Communication Components of communication Message Conversation Rapport Point of view Compliments Interests. - presentation

Components of communication and its varieties

Components of communication are those components that are not included in the structure of communication.

These include:

• target,
• facilities,
• subjects (participants of interaction),
• type of connection between subjects,
• style,
• tactics,
• techniques, methods,
• result.

Depending on the components, various types and forms of communication are distinguished:

• emotional – exchange of emotions;
• cognitive – knowledge sharing;
• activity - exchange of skills and abilities;
• motivational – exchange of desires and goals;
• material – exchange of objects or products.

Types of social interaction can be defined as its levels. Level – certain behavioral manifestations of a personality that allow us to draw conclusions about a person and the ways of his interaction with other people. The types and levels of communication change as it becomes more complex from simple, primitive to complex, spiritual.

Psychology of business interaction

In a professional environment, it is customary to adhere to etiquette, general standards of morality and ethics.

Business communication is based on the following moral standards:

• honesty;
• decency;
• justice;
• responsibility.

But the concept of business communication also includes the psychological aspect of interpersonal relationships. They can not only be neutral-friendly, but also have the nature of fierce competition and struggle.

Business communication is not only the ability to speak, look and conduct business well, but also the ability to build interpersonal relationships.

By means of communication can be:

3.1 Direct (Carried out with the help of natural organs given to a living being - arms, head, torso, vocal cords, etc.)

3.2 Indirect (related to the use of special means and tools)

3.3 Direct (involves personal contacts and direct perception of communicating people by each other in the very act of communication)

3.4 Indirect (carried out through intermediaries, who may be other people).

Levels of communication:

Communication as interaction presupposes that people establish contact with each other, exchange certain information in order to build joint activities and cooperation. For communication as interaction to occur smoothly, it must consist of the following stages:

1. Establishing contact (acquaintance). Involves understanding another person, introducing oneself to another person.

2. Orientation in a communication situation, understanding what is happening, pausing.

3. Discussion of the problem of interest.

4. Solving the problem.

5. Ending the contact (exiting it).

Communication functions:

1) instrumental function

characterizes communication as a social mechanism for managing and transmitting information necessary to perform an action;

2) integrative function

reveals communication as a means of uniting people;

3) self-expression - the function defines communication as a form of mutual understanding of the psychological context;

4) translation function

acts as a function of transferring specific methods of activity, assessments, etc.

Communication means

- methods of transmitting information that is transmitted in the process of communication from one being to another.

verbal

(communication is carried out through speech)
non-verbal
(gestures, facial expressions, postures, eye contact, timbre of voice, tone, touching, hugs, kisses, etc.)

Basic Rules

• Punctuality is a manifestation of respect for partners. To maintain punctuality, business people use planning.
• Recency. You shouldn't say too much. This applies both to communication on the topic of solving a specific problem, and to the personal lives of employees, colleagues, and partners.
• Respect for colleagues and partners. In business communication there is no place for curiosity, selfishness, or intolerance. It is necessary to respect the opinion of your interlocutor, no matter how wrong it may seem to you.
• Using the correct language. Ability to conduct a conversation and create interest in the communication process.
• The ability to clearly formulate the purpose of a conversation, conversation, negotiation, etc.
• Maintaining self-control, control over feelings and emotions. Calm communication without rudeness, even if the interlocutor behaves in a manner inappropriate for a business person.
• It is necessary to adhere to business attire. The dress code affects the characteristics and outcome of business communication.
• No unnecessary gestures when meeting. Apart from a handshake, you should not touch your interlocutor in any other way.

Question 3. Communicative information side of communication. Communication process model

The information side of communication, i.e.

law enforcement officers attach particular importance to the transmission and receipt of information, as evidenced by the fact that 2/3 of the surveyed practical workers, as well as cadets and students of the Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, when asked what they understand by communication, noted the importance of information exchange . The importance of operational information cannot be overestimated. Information exchange is relevant for the investigator, and for the detective, and for an employee of any police unit who, in the course of their official activities, establish the causes and circumstances of offenses, the motives for criminal activity, solve practical, educational problems and many others.

In the process of activity, people exchange various perceptions, interests, ideas, emotions, etc. Moreover, everyone strives to be correctly understood, wanting to receive from a partner a certain confirmation, a response to the information transmitted to him. The process of transferring information from one partner to another (or others) is not one-sided; it is always a relationship between people communicating, where the element of “feedback” plays a very important role.

In the “Who” scheme - the communicator, i.e. the person sending information; “What” is the content, the information itself; “To” - communication partner who receives information; “Effect” shows the effectiveness of communication, as understood by the communicator, and signals him about feedback. However, in order for this scheme to “work”, it is necessary for partners to use common communication tools: a system of signs, understanding situations, etc.

In essence, Code + Contact are tools of communication, means of transmitting information. The code consists of signs (symbols) and languages. There are different signs - genetic, chemical, thermal, road, etc. Human signs are of an extremely abstract nature and are conventional in nature. The system of signs is organized into languages: verbal language (sound, verbal), facial language, intonation, topomimic (gestures), written, etc. For effective communication, several sign systems are often used in parallel; in this way, reliable information transmission is achieved. Unconvincing acting on stage indicates improper use, for example, of verbal and facial language.

Learning signs (and languages) occurs in the first years of human life. There are phenomenal cases of proficiency in 12 languages. The wider a person's vocabulary, the greater his thinking and conceptual abilities. Context is the meaning field of a word. In different texts (and in different intonations), the same word can change its meaning. Depending on the social sphere and psychological characteristics of a person, differences are noted in the level and forms of his communication, the completeness and depth of mutual understanding with other people. In any given communication situation, we always learn something from our partner and communicate something to him. The content of a specific communication can be very different: an order from a boss, a call to wash your hands before eating, an interrogation of the accused, a conversation with witnesses, victims, etc. Whatever it is, it is always communication, and it is impossible to imagine communication without it.

Communication concept. Components of communication

We live in society and are connected to it by thousands of threads. Any relationship in public life: economic, political, family, friendship is, ultimately, the relationship of specific people or groups. Man, both as a separate individual and as a generic, social being, cannot live without communicating with other people.

Each of us wants to achieve some success. However, success largely depends on the way you communicate with others, be it verbal, nonverbal, or behavioral.

A person’s entire life is spent communicating with other people. These “others” - relatives, friends, acquaintances, colleagues, companions, competitors, opponents, just random people - act for him, depending on the circumstances, both as a condition (means) for him to achieve his goals, and as the goal itself; in the latter case, a person strives for contact with his own kind, regardless of considerations of utilitarian utility. Communication, therefore, is a way of human existence in general, and the more perfect this method is, i.e., the higher the level, the culture of communication, the more opportunities those communicating have to successfully solve their life problems and receive real satisfaction from the communication process as such.

Communication skills are acquired by a person, first of all, naturally from the practice of communication itself. Until recently, this way of creating a culture of communication was basically sufficient for most people. Now this can no longer be said. Complications in the life of a modern person require active involvement in the process in question, various forms of special training in communication and its consolidation in behavior. It is precisely this path that was followed in the post-war years in the developed countries of the world - the USA, Japan, England, France, Germany, etc. “Human relations” (i.e. communication) are constantly in the field of view there not only of specialist researchers (sociologists, psychologists), but also practical workers in the field of education and training, business organization, etc. A culture of communication is instilled through the educational process in secondary schools and special educational institutions, as well as through various clubs, courses, lectures, and radio and television programs.

Where and when are we taught to communicate professionally? Are future salespeople or, say, nurses taught to communicate? What about future officials or public figures who will receive workers and talk with them on various, often vitally important issues?

Outside the culture of communication, the interaction of people, their production activities, and their everyday life are disrupted. Now the country is undergoing a wonderful, long-awaited, but for some, painfully difficult process of democratization of our society. We are learning to live in a democracy. And democracy is also intelligence and mutual respect. This should be manifested in everything: in arguments, in defending your own opinion, in the ability to listen carefully to your opponent, try to understand him, because without understanding, how can you answer him calmly and to the point? Do we even know how to listen to each other?

The key to a scientific understanding of the phenomenon of communication should be sought in the history of culture. The history of the formation of the concept of “communication” begins with a philosophical understanding of interpersonal relationships during the period of Ancient Egypt, Ancient India and, especially, in the ancient world. Thus, in ancient ethics, problems of communication were closely woven into the general philosophical systems of thought of thinkers of that time. Democritus presented philosophy as a kind of art of communication, the art of life, which consists of thinking, speaking, and acting well. Socrates and Plato viewed philosophy as an equal dialogue, mutual conversation, conversation in the interests of knowing oneself and others, knowing the truth. Aristotle was the first to coin the term “communication,” which is the basis for the emergence of art, culture, and language.

A new fundamental step in this direction was taken by Christianity. The relationship of Jesus Christ with people is a detailed artistic analysis of the moral content of human communication. However, human communication

turned out to be not a goal, but only a means that provided a person with the opportunity
to communicate with God
.

The Renaissance is a kind of turning point in the ideas of human existence. A new understanding of communication between people grew out of the humanistic basis of the Renaissance worldview and found diverse artistic embodiment (Boccaccio, Petrarch, Shakespeare, Leonardo da Vinci, etc.), but here, too, man’s relationship with nature remained at the center of public consciousness. The transition to the concept of human-human communication was not overcome.

During the Age of Enlightenment, there was a turn in public consciousness towards an understanding of human relationships as such. The center of gravity moves from nature to man, from ontology and epistemology to anthropology and pedagogy. When applied to a person - on those mental mechanisms that control relationships with others like him, and not with God or with nature (E. Burke, D. Hume, A. Smith and others).

German classical philosophy is an integral stage in the history of the theoretical self-awareness of man and the understanding of his relationship to his fellow men. A categorical apparatus has been developed. The ideas of the relationship of the subject with other subjects, the connection between “I” and “You” have been developed.

Marxism connects communication with all human activity, with all its forms. Communication is presented as a supernatural (social) need that arises in the process of joint work of people. Here one member of the production team turns out to be necessary for another.

In the conditions of liberalization of social life, the proclamation of individualism instead of collectivism, the theory of human communication found its expression in the following aspects. Firstly, “individualistic reduction”, i.e. reduction of communication to the relationship between individuals “I” and “You” (since the subject is understood here only as a personal “I”). Secondly, “psychological reduction”, i.e. reducing communication to a purely spiritual connection between “I” and “You”. Thirdly, “ethical reduction”, i.e. reduction of communication to purely moral, asocially and ahistorically interpreted relations between “I” and “You”, between “I” and “others”.

The problem of communication is studied by social, humanitarian, technical, natural and other sciences. A new specialized science has also emerged - socionics (balancing between psychology and sociology), the object of which is the world of human communication in all its complexity and diversity. In modern science, there are more than a hundred definitions of the concept of “communication”. As a result, human communication is understood and characterized in different ways: a) as a type of social relations; b) as communication and interaction; c) as a spiritual contact between two or more individuals; d) as a process of communication for the purpose of transmitting information; d) as an activity. In psychology communication

is defined as the interaction of two or more people, consisting in the exchange of information between them of a cognitive or affective-evaluative (emotional-evaluative) nature [1]. As some integral definition, the following can be proposed: “
Communication is a complex and multifaceted process of the formation and development of contacts between people, generated by the need for joint life activities, including the exchange of information, the development of a strategy for interaction, perception and understanding of another person.”
As soon as they name a person: homo sapiens (reasonable man), and homo faber (producing man), and homo ludens (playing man). But with no less reason it can be called homo communicans - a person communicating.

The term “communication” appeared in scientific literature at the beginning of the twentieth century. and has three meanings: 1) means of communication of any objects of the material and spiritual world; 2) communication, transfer of information from person to person (interpersonal communication); 3) communication and exchange of information in society (social communication). The simplest communication model can be represented as follows:

Rice. 1.1. Elementary communication diagram

You should immediately determine the relationship between the concepts of “communication” and “communication”. Communication is one of the types of universal communication - the so-called directed communication. In essence, this is the transfer of something (including information) from certain phenomena, objects, etc. to others. For example, the media. Communication necessarily involves communication (directed transfer of information) as one of the elements, but is not limited to it. Otherwise, it impoverishes the concept of “communication.” In this case, communication appears, first of all, as a subject-object relationship.

Communication is primarily business communication , i.e. exchange of information that is significant for the participants in communication. Communication must be effective and contribute to achieving the goals of the participants in communication, which involves clarifying the following questions:

· what are the means of communication and how to use them correctly in the communication process;

· how to overcome communication barriers of misunderstanding and make communication successful.

Communication must be a two-way process, necessarily involves feedback and is much richer in content than simply receiving and transmitting information. It is a complex system of interaction between two or more people. The act of communication takes place when a person who comes into contact with another person sees in him a similar and equal person and expects active feedback. Thus, communication, first of all, is a subject-subject relationship. However, it should be noted that in many cases in scientific and popular literature, authors use the concepts of “communication” and “communication” as synonyms.

Objective needs act as the fundamental stimulus for interaction between people.

The basis of communication, its “trigger moment”, the initial internal reason is the need for another person, to communicate with him. Moreover, another person can act both as an end in itself (for example, the need for an interlocutor - a listener or a mentor), and as a condition for performing some non-commutative activity. “Objectification” of this need by choosing a specific person who is capable of exhausting it to one degree or another, and establishing contact with him is an important point in the development of communication.

E. Fromm formulated five basic, fundamental needs: 1) the need for “human connections” - the need for a feeling of “we”; 2) the need for “self-affirmation”, for affirmation of one’s significance, for prestige; 3) the need for “affection”, for warm relationships, for love; 4) the need for “self-awareness”, the need to be an individual, to receive recognition from others; 5) the need for a system of “orientation and object of worship” (to revere someone, treat someone with contempt, hostility, etc.).

Communication as a process should be considered as a set of objective needs, certain interests, goals, structure, means, communication techniques, and final results. Having arisen, it goes through a number of stages and phases, characterized by a certain duration. As a polysemantic process, communication has the following components:

1. Transmitting (communicator, source) and receiving (communicant). This element means the dual nature of the communicator: every time we communicate, we act either as a transmitter (the source of the message) or as a receiver. When we write, speak, gesture, we act as a transmitter, but when we read, listen, watch, we are a receiver. When we receive some messages, we transmit others, etc. In addition, we receive our own messages, listen to ourselves while talking.

2. Involves encoding and decoding sent or received messages. Coding is the process of producing a message, translating thoughts and feelings into a specific linguistic (signal) form. Decoding is the act of receiving and interpreting a message; it is the translation of spoken or written words, gestures, images into feelings, emotions, thoughts, behavior.

3. It assumes competence - the ability to use certain rules for encoding and decoding sent or received messages, knowledge of not only language rules, but also culture, customs, traditions, and rules of behavior.

4. It assumes certain achievements and successes, physical and mental abilities in receiving and transmitting messages; they depend not only on competence, but also on fatigue, mood, interest and other obstacles that arise in the way of communication.

5. Involves a requirement to defend a specific message content. It is addressed to a person or group of persons, but it is quite possible that the content of the message will be understood differently by different persons, or even by the sender and the receiver. These differences can exist among people belonging to different nationalities, but speaking the same language.

6. Assumes the presence of communication channels. A channel is the means by which a message is transmitted from a source to a recipient. In communication theory, it is customary to distinguish mass media (press, publishing houses, radio broadcasting, television, etc.) and interpersonal channels as communication channels. In interpersonal communication, this is done using verbal, nonverbal and paraverbal means of transmitting information. In the process of communication, various channels can be used simultaneously (speech, auditory, visual, etc.). Channels and environment modify the sensory-psychic activity of those communicating.

7. It is implemented through a “noise” environment - various physical, psychological and semantic interference that distorts the perception of the message. These factors constitute (according to Nicky Stanton) barriers to communication: differences in ideas, hasty conclusions, stereotypes, lack of knowledge, interest, difficulties in expression, emotions, personal characteristics, cultural differences.

8. Assumes the presence of “feedback” - feedback as a response to the received message.

9. Carried out in a specific context (physical, social, psychological, temporal).

10. Implemented under the conditions of a certain experience.

11. For communication to be successful, the sender and recipient must have a common frame of reference.

12. Determined by certain ethical rules.

There are various types of communication related to humans and human activities: interpersonal, intrapersonal, group, mass.

Description of communication models

The structure of communication determines the patterns of communication. Some people are more sociable, love to be in company and can talk for hours about nothing, while others are closed, prefer internal dialogues to external ones, talk little and only about business.

Sociability as a character trait develops, you can improve communication skills, the ability to objectively perceive people and interact effectively with them.

Communication patterns, as a rule, are formed in childhood or adopted from parents. Also, communication patterns can be determined by the specifics of the position held and even be a sign of professional deformation of the individual (for example, a teacher communicates with relatives, as well as with students).

COMMUNICATION MODELS:

"Mont Blanc". Aloof, cold interlocutor

He focuses on the communicative side of interaction; he is not interested in interactions. "Chinese Wall". A person who considers himself higher and more significant than others

Perceives others as less successful/beautiful/smart people, which makes it difficult to interact with him. "Locator". A person who chooses a narrow circle of friends. Often one loved one or close friend is enough for him. "Grouse". A very uncommunicative person who creates only the appearance of communication and interaction. At the same time, the structure of Teterev’s internal communication with himself is preserved and oversaturated with dialogues and introspection. "Hamlet". Social perception is extremely important for this type of communication model. He tries to make the best impression, which is why he often plays to the audience. "Robot". This person talks and acts “dryly”, unemotionally, always knows what, when and why to do or not to do. "Egoist". A person speaks only about himself, all his actions are aimed at obtaining personal gain. "Ally". The best form and type of communication, as it is two-way. The interlocutors are interested in productive interaction, take into account personality, strive to understand each other and come to an agreement.

Codes in oral interpersonal communication

Communication, or communication, does not have to be linguistic in nature, since it can take various non-verbal forms. Interpersonal communication includes not only the production, but also the perception of speech. Speech, on the other hand, is primary in relation to other forms of linguistic communication, e.g. letters. When talking about interpersonal communication, it is important to distinguish between terms such as linguistic competence and communicative competence, which are often equated.

Linguistic competence is the ability to use language. Communicative competence is the ability to use language appropriately to the situation and the listener.

Within the language code, the following subcodes are distinguished:

• phonological code - includes patterns of sounds, i.e. so-called "phonemes". These models contain rules for creating individual speech sounds;
• morphological code - contains the rules for the formation of larger meaningful wholes from phonemes, for example. new words;
• lexical code - a set of words found in a given language (dictionary);
• syntactic code - allows you to combine words into larger whole words (phrases and sentences). Syntactic rules refer to the grammar of a language;
• semantic code - is responsible for the logical form, i.e. for the meaning of a given word or sentence;
• stylistic code - allows you to construct longer texts thanks to knowledge of the rules for combining sentences into longer wholes.

The main function of language is to convey information. We use it when we say what, where, when and why happened and who was involved. This is the so-called cognitive function, which is usually related to context.

We recommend: Speed ​​reading - technique, speed reading with understanding

When the interlocutor is trying to impress us (and therefore focuses on the addressee), e.g. By praising something in front of us, he uses the impressive function of language.

When he complains or rejoices and shares his emotions (identifying himself as the sender), he uses the expressive function. When he nods or says “hmm,” he is trying to maintain contact using the phatic function.

Sometimes we need to say or write something nice and appropriate for a family celebration, in which case we use the poetic function (which focuses on the message).

When it comes to language (code), e.g. about its contradictions, the meanings of words, we use the metalinguistic function.

The importance of communication in ontogenesis

In ontogenesis (individual human development), the role and characteristics of communication are no less important than in phylogenesis. The development of an individual is impossible without interaction with other people.

Newborn babies, not knowing how to speak, already react to the voice and affection of an adult, and later begin to smile back at him. Later, the so-called revitalization complex appears - the first form of interaction of a new person with his own kind.

Forms of communication that arise in the process of ontogenesis:

Directly emotional

When a baby develops a revival complex, he does not yet interact with his parents as an equal partner, but expresses his attitude through facial expressions and gestures: he cries and laughs, is surprised and frightened, and so on. Such forms of communication are characteristic of infants up to the first year of life.

Subject-effective

The child interacts with people by manipulating objects and playing. The baby extends his hand when he wants to take or give something, and understands that in order to establish contact he needs to get closer to the person. This form of interaction undergoes significant changes, but is generally maintained during the first six years of life.

Extra-situational intimate-personal

It appears by the end of preschool age, but the main forms of this communication develop already in the puberty period (puberty).

Forms of communication undergo changes as an individual grows and matures; they are combined and complemented differently in different individuals.

Without a child’s contact with adults, he will not be able to develop as a person.

The importance and necessity of communication between a child and his parents cannot be overestimated. Relationships with parents are the foundation, guideline and measure by which all subsequent connections of a person with people, society, and himself will be measured.

Types and forms of communication are formed especially intensively in adolescence. This is the age of active interaction with peers, the time of first love and the formation of the self-concept.

The teenager’s activities become multifaceted, the content of communications and actions is enriched. A qualitatively new level of forms and types of interaction between young people contributes to the development of awareness, responsibility, independence and personality as a whole.

The structure of communication affects the structure of personality. Violation or lack of interaction with people invariably leads to a transformation of the individual’s “I”. Personality changes that are not for the better (including pathological ones) cannot but affect the ability to interact and understand other people and oneself.

Business communication processes

The process of business communication is not only conversations and correspondence. This concept covers emotions, gestures, and manners. Research shows that more than 60-70% of communication is based on non-verbal communication. And only about 30-40% are verbal.

During the verbal process, the rules of speech communication apply. This also includes speech etiquette, the observance of which allows you to build business relationships on a more civilized level. There are rules for the nonverbal communication process. They relate to body language, facial expressions, and general human behavior. This is a separate major area that anyone can study on a large scale if they wish. This will be helped by etiquette trainings conducted by our company. Of the basic rules listed above, this includes control over emotions. Rude communication and excessive harshness are unacceptable. Emotionality should not be present when conducting the same negotiations.

Topic 1.4. Types and levels of communication

Plan:

1. Types, levels and functions of communication
2. Sides of communication
3. Ways one person influences another

Concepts:

communication;
communicative, interactive ,
perceptual aspects of communication; kinesics, proxemics, prosody, paralinguistics, extralinguistics; gestures and postures, eye contact; non-verbal communication; identification, empathy and reflection; persuasion, infection, coercion, imitation.

Questions for discussion

:

1. Communication strategies: open - closed, personal - role-playing, monologue - dialogical.
2. Types of communication and their characteristics: “mask contact”, primitive, formal-role, business, spiritual or interpersonal, manipulative, secular communication.

Mechanisms of influence in the process of communication.

The main mechanisms of knowing another person in the process of communication are:

• Identification is one of the simplest ways to understand another person is to liken yourself to him.
• Empathy is the ability to comprehend the emotional state of another person in the form of empathy.
• Reflection is the ability of a person’s consciousness to focus on itself.

The content of communication includes certain ways that partners influence each other in the process of communication :

• Contagion is a psychological term that denotes the unconscious transfer from person to person of any emotions, states and motives.
• Suggestion is the unconscious influence of one person on another, causing certain changes in his psychology and behavior.
• Conviction is a person’s confidence that he is right, confirmed by relevant arguments and facts.
• Imitation is a person’s conscious or unconscious behavior aimed at reproducing the actions and actions of other people.

Communication is a necessary component of human life, the most important type of relationship with other people.

Issues covered:

• The role of communication in the professional activity of a specialist in the socio-economic and socio-humanitarian sphere.
• Characteristics of the perceptual, communicative and interactive aspects of communication.
• Characteristics of the main nonverbal components of communication.
• The meaning of game situations in communication.
• Processes of cooperation and competition in communication.

1 Subcultural formations are social groups that, despite the fact that they are integrated into an integral social system and cannot exist without it, at the same time strive to show their independent identity and develop some features that distinguish them from the basic cultural branch. Typical forms of subcultural formations are youth movements and groups that somewhat transform value systems, cultural characteristics and traits, behavioral patterns (for example, in relation to such elements as fashion, characteristic gestures, forms of speech behavior, etc.).

2 Communication (from the Latin communicatio - I make it common, I connect, I communicate) - here we mean the psychological context of the term - communication, the transfer of information from person to person as a specific form of interaction between people in the processes of their cognitive and labor activity, carried out mainly through language or other sign systems.

3 From Latin verbalis - verbal.

4 Facial expressions (from the Greek mimikos - imitative) - movements of the facial muscles that express the internal state of mind.

5 Pantomime (from the Greek pan - all, everyone and mimos - imitation) - here we mean the transfer of information by means of body plasticity.

5 From the Latin vōcālis – vocal, sonorous, melodious.

7 Range (from the Greek dia pason - through all) - a set of sounds of different heights available to a given voice or musical instrument.

8 Fabula (from Latin fabula - fable, story) - a chain of events in their logical cause-time sequence. Typically, a plot is divided into exposition, beginning, development, climax, and denouement.

9 From Lat. cooperatio - cooperation.

10 From Lat. concurrentia - to collide.

Three sides of communication

The structure of communication conditionally divides it into three processes that are interconnected and interdependent:

Social perception - the perception of an interaction partner

People perceive each other through their senses, evaluate their appearance, speech, behavior and draw conclusions about the possibility of continuing social contact

The first impression is especially important. How another person is perceived for the first time, when meeting for the first time, influences the willingness to exchange information and interact with him.

Communication – exchange of information

Contacts are meaningless if people do not know how to convey the necessary information, knowledge and experience to each other verbally and non-verbally.

Interaction – exchange of actions

A conversation without the ability to perform actions that affect the interlocutor and exchange actions with him would be ineffective and ineffective.

Types of professional communication

Business communication can take the form of:

• conversations,
• meetings,
• meetings,
• meetings,
• negotiations,
• presentations
• conferences,
• correspondence,
• consultations,
• interview,
• report and in other permitted form.

A self-respecting professional and specialist needs to be able to interact competently, know the rules and language of business communication.

Successful people interact both directly in person in an official setting and indirectly through technical means: telephone, fax, mail, Internet programs.

Increasingly, in modern society they are resorting to electronic communication systems, and the organization of work is becoming virtual. High technologies help increase the speed of information transfer and its accuracy, eliminating the “human” factor.

Description of types of communication

The concept of “type of communication” is close to the concept of the model. Types of communication, as well as models, are used to indicate the characteristics of communication.

Types of communication:

1. Mentorsky. With this type of communication, a person constantly teaches, instructs, and subjugates his interlocutor.
2. Informative. A type of communication that is simply a relay of information, without the ability or desire to receive feedback.
3. Inspiring. The individual participates in the fate of the interlocutor, supporting him, guiding him, helping him, advising him. With this type of communication, there is a productive dialogue, cooperation, and mutual assistance between the subjects of the relationship.
4. Confrontational. Unlike other forms of communication, it involves discussion, dialogue with an opponent, constructive criticism with the goal of finding the truth through confrontation between personal subjective and objective views, reality.

Types of communication are needed in order to be able to select the most appropriate methods of communication in different situations: persuasion, suggestion, infection, request, coercion, ignoring and even manipulation.

Politeness in Interpersonal Communication

It is very important to establish a strong connection. Politeness in language is showing respect to the interlocutor using words. A general rule of politeness applied to our linguistic behavior is: “You shouldn't not say...”, for example. "Good morning" to your neighbor.

For this reason, politeness can be forced and insincere. However, if it is not a means of manipulation, then it must be mutual.

Politeness is a kind of game accepted in society. Researchers identify the following politeness strategies in culture:

• strategy of symmetrical behavior of politeness, i.e. reciprocity, in other words, returning politeness for politeness;
• strategy of solidarity with a partner, i.e. sympathy and cooperation with the interlocutor, for example. when we express our regrets, offer help, wish someone well, or congratulate them;
• a strategy of submission, which involves belittling oneself (in response to praise, compliments, e.g. “Please don’t exaggerate”), belittling one’s own merits (also in response to praise, e.g. “I still lack a lot”), ignoring the interlocutor’s offense ( in response to apologies, e.g. “It’s no big deal”), exaggeration of one’s own guilt (e.g. “I’m very sorry, it was because I was forgetful. I took up so much of your time”).

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The concept of communication and its role in the development of humanity

There are many theories and points of view on communication problems. Soviet scientists made a significant contribution to the study of this phenomenon, as well as to social psychology in general. Their experiments and experiences, carried out in the middle and second half of the last century, became classic examples of the peculiarities of communication and people’s perception of each other, as well as the scientific basis for subsequent scientific research.

Interpersonal and intergroup interaction is the area of ​​human activity in which psychological difficulties most often arise.

It is extremely important for every person to be able to interact competently and effectively with other people.

In addition, it can act as a separate, relatively independent occupation. After all, people do not always talk to each other with the goal of inventing, controlling, and carrying out a joint action.

The transmitted verbal or nonverbal signal can be both informational and affective-evaluative in nature. It is believed that it was the need of our distant ancestors to transfer knowledge to each other, not only through signs and shouts, that served as the main reason for the development of human speech. Animals interact with each other, but speech is unique to humans.

The characteristics of communication between different people and groups depend on the extent to which the subjects of interaction have a pressing need for social contacts. The need to be involved, to belong and to interact developed in the process of phylogenesis, the socio-historical development of humanity.

Interestingly, satisfying the need for social contact supposedly led to the birth of such a wonderful feeling as joy. Joy is still the leading motive that motivates people to interact with each other.

Features of communication that can bring pleasure and joy are its humanity and democracy. Rude, disrespectful interaction, ignoring and manipulation are immoral and do not fit into the principles of communication that usually guide a cultured person.

PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION:

• self-esteem;
• respect for the interlocutor, recognition of his rights and interests;
• tolerance, tolerance;
• justice, honesty;
• unbiased attitude towards people.

Nonverbal Interpersonal Communication

In order for the communication process to proceed smoothly, both linguistic and non-linguistic messages are necessary. Linguistic communication predominantly occurs using the audio channel as a means of communication, but other channels can be used, such as the hand-visual channel, which implements sign language for deaf people.

Nonverbal communication includes messages from the gestures, facial expressions, body posture and appearance of our interlocutor.

Nonverbal communication is very important in terms of effectively communicating something. Studies have shown that the perception of our speech is influenced by 7% of its content (i.e., what we say), 38%. - the sound of the voice (the way we speak), and up to 55%. - our body language and our appearance.

Why is this happening? Speech understanding is an intellectual process that involves extracting the most meaningful content from a stream of words and then recognizing the speaker's intentions. Thus, we come to these messages not directly, but after analysis, through the paths of reason (intellect).

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It is a completely different matter when you observe and hear the voice of the interviewee. Data coming from the senses (usually vision and hearing) reaches us directly and usually allows us to quickly assess, for example, what attitude the other party has towards us (hostile or friendly) and whether we are ready to listen to him.

Among the many classifications of forms of nonverbal communication, Albert Harrison's division stands out for its clarity and simplicity:

• kinesics (kinetics) - mainly movements of the body and limbs and facial expressions;
• proxemics - distances in space, intimate space, physical distance;
• paralanguage - indicators of the way of speaking, e.g. tone of speech, accent, resonance;
• articulation, tempo, rhythm, voice strength.

An important principle of interpersonal communication is maintaining consistency between verbal and nonverbal expression. Inconsistency between messages across these two communication channels is considered a sign of lying. Nonverbal and verbal communication has a universal and culturally dependent dimension.

Some words can be replaced with gestures (for example, “yes” with a nod of the head), as well as gestures translated into given phrases. Language certainly has great potential for creating new meanings, since theoretically anything that can be thought of can be expressed through language. However, sometimes people prefer gestures to words.

Undoubtedly, people usually combine both forms of communication (words + body language), that is, they treat them as complementary. In the 1970s, research emerged on the role of verbal and nonverbal components in interpreting the overall meaning of a message, which led to the conclusion that the nonverbal component makes a significantly greater contribution to this interpretation.

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Persuasive communication model.

This model allows you to make communication participants like-minded people and get out of a particular situation with the greatest productivity. However, the conviction

is a complex communication process, and not everyone is able to use this communication model with maximum effectiveness.

It is known that persuasion was formalized as a specific concept more than two thousand years ago by the Greeks, who made rhetoric

(from the gr. rhetorikos - beautiful, pompous, but little content speech) - the art of using speech effectively and convincingly - part of your educational system. Aristotle was the first to introduce the concepts of ethos, logos, and pathos, which roughly translate to "reliability of sources," "logical argument," and "emotional appeal." All of these are necessary components of a persuasive communication model.

Belief

is a communicative process in which a communicator attempts to bring about a change in the beliefs, attitudes or behavior of another individual or group of individuals through the transmission of a message in a context where the person being persuaded has some degree of freedom of choice. The literature describes the basic principles that influence persuasion. Among them, oral, positive messages, restrained emotional appeals, logical conclusions based on facts and compelling arguments, satisfaction of altruistic human needs, oratory skills are preferred.

The most difficult task of persuasion is to turn opposing opinions about certain actions or decisions into coinciding ones. People make generalizations based on personal experience and what members of their group tell them. Persuasion occurs much easier if the message is compatible with the general position in relation to a particular subject, situation, or problem. The easiest form of persuasion is communication that reinforces favorable opinions and positions. Each participant in communication needs to make continuous efforts to maintain a reserve of goodwill and thus proactively create conditions for effective joint activities.

Belief

- This is also a method of influencing the consciousness of an individual through appealing to his own critical judgment. In order to convince professional partners and colleagues, whose intelligence is usually highly developed, of something, participants in communication need to use special communication techniques. The result of persuasion is considered successful when the interlocutor is able to independently justify his decision or opinion, evaluate its positive and negative aspects, as well as the possibilities and consequences of other options and decisions.

In the process of communication, it should be remembered that persuasion as a communication technique is more convincing and effective in the following situations: - within the framework of one need; - with low intensity of emotions; - with an intellectually developed partner.

Perceptual side of communication

Definition 2

The perceptual side of communication is a form of dialogue that involves the formation of deep mutual understanding between the interlocutors.

In psychology, the concept of “perception” is used to reflect the function of the psyche, which is responsible for the perception of surrounding people and the creation of a holistic image of the opponent’s personality. According to scientists, the assessment of a stranger consists of half a wrong opinion and 50 percent a correct perception. This fact can be explained by the influence of three factors that influence the perceptual side of communication.

It should include:

• knowing your personality through building communication connections;
• understanding the opponent and knowing his personality;
• forecast of the behavioral model of a communication partner.

A significant mistake when assessing personality is the perception of a person’s external attractiveness. People who arouse interest with their appearance or other personal qualities are perceived as the most interesting interlocutors. In some cases, such people may be assigned qualities that may be completely uncharacteristic of their temperament.

Characteristics of perception mechanisms:

1. Identification is one of the tools for understanding the personality of an interlocutor, in which a conclusion about a person’s inner world is based on a specific attempt to imagine oneself in the place of the interlocutor.
2. Attraction is a mechanism of human cognition that implies attraction. A certain attitude towards an opponent is formed on the basis of stable positive feelings.
3. Empathy is a mechanism of sensual and emotional empathy with other people.

Understanding the feelings, desires and motives of the people around us is closely interconnected with the mechanisms listed above. It is also necessary to indicate that the perceptual side of communication is also associated with the mechanisms of casual reflection and attribution.

Definition 3

Casual attribution is a way of interpreting the actions and emotions of surrounding people, in the presence of a desire to establish the motives for their chosen behavior model.

Definition 4

Reflection belongs to the tools of self-knowledge of one’s personality through the formation of communicative connections.

The presented mechanism involves presenting one’s own personality as the partner perceives it.

Classification

Classification of communication depending on the goals of interaction and its level:

1. Primitive. The interlocutor is considered as a means to achieve a goal and is assessed on a “needed – not needed” scale. This direct and simple attitude is not hidden.
2. Manipulative – interaction for the purpose of obtaining one’s own benefit. Unlike primitive contact, manipulation is a subtle game, using many techniques and techniques (lies, flattery, and so on).
3. Formal-role – completely regulated interaction. People interact with each other from the perspective of social roles. For example, boss and subordinate, teacher and student, doctor and patient, and so on.
4. “Mask contact” is a dry, formal interaction in which standard, memorized phrases and gestures are used. It is designed to hide any emotions and true thoughts behind a mask of polite courtesy or indifferent calm. Also, some people use modesty, ostentatious caring and other techniques as a social mask. The participants in the interaction do not strive to understand each other.
5. Business. The purpose of such social contact is to find a common solution on an issue of interest. The personality of the interlocutor is certainly taken into account, despite the fact that there are special rules and principles of business communication.
6. Secular. Subjects do not express their thoughts, but say what should and is accepted in a particular situation. Small talk is, as a rule, “talk about nothing”, empty and aimless gossip.
7. Spiritual. Such interaction is possible in close, trusting relationships. The interlocutors know each other well, respect beliefs, interests and views, are able to predict each other’s reactions, and communicate at the “Personality – Personality” level.

In addition, when determining the level of human interaction, they use a three-stage structure:

• The micro level is a single act of verbal or nonverbal contact that carries information and meaning. For example, nodding your head as a sign of agreement, shaking your hand as a sign of greeting, and the like.
• Mesa level - conversation and actions within the same topic, occurring once or repeated.
• The macro level is the established preferential strategy of interaction, chosen and developed by a person in the process of life, corresponding to the requirements of society, traditions and customs.

The following types of communication are also known:

1. Direct. It is carried out using the vocal cords, eyes, ears, hands and other organs of the human body.
2. Indirect. Interaction using specially manufactured devices and means of information exchange (by correspondence, by telephone, through Internet resources, and so on).
3. Direct. Personal contact and direct perception of the interlocutor.
4. Indirect. Interaction through intermediaries or representatives who transmit and reproduce the necessary information.
5. Verbal – interaction through oral speech.
6. Nonverbal - interaction without words, but with the help of facial expressions, gestures, postures, touches, and so on. Nonverbal body signals influence the perception of words and are processed unconsciously, while speech is conscious and consciously analyzed.

Words can be chosen and arranged into sentences; gestures and facial expressions are difficult to control; they are spontaneous, which is why they are more likely to express a person’s true thoughts and intentions.

Organization of business communications

When organizing business communication, certain rules apply. They concern preparation taking into account different outcomes, both positive and negative. You need to plan your time, create an appropriate environment, prepare your emotional state, and get acquainted with information about your partner.

The place of communication should not distract or interfere with communication. If necessary, you need to provide equipment - prepare auxiliary materials, some necessary documents, etc. When choosing a strategy, tactics, you should determine the direction, understand what can be sacrificed during communication. The process of direct communication must begin with establishing contact in order to create a favorable atmosphere. The process of information exchange is important. You need to be able to ask questions, listen to your opponent, observe his behavior, and correctly analyze the interlocutor’s reactions.

Language of rejection

American psychologist and psychotherapist Thomas Gordon spoke about the language of non-acceptance as a cause of misunderstanding and interpersonal conflicts. He argued that most explicit messages (spoken out loud) are supported by an implicit message. A person says, for example: “Do it right now, immediately, without discussion” means in a veiled sense: “Your opinion does not matter, you must follow my orders.” Gordon listed the typical twelve communication blockages:

• to order, to command;
• warning, edification, threat;
• persuasion, moralizing;
• advise, dictate decisions;
• reproach, lecture;
• judge, criticize;
• ridicule, shame, make excuses;
• wrong praise, undeserved approval;
• reassuring, calming;
• distracts, makes you laugh;
• interpretation, diagnosis;
• questioning, inquisitive.

These communication barriers cause the message recipient to:

• anger
• riot
• disappointment
• aggression
• feeling of harm
• dissatisfaction
• low self-esteem
• insulation
• excessive submissiveness
• guilt, which secondarily fuels the spiral of conflict.

How can you counter the language of rejection? Through the so-called “I” Messages. These are direct statements that express a feeling and evoke a reaction from the interaction partner that led to the emotion, e.g. “I get irritated when you interrupt me” or “I’m sorry you forgot my birthday.”

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