8 communication styles

The concept of “communication style” includes norms, methods, principles, patterns of human behavior and other features. The manner of conversation is a mirror reflection of our inner world, which is why each person, putting thoughts into verbal form, chooses special means and forms of self-expression. It is very difficult to always communicate correctly and politely with people. Every day we have to express our point of view or share our impressions under different circumstances: at home, among friends and acquaintances, at work, in transport, on the street, etc.

The specific communication style we choose depends on the specific situation.

I have a very narrow circle of friends, sometimes it narrows down to fish. Zemfira Ramazanova

In the process of communication, it is important not only to express your opinion, but also to be able to convey your thoughts to your interlocutor(s), so it is very important to choose an effective manner of presenting information.

Varieties of dialogue styles

Communication styles are different, and for each individual situation the most suitable one is chosen, both in behavior and interaction. For any situation, it is common for a person to “present” himself in different ways. But with inadequate self-presentation, dialogue becomes difficult.

To bring some clarity to this issue, psychologists have proposed descriptions of four interaction styles, which consist of:

Ritual
. It depends on the culture in which a person is destined to live. This could include greetings and questions asked during the meeting, as well as responses.
Imperative
. It is an authoritarian, directive way of communication. The imperative style achieves control over the interlocutor’s behavior, bends his attitudes, or forces him to take certain actions and make decisions. This is achieved through orders, regulations and demands. Typically, the imperative style is used in the army, in relations between superiors and subordinates, and also in working with extreme conditions.
Manipulative
. If in the imperative style everything is extremely clear and open, then in the manipulative style the interlocutor exerts a secret influence. But the goal remains the same: to take control of your opponent’s behavior and thoughts.
Humanistic
. This method has all the varieties of dialogue. Here there is already equal communication, the purpose of which is to achieve mutual knowledge and self-knowledge. There is no place for imperatives, and deep mutual understanding is achieved.

Stages of communication

The entire communication process can be divided into 5 stages:

Awareness of need. It all starts with the need for a person to convey information to another.
Analysis of circumstances and initiation of communication. At this stage, the most suitable channel and method of encoding information is selected (phone call, personal meeting, chat).
Direct communication (message transmission). The sender formulates his thought and transmits it to the recipient in the chosen way.
Receiving and analyzing feedback. The sender reads the recipient's reaction (response message) and interprets it.
Correction of communication methods. The sender changes the style of communication and wording, adapting to the interlocutor in order to continue communication in the desired direction.

Communication styles: democratic, liberal and business

The democratic style requires that before making any decision, it must be discussed. What does it mean?

Effective use of motivation.
The presence of satisfaction with the fruits of your labor.
Unlocking creative potential, encouraging initiative.
Maintaining a favorable psychological climate.

The liberal (will be described in more detail below) has one distinctive feature from the democratic one in that the interlocutor who occupies a higher status in society or at work in a given group of interlocutors is soft and flexible. As a result, people have greater ability to self-govern.

Business style is most often associated with official business, which is not entirely true, since this style is intended to be used not only within the state, but also between them. It provides for both oral and written forms with the complete exclusion of dual understanding. The official style is used by organizations with various forms of ownership, mainly in written form, and in oral form - partner communications. This style is intended for negotiating, concluding mutually beneficial deals, etc.

But the world is not focused only on business communications, because there is also a professional type of interaction. Here specialists of some industry already communicate with a set of highly specialized terms.

Communication means

Means of communication are methods of presenting, processing, transmitting, encoding and decoding information. Coding here means converting information into a form suitable for transmission (oral speech, paper letter, electronic message). Accordingly, decoding is the perception of what is said by ear, reading from paper or from the screen.

There are a large number of encoding methods and channels for transmitting information. Communication is possible only when both parties have a suitable coding method and are able to use the transmission channel. All existing means of communication are usually divided into two categories: verbal and non-verbal.

Verbal means of communication

This category includes all methods of communication that involve the use of speech (oral, written or otherwise).

Examples of verbal communication of information:

spoken phrase;
handwritten or typed text;
electronic text message;
inscription made in Braille;
message encoded in Morse code;
message transmitted using flag alphabet.

What all these methods have in common is that they involve the transmission of words consisting of letters encoded in a certain way. Thus, verbal means of communication are determined not by the channel for transmitting information, but by the way it is presented.

Nonverbal communication

Nonverbal means of communication include methods of transmitting information that do not involve speech coding. They may or may not depend on the will of the sender. For example, a person can wink, consciously putting additional meaning into his words. And a trembling voice can reveal the speaker’s excitement against his will.

Examples of non-verbal communication of information:

features of handwriting, highlighting of words;
facial expressions, gestures, posture (kinesthetic means);
approaching or moving away;
intonation and speed of speech, voice characteristics, pauses;
symbols, signs and pictograms.

A characteristic feature of nonverbal methods of transmitting information is their relative independence from the language of communication. Although they cannot be called cultural universals, most people understand them correctly.

Conversational style

Communication styles will also include conversational and everyday styles in their list. It is characterized by informal relationships that are connected not only with everyday life, family, circle of friends, but also with the professional environment. Conversational language is used in interpersonal communication. It is because of this that its manifestation in most cases takes an oral form during spontaneous dialogues. Pre-thinking what is said during such a conversation is not always acceptable.

Colloquial speech is also used for self-expression; with its help, the individual’s individual abilities are manifested, since it has an emotional connotation.

A large role here is given to non-verbal means of interaction and expressive signals of the body. Informal communication has also found wide application in everyday vocabulary:

Vernacular.
Words that have a subjective assessment.
Expressive and emotional statements.
In the form of abbreviations.
In the form of colloquial and everyday phraseology.
Variety of particles, etc.

The use of exclamatory and incentive sentences is also widely practiced. This style of speech is used only in some specific cases.

Sides of communication

Psychologists consider communication a complex system that includes three subsystems (sides of communication):

The communicative side of communication. This subsystem combines processes aimed at exchanging knowledge, opinions and ideas using both verbal and non-verbal means.
Perceptual side of communication. This is people’s perception of each other, the formation of an opinion about a person in the process of interaction and communication.
The interactive side of communication. These are all kinds of interactions that arise during joint activities of people (actions performed together, or actions of one person influencing another).

Authoritarian style

Due to the authoritarian style, the leader personally makes any decisions, from orders to giving instructions. They always accurately determine the “boundaries of competence” of any person, that is, they obtain a strict definition of rank between partners and subordinates. Therefore, communication styles also include authoritarian, the use of which promotes decision-making by the upper levels of the hierarchy with subsequent flow down under the guise of directive decisions. Because of this, the style is sometimes called directive. At the same time, the leader or manager does not have the slightest desire to encourage discussion of directives: he believes that they must be strictly followed.

The leader reserves the right to control and evaluate how effective the activity is. Managers with a similar communication style usually suffer from inflated self-esteem, excessive self-confidence, aggressiveness and a tendency to stereotypical dialogue, a black-and-white perception of subordinates along with their actions.

The authoritarian style of communication is inherent in people with dogmatic thinking, as a result of which the only correct answer will be his, and everyone else may be wrong. Having a discussion with such people and analyzing the decisions they make is a waste of time, since such people, as a rule, are not encouraged to take initiative.

Passive-aggressive style

Such a person may seem passive from the outside, but inside he often hides aggression. He often feels powerless, helpless and weak. The result is resentment and anger towards others, sometimes reaching the point of outright hatred. But these emotions are not manifested clearly.

“At first glance, a passive-aggressive person may seem non-conflict and compliant. He avoids open confrontation and is more often inclined to silent discontent. For example, he can tell you to your face how good your idea is, and then, without you, he will complain that your proposal is completely stupid,” explains Monica Ramunda.

Another example of passive-aggressive criticism: “I like your idea, but others may not agree with it.” By “others” the interlocutor actually means himself.

Communication styles: liberal style

Let's consider the liberal genre of dialogue using the example of a teacher. It differs from other styles in its lack of initiative, irresponsibility, inconsistency in making decisions and actions, and indecision in difficult situational moments. Such an interlocutor tends to allegedly forget his previous statements, and after some time he can load his interlocutors with completely opposite statements regarding the previously given statements. Can let the dialogue take its course, overestimating the capabilities of the interlocutors.

A liberal gives an assessment to his listeners depending on his mood: if he is in a good mood, then a positive assessment will follow, if he is in a bad mood, a negative assessment will follow. This approach to dialogue undermines the reputation of a liberal in the eyes of his interlocutors. But there is also a positive side to the nature of such a dialogue: he does not want to completely spoil relations with opponents, showing goodwill towards everyone during the conversation; the interlocutors are perceived as sociable, proactive, truthful and independent.

Communication functions

There are different approaches to classifying communication functions. In modern psychology, the approach of the Soviet psychologist Vladimir Panferov is considered one of the most accurate. He identified 6 functions:

Communicative. Interaction between people at different levels (interpersonal, group, public).
Cognitive. Communication is the main source of knowledge, gaining experience, and developing cognitive abilities.
Informative. This function consists of transmitting information of varying degrees of importance.
Creative. In the process of communication, social connections between people are formed, changed and developed.
Conative. People have social roles that somehow relate to each other (for example, boss and subordinate). The conative function consists of the interaction of these roles.
Emotive. This function ensures the exchange of emotions.

Business style of dialogue

Communication styles do not exclude business-like dialogue. This is when people interact with each other within the framework of their professional functions. Business dialogue always pursues a specific goal towards which the participants in the conversation move during the conversation. Also, this course of conversation promotes not only information exchange, but also certain skills, experience and knowledge.

An example of a business conversation can be relationships with partners, management, subordinates, including business partners, competitors, heads of other organizations and company owners, etc. Any business dialogue has its own style, which determines the ways and methods of conversation in order to achieve the final goal during a conversation.

A business conversation is like a mask or a chosen model of behavior that helps the participant in the dialogue to move towards the intended goal, as well as to show himself as a good leader and a highly qualified specialist.

Art style

Artistic style is realized in the works of writers and poets. The purpose of artistic style is to influence the feelings and thoughts of readers with the help of vivid images created by a master of words.

Just like other styles of speech, it is based on neutral vocabulary and at the same time combines the linguistic means of other styles, and not only. To make the reader’s perception multifaceted and vivid, the word artist uses emotionally charged vocabulary, as well as words of a limited scope of use (dialectisms, professionalisms) and even vernacular words.

The imagery and expressiveness of the artistic style of speech are created by tropes and stylistic figures of speech: metaphors, epithets, personifications, hyperboles, comparisons, allegories, anaphors, epiphoras, etc. These linguistic means increase the possibility of an objective reflection of reality, enhance the emotional background of the work and at the same time help figuratively and concisely convey the essence of a character, phenomenon, event.

The artistic style is in demand in prose, poetry and drama, where there are certain genres:

tragedy, comedy, drama, farce;
novel, story, short story, short story;
poem, poem, ode, fable, romance, etc.

Let us illustrate the artistic style with an excerpt from the work of writer A. Kuprin:

The air is filled with a strong and delicate aroma of fading maples, similar to the smell of good wine. Yellow, dead leaves rustle underfoot, covering the path in a thick layer. The trees were decorated colorfully and brightly, as if for a dying feast. The remaining green branches here and there are intricately mixed with autumn tones, sometimes light lemon, sometimes fawn, sometimes orange, sometimes pink and bloody, sometimes turning into colors of lilac and purple. The sky is empty and cold, but its cloudless blue pleasantly caresses the eye.

Teacher communication styles

The teacher’s manner of dialogue is determined by how he relates to the students. It is also largely determined by his personal qualities and the communicative situation in the atmosphere of which interaction takes place. The most important personal quality of a teacher during a conversation is nothing other than the ability to organize. The way a teacher treats students can be expressed in:

Passively positive.
Persistent negative.
Situational-negative.
Actively positive.

The first type is characterized by rudeness with the active use of expressions of a humiliating nature, insults are manifested, and the ethical professional rules of the teacher are very seriously violated.

The second type is characterized by excessive demands on the part of the teacher and consists in the desire to build exclusively formal, business relationships. It harms students, since the official tone and low emotionality of communications have a negative impact on the creative development of children.

The third type is strongly dependent on the mood of the teacher, and in connection with this, strong variations are observed. As a result of such hesitation, students become withdrawn and distrustful.

The most favorable is the active positive type, which causes a business reaction to the active behavior of students, where informal communication can help them realize their needs.

Speech etiquette

Speech etiquette and rules of communication represent a system of norms of verbal behavior and unchanging formulas for polite communications. Mastering the etiquette of verbal communication helps to gain authority, creates trust and respect. Mastering the canons of verbal etiquette and observing them contributes to the feeling of being a confident person and not experiencing a feeling of awkwardness and difficulties in communication.

Mandatory adherence to verbal communication etiquette in business interactions leaves partners with a pleasant impression of the individual and the company as a whole, and maintains its positive and attractive image.

The etiquette of verbal communication is determined by national specifics, since each nation, in the process of its evolution, developed its own system of rules of verbal behavior. In our modern society, such qualities as correctness, tact, courtesy, courtesy, tolerance, goodwill, and restraint are of particular value.

Tactfulness is an ethical canon that requires the speaker to understand the interaction partner, avoid inappropriate remarks and questions, and discuss unpleasant topics.

Attentiveness presupposes the ability to anticipate possible interrogative remarks and wishes of a communication partner, a willingness to discuss in detail with him all the important points for the conversation.

Tolerance presupposes a calm attitude towards possible differences in positions and views, and avoidance of sharp criticism in judgments. It is necessary to respect the views of other individuals and strive to understand why they formed this or that position. Closely related to tolerance is the personal quality of self-control, which is the ability to calmly and restrainedly respond to sudden or tactless and questioning remarks from an interlocutor.

Goodwill is necessary not only in relation to communication partners, but also in the process of the conversation itself, in its form and content, in the choice of words and intonation.

The etiquette of verbal communications has a close connection with ethics, which prescribes the canons of moral behavior. Etiquette involves the use of certain styles of behavior and outwardly expressed politeness formulas in specific verbal actions in verbal communications.

Following the requirements of etiquette will be considered deception of others and hypocrisy when violating ethical standards. At the same time, ethical behavior that is not accompanied by adherence to the canons of etiquette will inevitably make an unfavorable impression and lead to doubts about the moral qualities of the individual. Therefore, when communicating verbally, it is necessary to follow a whole set of ethical and etiquette canons, which are closely interrelated. Such a complex presupposes, firstly, a respectful and friendly attitude towards the interlocutor. It is strictly forbidden to inflict insults, insults, or express disdain on your interlocutor using verbal means. It is also recommended to avoid direct negative assessments of the interlocutor’s personality in a conversation; it is only allowed to evaluate specific actions, while maintaining tact.

In the intelligent communication of educated individuals, the use of rude words, obscene expressions, arrogance, and cheeky speech formulas is unacceptable. In practical terms, such verbal formulations are also considered inappropriate, since they will never lead to the achievement of the desired communication results.

Politeness in communicative interaction is aimed at understanding the situation as a whole, taking into account the age category, gender, professional and social status of the interlocutor. The listed factors determine the degree of formality of communications and determine the choice of etiquette formulas and suitable topics for discussion.

The speaking partner needs to be modest in self-assessment, try not to impose personal judgments, and avoid excessive categoricalness and ultimatum in speech.

In addition, you should direct all attention to your communication partner, show interest in his personality, opinion, and take into account his interest in a particular topic. It is also necessary to take into account the interlocutor’s ability to perceive and understand the meaning of the speaker’s statements. Therefore, during the monologue, you should give him time to “catch his breath” and concentrate. For this purpose, you need to avoid overly long statements, it is useful to take small intervals during the conversation, and use verbal formulas to maintain contact. The norms of communication also determine the behavior of the listener.

Speech etiquette and rules of communication for the listener, firstly, require the need to spend time and put things aside in order to be able to listen to the speaker.

During the listening process, a person must treat the speaker with respect and patience, while striving to listen carefully to all the information to the end. In official verbal communication, it is absolutely unacceptable to interrupt a communication partner or insert various comments during his monologue, especially those that negatively characterize the speaker’s judgments and requests. The listener, just like the speaker, must focus on his interlocutor and emphasize his own interest in interacting with him.

Speech etiquette, rules of communication and ethical standards also cover written speech.

Ritual communication

Communication styles include ritual dialogue. He solves the main problem of maintaining a relationship with society, as well as presenting himself as a member of this community. What is important here is the presence of a partner during the dialogue as a necessary attribute to perform the ritual. Real life is filled with a huge number of different kinds of rituals, in which everyone’s participation is implied in the form of a kind of “mask”, which has certain properties preset. In such rituals, only one thing is required from their participants - familiarization with the rules of the game.

This style is distinguished by many contacts, in which, looking from the outside, and in some cases from the inside, there is no meaning or content, because at the first impression they do not carry any useful information and will not be able to achieve a certain result.

It seems that precious time is being wasted pointlessly, causing only irritability. But there are times when people enjoy such meetings.

What is communication?

Communication is the interaction of people during which information, ideas and emotions are exchanged. It can occur both between individuals and between groups of people. Communication is a complex concept that includes such aspects as:

exchange of information of all types (knowledge, experience, ideas, recommendations, etc.);
mutual influence (impact on the state, manipulation, coercion to certain actions);
interpersonal interaction and relationship formation;
emotional rapprochement, mutual understanding, sharing of emotions;
formation and use of certain behavior patterns;
formation of the inner “I” and understanding of other people.

From the point of view of psychology, communication is the interaction between people, consisting in the exchange of cognitive or emotional-evaluative information. It is a manifestation of interpersonal relationships or leads to their formation and development. Any communication implies the presence of content (information transmitted) and purpose (the reason why the parties interact).

Communication styles: detachment

It is very difficult to attribute this manner to dialogue. Most likely this is a way of avoiding interaction. There are cases. When we have to have a conversation with a person who is unpleasant to us. He could be a client, a boss, or a random fellow passenger on a plane. The detached style has its own peculiarity - to reduce dialogue to a minimum. Below are examples of some simple tips on how to conduct dialogue “distantly”:

Don't initiate the conversation. Whoever needs it will ask.
Make a stone mask on your face. Emotions, facial expressions and gestures will be superfluous here. If anything, practice in front of a mirror.
There should be extremely dry speech, excluding adjectives, jargon and diminutive expressions.
Form monosyllabic answers like, yeah, yes, we’ll see, no, etc.
Don't try to use this style with people who are of any importance to you. Although, if you want to get rid of them, then yes.

Types and levels of communication.

Lecture No. 1. Psychology of communication

Man is unthinkable without people.

Goethe

Goal: To study the topic “Communication”. Expand the meaning of the concept of “communication”; consider types and levels of communication. Introduce students to various means of communication, reveal the techniques of non-verbal communication. Pay special attention to the mechanisms of interpersonal perception and understanding of people in the process of communication. Give an idea of the main phenomena of interpersonal communication; analyze the reasons leading to distortion of information in the process of people’s perception of each other. Develop skills in interpreting nonverbal means in communication. Develop the ability to better perceive and understand other people in the process of communication.

Plan:

1. The concept of communication.

2. Types and levels of communication.

3. Means of communication.

4. Mechanisms and effects of interpersonal perception.

Communication concept.

From the moment of his birth until the end of his life, a person is in the process of constant communication and interaction with other people. Statisticians in some countries have calculated that up to 70% of the time in the lives of most people is occupied by communication processes. In communication, we convey a variety of information to each other; exchange knowledge, opinions, beliefs; declare our goals and interests; We learn practical skills and abilities, as well as moral principles, rules of etiquette and traditions.

However, communication does not always proceed smoothly and successfully. Often we are faced with critical situations: someone did not understand us; we did not understand someone; We spoke to someone too harshly, rudely, although we did not want this. There is no person who has never experienced difficulties in the process of communication in his life. In private life, we have the right to choose those with whom we enjoy communicating, those who appeal to us. However, in the service we are obliged to communicate with those who are there, including people who are unsympathetic to us. In this situation, it is very important to be able to learn how to establish contact, since the success of professional activity depends on this skill. Numerous studies by psychologists have proven that there is a direct connection between the quality of communication and the effectiveness of any activity, i.e. almost everything depends on the ability to contact people

— Do you think your future professional activity as a nurse (paramedic) somehow depends on your ability to communicate and achieve mutual understanding?

Even Avicenna, the great physician and thinker of the Middle Ages, spoke about three means of helping a sick person - “the knife, the grass and the word,” thereby emphasizing the importance of the human word, and in fact, the psychology of communication in healing from illness. Any activity is possible only if psychological contact and mutual understanding are established between people. However, we must remember that successful communication is achieved not only by knowledge, techniques and technology. The basis of communication is a sincere, friendly attitude towards a person.

Each of us has an idea of what communication is. Our life is built from it, it lies at the basis of human existence, therefore communication has become the object of socio-psychological analysis. There are many definitions of communication in the literature. We will use the most general concept.

Communication is a complex, multifaceted process of establishing and developing contacts between people, including the exchange of information, the development of a unified interaction strategy, as well as perception, empathy and mutual understanding of each other.

Communication is of great importance in the formation of the human psyche, in the development and establishment of reasonable cultural behavior. Through communication, a person acquires higher cognitive abilities and qualities; through communication, a person turns into a personality (examples - Mowgli children)

Communication is always a two-way process in which all its participants are involved, leading to the mutual connection of people with each other.

The study of the communication process has shown how complex and diverse this phenomenon is. Communication is carried out in the unity of its three functions:

1) Communicative function - manifests itself in the mutual exchange of information between partners in communication, transfer and reception of knowledge, opinions, feelings;

2) Interactive function - consists of organizing interpersonal communication. When participants in communication exchange not only knowledge, ideas, but also actions, experiences, deeds;

3) Perceptual function - manifests itself through people’s perception, understanding and evaluation of each other.

To better understand what communication is, we need to consider in detail its types, levels, features and obstacles.

Types and levels of communication.

The following types of communication are distinguished:

A) Intrapersonal communication . This is a person’s internal dialogue with himself, thinking about problems, various issues, analyzing situations, making plans, etc.

B) Interpersonal communication . This is communication between two or more people. Includes all the variety of forms and styles of communication.

B) Social communication . This is communication between a person and a group of people, a team, or a large audience.

— You have observed more than once that in different life situations you face different goals and your different personal qualities are revealed. Depending on the situation, you choose one or another style (level) of communication.

The following levels (styles) of communication are distinguished:

A) Primitive level

At this level of communication, the other person is assessed from the point of view of need or unnecessaryness, usefulness or uselessness. When it is “necessary” or “useful,” they come into contact with the person; when it is “unnecessary,” they do not enter into contact or rudely push him away if he interferes with the achievement of any goal. In this case, the person is actually used as a thing, since after obtaining the desired result, interest in him, as a rule, quickly disappears (when communicating with a patient, this type of communication is unacceptable).

B) Manipulative level.

This level of communication is close to primitive, since it is also aimed at obtaining some benefit from the interlocutor. At the same time, the true goal is hidden from the person in every possible way. In such communication, a wide variety of methods of psychological influence on and control of a person are actively used. For example: flattery, intimidation, showing affection, deception, “showing off”, etc.

This type of communication is also unacceptable during interaction with the patient.

C) Formal role level.

At this level of communication, each participant acts strictly in accordance with his social role and position. It actually does not take into account individual personal qualities, the inner world of a person, his problems, etc. n. This style of communication is permissible only in rare extreme conditions, when the patient needs to provide urgent assistance and there is no opportunity to study his personality.

D) Business (professional) level.

Business communication occurs among people, as a rule, in connection with their participation in a certain joint activity and has the goal of achieving a common result. Therefore, at this level of communication, the individual characteristics of the interlocutor’s personality are taken into account, but the interests of the matter prevail, and even possible differences in views or opinions, as a rule, fade into the background. This style of communication occurs quite often between people.

D) Friendly level.

This level of communication is characterized by maximum openness of people to each other, sincerity, and trust; emotional experience for another person, sympathy for his problems, as well as readiness for mutual support and mutual assistance. This level of communication is acceptable when communicating with colleagues and close friends.

E) Communication at the level of “mask contact”.

This is the level of formal communication in which the interlocutors do not have the need or desire for a deep understanding of the other person, when a set of standard socio-psychological “masks” is used: politeness, compassion, respect, severity, etc. In this case, “mask” means a certain set of gestures, facial expressions, words, and intonations. All this allows a person, firstly, to hide his true attitude towards his interlocutor; secondly, to protect yourself from the unwanted intrusion of others into your inner world, and thirdly, if necessary, to “smooth out rough edges” in relationships between people.

G) Secular level

This level is characterized by superficiality and pointlessness. People exchange phrases, words, signs of attention in strict accordance with generally accepted rules in a given society

Communication means

In communication, there are verbal and non-verbal means of communication.

Verbal means are speech (verbal) means of communication. Non-verbal – postures, gestures, facial expressions.

— What role do you think these and other means of communication play?

According to A. Meirabian, in the process of communication, only 7% of information is transmitted through verbal means of communication (words), 38% of information is transmitted through intonation, voice timbre, and 55% of information is transmitted through non-verbal means (gestures, facial expressions, pantomimes).

Learning to understand the language of nonverbal communication is very important.

- Why do you think?

Any of the nonverbal components of communication can help verify the truth of what is said in words and understand what people really think.

However, for the correct interpretation of nonverbal communication, experts recommend following the following rules:

— one should “read” not individual gestures (they, like some words, can have several meanings), but their totality;

- gestures should be interpreted in the context of their manifestations (“arms crossed on the chest”; when communicating, this gesture expresses distrust, closedness; in cold weather a person is simply frozen);

- it is necessary to take into account national characteristics (for example, according to an English psychologist, during an hour-long conversation, a Finn resorts to gestures once, an Italian - 80 times, a Frenchman - 120 times, a Mexican - 180 times)

- when “reading” gestures, you should not attribute your experience and your condition to another person

- So, let's look at some types of nonverbal communication.

The most important means of nonverbal communication is facial expressions . Facial expressions are closely related to emotions and allow a person to guess about the feelings of joy, sadness, tension or peace experienced by the interlocutor. Facial expressions help a person convey his mood and attitude towards what he is talking about. Forehead, eyebrows, mouth, eyes, nose, chin - these parts of the face express basic human emotions. This could be: suffering, anger, joy, fear, etc.

Moreover, it is easier to recognize positive emotions. The main cognitive load when recognizing true feelings is borne by the eyebrows and lips (according to other researchers, these are the lips and chin). Thus, eyebrows shifted towards the bridge of the nose express anger. Raised eyebrows can convey surprise, bewilderment or admiration. Drooping corners of the lips indicate sadness, grief or sadness. Tightly compressed lips indicate resentment.

— What do these drawings have in common?

A universal means of non-verbal communication is a smile.

– Do you think a nurse needs a smile? Why?

The nurse's face should be friendly and open, expressing sincere sympathy. It is a smile that allows you to establish trusting contact with the patient and helps to cope with the negative emotions that the patient experiences. We will talk more about this in the medical psychology course. A smile relieves the wariness of the first minutes, promotes calm, confident communication and creates a positive attitude. A smile means goodwill, the need for approval. Smiling helps you feel more confident and happier. Psychologists recommend that words of greeting and gratitude be accompanied by a smile. (Americans like to repeat: “smile.” However, it must be remembered that the smile should be appropriate to the situation and should not irritate the interlocutor.)

The first step towards your interlocutor is a glance . The look is very eloquent and expresses a wide variety of feelings and states. He can be tough, prickly, kind, joyful, open, hostile, wandering, frozen, etc. The gaze expresses the attitude towards the interlocutor. It has been noticed that if a person is trying to hide some information (or is lying), his eyes meet the eyes of his partner less than one third of the time of the conversation. Making eye contact helps regulate conversation. When a person speaks, he usually looks at the interlocutor less often than when he listens to him. Looking to the side or sideways is perceived as an expression of suspicion and doubt. (Statistics have calculated that in the works of L. N. Tolstoy, 85 shades of eye expression and 97 shades of a smile are described.)

Facial expressions can be consciously controlled in order to “hide” information about the psychological state. Therefore, in communication, it is important to know what information can be obtained by observing a person’s body and his movements. The next means of non-verbal communication is gestures . In a conversation, we often accompany words with actions in which the hands play the main role, and even a simple handshake carries information about the interlocutor. Thus, a handshake hand presented palm down usually means the partner’s superiority, a hand presented palm up signifies agreement to submit, and a hand presented vertically signifies a partner’s handshake. (Every human gesture is like a word in a language; it is inextricably linked with the train of thought and the movement of feelings.)

The most common types of gestures in communication are:

A) evaluation gestures , in which a person evaluates information: scratching the chin, extending the index finger along the cheek, standing up and walking around

B) gestures of self-control : hands are brought behind the back, while one squeezes the other, or when a person sitting on a chair grabs the armrests with his hands

C) dominance gestures : gestures associated with showing thumbs, as well as sharp downward strokes

D) location gestures : placing a hand on the chest, signifying honesty, and intermittently touching the interlocutor

Body position is of great importance in the process of communication. Our appearance largely depends on the ability to hold and move. Our manner of standing, walking and sitting is an additional source of information.

For example, when the interlocutor sits slightly leaning forward, he expresses attention and concentration; if he leaned back and crossed his legs, then his appearance “speaks” of disinterest, “switching off” from the conversation.

During communication, you can observe the most “readable” postures:

A) open , characterizing sincerity and truthfulness: open palms of the hands turned towards the interlocutor; legs are not crossed; unbuttoned jacket

B) closed , or defensive, meaning a reaction to possible threats or conflict situations: crossed arms; sitting astride a chair, with the back of the chair acting as a shield or protection; and also when a person sits on a chair with his legs crossed or crossed

C) readiness pose , characterizing the desire for active actions: hands lie on the hips; the torso is tilted forward, the hands rest on the knees, and the legs rest on the floor so that one leg protrudes slightly forward, leaving the other behind

Another important factor in communication is interpersonal space - how close or far the interlocutors are in relation to each other:

There are four spatial zones or distances in communication:

1) intimate zone (from 0 to 45 cm). This distance corresponds to intimate relationships and is typical for relatives, lovers and friends. This zone is the most important and protected by man;

2) personal zone (from 45 cm to 120 cm). This distance is used in everyday communication among familiar people (corresponds to informal social and business relationships);

3) social zone (from 120 cm to 400 cm) This is the distance of official meetings with strangers whom we do not know very well (corresponds to formal and official relationships);

4) public or public area (from 400 cm to 750 cm) This is communication with a large number of people, with a group, with an audience (for example, it is more convenient for a lecturer to convey information, and for listeners to perceive).

People generally feel comfortable and make a favorable impression when standing or sitting at a distance appropriate for these types of interactions. An excessively close, as well as an excessively distant position has a negative impact on communication.

Description of communication models

The structure of communication determines the patterns of communication. Some people are more sociable, love to be in company and can talk for hours about nothing, while others are closed, prefer internal dialogues to external ones, talk little and only about business.

Sociability as a character trait develops, you can improve communication skills, the ability to objectively perceive people and interact effectively with them.

Communication patterns, as a rule, are formed in childhood or adopted from parents. Also, communication patterns can be determined by the specifics of the position held and even be a sign of professional deformation of the individual (for example, a teacher communicates with relatives, as well as with students).

COMMUNICATION MODELS:

"Mont Blanc". Aloof, cold interlocutor

He focuses on the communicative side of interaction; he is not interested in interactions. "Chinese Wall". A person who considers himself higher and more significant than others

Perceives others as less successful/beautiful/smart people, which makes it difficult to interact with him. "Locator". A person who chooses a narrow circle of friends. Often one loved one or close friend is enough for him. "Grouse". A very uncommunicative person who creates only the appearance of communication and interaction. At the same time, the structure of Teterev’s internal communication with himself is preserved and oversaturated with dialogues and introspection. "Hamlet". Social perception is extremely important for this type of communication model. He tries to make the best impression, which is why he often plays to the audience. "Robot". This person talks and acts “dryly”, unemotionally, always knows what, when and why to do or not to do. "Egoist". A person speaks only about himself, all his actions are aimed at obtaining personal gain. "Ally". The best form and type of communication, as it is two-way. The interlocutors are interested in productive interaction, take into account personality, strive to understand each other and come to an agreement.

Journalistic style

The journalistic style of speech is known from the language of the media. It is used to describe and present information in magazines, newspapers, television and radio, as well as during public speaking. The main purpose of journalism is to convey information in understandable language to the general public.

Features of journalistic style:

Heterogeneity of stylistic means.
A combination of special terminology and emotionally charged statements.
Use, if necessary, terms from all fields of knowledge (science, technology, medicine) together with colloquial speech.
Use to cover any topic.
The use of special grammatical forms: the use of the singular in the meaning of the plural (“How did a man master fire?”), the use of the plural of words that are not used in this form (power, search, freedom), present tense verbs.
Use of derivative prepositions (taking into account, in light of, for reason).
Let's allow the word order to be reversed to bring the topic first (“Politics: what don’t we know about power?”).
An abundance of rhetorical questions.

The journalistic style includes three genres: analytical (article, review, review), informational (report, interview, report), artistic and journalistic (essay, essay).

Persuasive communication model.

This model allows you to make communication participants like-minded people and get out of a particular situation with the greatest productivity. However, the conviction

is a complex communication process, and not everyone is able to use this communication model with maximum effectiveness.

It is known that persuasion was formalized as a specific concept more than two thousand years ago by the Greeks, who made rhetoric

(from the gr. rhetorikos - beautiful, pompous, but little content speech) - the art of using speech effectively and convincingly - part of your educational system. Aristotle was the first to introduce the concepts of ethos, logos, and pathos, which roughly translate to "reliability of sources," "logical argument," and "emotional appeal." All of these are necessary components of a persuasive communication model.

Belief

is a communicative process in which a communicator attempts to bring about a change in the beliefs, attitudes or behavior of another individual or group of individuals through the transmission of a message in a context where the person being persuaded has some degree of freedom of choice. The literature describes the basic principles that influence persuasion. Among them, oral, positive messages, restrained emotional appeals, logical conclusions based on facts and compelling arguments, satisfaction of altruistic human needs, oratory skills are preferred.

The most difficult task of persuasion is to turn opposing opinions about certain actions or decisions into coinciding ones. People make generalizations based on personal experience and what members of their group tell them. Persuasion occurs much easier if the message is compatible with the general position in relation to a particular subject, situation, or problem. The easiest form of persuasion is communication that reinforces favorable opinions and positions. Each participant in communication needs to make continuous efforts to maintain a reserve of goodwill and thus proactively create conditions for effective joint activities.

Belief

- This is also a method of influencing the consciousness of an individual through appealing to his own critical judgment. In order to convince professional partners and colleagues, whose intelligence is usually highly developed, of something, participants in communication need to use special communication techniques. The result of persuasion is considered successful when the interlocutor is able to independently justify his decision or opinion, evaluate its positive and negative aspects, as well as the possibilities and consequences of other options and decisions.

In the process of communication, it should be remembered that persuasion as a communication technique is more convincing and effective in the following situations: - within the framework of one need; - with low intensity of emotions; - with an intellectually developed partner.

Scientific style

The scientific style of speech is used in the field of science and education.

Style features:

When reading a text written in a scientific style, a person must find answers to questions for himself, without paying attention to the peculiarities of the language. The task of such a text is to convey the main idea.

In the scientific style, short, succinct phrases are used, presented in short sentences. The transition between sentences should be as smooth and natural as possible.

In speech, pronouns and filler words are almost never used, but a large number of repetitions are acceptable. They also use book words with an abstract and generalized meaning, general scientific terms, narrowly focused terms, specific phrases (for example, demographic crisis), adjectives, complex sentences built with the help of complex prepositions, introductory words, adverbial and participial phrases, verbal nouns.

In the scientific style, there are three substyles: scientific, scientific-educational, and popular science. Some researchers adhere to a different, broader classification.

Main substyles of scientific style

The actual scientific style of speech is used by specialists in a particular field. They are characterized by the use of strict terminology and a “dry” presentation of facts. In this substyle, information is conveyed accurately, consistently, supported by arguments, and presented briefly and concisely. Examples: dissertation, scientific report, scientific article, monograph.

Textbooks and teaching aids for individual disciplines have been compiled in a scientific-educational style. Unlike the first substyle, here information can be presented in the form of diagrams, tables, examples, graphs, drawings, and is always supplemented with explanations, because it is intended only for those who are studying.

The popular science substyle differs from the other two in that the target audience is non-specialists in the field. In this case, the material is presented more simply so that the reader (listener) has only some ideas about a specific science or discipline. The text is easy to understand because the author strives to present facts that are difficult to understand in an accessible form. An essential feature is the interweaving of scientific terminology with artistic speech techniques.

Some experts separately distinguish the scientific-business (scientific-informative) substyle, which combines the features of scientific and official business styles. It is used for writing a dissertation abstract, compiling an abstract for a research paper.

Also sometimes a scientific and technical substyle is distinguished, used to describe scientific technologies, methods, scientific developments and research, scientific-journalistic, scientific-memoir.

Characteristics of business communication styles

Business communication styles imply any actions or methods of communication aimed at achieving any result. In this case, the main task of those participating in the conversation becomes to reinforce the idea of themselves as a member of the team or society as a whole. The participant, as it were, puts on his festive mask and becomes a different person for a while. This peculiar ritual, on the one hand, sometimes seems meaningless and boring, but on the other hand, it is a game, the rules of which a person knows in advance and must follow.

The concept of functional style

Functional style (language genre, functional variety of language) is the use of literary language in a certain field of human activity. Styles can be distinguished from each other by characteristic speech techniques, linguistic, morphological and syntactic features. Functional style is organized by several levels of linguistic means.

In the classical classification there are 5 functional speech styles:

Conversational style is a separate type that has no subspecies. The remaining 4 varieties are combined into a book-written style.