core means of communicative interaction. Thanks to this purpose of language systems, people have the opportunity to fully interact in society as a whole and with individuals individually. This purpose of language systems is considered their communicative function. In addition to the communication function, language as a means of verbal communication has a number of other functions, such as cognitive, accumulative, constructive, emotional, contact-building and ethnic.

The cognitive function of language is an expression of the activity of human consciousness. After all, people receive a significant part of information about the outside world through language.

The accumulative function involves the accumulation and preservation of experience, the storage of knowledge for use in later life. In everyday life, people are helped out by keeping diaries or notebooks. And the original “notebooks”, the heritage of all mankind, are all kinds of written monuments and literature.

The constructive function is to form thoughts and various judgments. With the help of language systems, thought seems to acquire a material shell and sound form. Expressed through words, a thought becomes clear and understandable, first of all, for the individual who expressed it.

The emotional function is one of the tools for expressing feelings and emotional states. This function is realized through speech only under the condition of direct expression of the individual’s emotional attitude to the information he communicates. In this case, intonation plays the main role.

The contact-establishing function is expressed in establishing contact between individuals. At times, communication may be aimless, and its information content may be zero, which means preparing the ground for further productive and trusting communication.

The ethnic function lies in uniting the people.