Report “Verbal and non-verbal means of communication”

A person cannot live normally without contact with other people. Along with physical needs (eat, drink and sleep), the body needs psychological food - communication. Without it, a change in mental state occurs. The brain, deprived of the ability to receive, select and give out information, upsets the subconscious. Without receiving information from the outside, the brain tries to create its own fantastic reality. Auditory and visual hallucinations, anxiety and panic attacks begin. A person with a weak psyche can go crazy.

Verbal communication

How do people communicate with each other?

Communication is carried out using verbal and non-verbal means.
Of course, people communicate with each other directly and use language and speech for this, as well as signals transmitted by our body, in particular, the voice and its intonation, movements of the hands, fingers, and body posture. With the development of information technology, people can communicate while being far away from each other, both in real time and when it is convenient for them. In addition, communication between people can occur indirectly thanks to, for example, sheets, books, drawings.

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By what means did they communicate?

The German used words, and the Hungarian used gestures and body movements. Both one means of communication and the second occupy a lot of space in our lives.

What means of communication do people prefer? There is a Scandinavian saga about communication, which was retold by academician A.A. Beletsky. It tells how one day a dispute took place between a sage theologian and a Viking eye. The theologian showed one finger, to which the one-eyed Viking responded. showing two fingers.

The theologian showed three fingers, after which the Viking showed his fist, then the theologian ate the cherry and spat out the pit. The Viking found a gooseberry in his pocket and ate it.

Here the theologian admitted defeat. “What were you arguing about?” — The jury members asked the theologian. “I showed one finger, indicating that there is only one God in the world. He objected with two fingers, besides God the Father, there is also God the Son. I then showed three fingers, meaning that to be precise, there is also the Holy Spirit. To this he showed his fist, answering that the Trinity is still one.

I felt that I could not defeat him in theology, and changed the topic of the debate.

After eating the cherry, I said that life is sweet. But even here he answered me very aptly: having eaten gooseberries, he confirmed that one must live even when life is sour, “What were you arguing about? “They asked the one-eyed Viking. “I didn’t even think of arguing with him on theological topics. This impudent person showed that I have one eye. I told him that my one eye is worth his two.

He continued: he and I together have three eyes. After that, I said that impudent people like him should be taught not with scientific disputes, but with the fist. So I ate gooseberries to show that his life after this would be sour.”

The structure of speech (verbal) communication is:

1. Meaning and meaning of words, phrases. An important role is played by the accuracy of the use of the word, its accessibility and expressiveness. Phrases must be constructed correctly and be intelligible to the listener. Sounds and words must be pronounced correctly; intonation should be expressive and correspond to the meaning of what was said.
2. Speech sound phenomena: speech rate (fast, medium, slow); voice pitch modulation (smooth, sharp); voice tone (high, low); rhythm of speech (uniform, intermittent); voice timbre (rolling, hoarse, creaky); intonation, diction of speech. Observations show that the most attractive in communication is calm, smooth, even speech.
3. Expressive voice qualities. These include characteristic specific sounds that arise during communication: laughter, chuckles, sighs, whispers, crying; separating sounds - coughing, sneezing; zero sounds - pauses; sounds of nasalization - “uh-uh”, “hmm-hmm”, etc.

However, words, sounds and intonations in a person’s daily communication account for (according to research) only 45%, and the remaining 55% comes from non-speech interaction.

Nonverbal means of communication are studied by various sciences:

1. Kinestics - studies the external manifestations of human feelings and emotions, which include: facial expressions (studies the movement of facial muscles); gestures (studies gestural movements of individual parts of the body); pantomime (studies the motor skills of the whole body - posture, posture, gait, bows);
2. Takesika - studies touch in a communication situation (handshakes, kisses, touching, stroking, pushing, etc.);
3. Proxemics - studies the location of people in space when communicating.

In human contact, the following distance zones : 1. Intimate zone (15-45 cm from each other), close, well-known people are allowed into it. This zone is characterized by trust, a quiet voice in communication, and touch. Premature intrusion into the intimate area of ​​strangers during communication is perceived by the interlocutor as an attack on his integrity. Research shows that a violation of the intimate zone entails some physiological changes in the human body: the heart beats faster, the secretion of adrenaline increases, there is a rush of blood to the head, etc. Recently, many publications have appeared on the effects of the biofields of all living things on people, including number of people on top of each other. However, much about such effects is not proven by science; 2. Personal or personal zone (42-120 cm) - for casual conversation with friends and colleagues, involving only visual contact between partners and participants in the conversation; 3. Social zone (120-400 cm) - usually observed during official meetings in offices, office premises, as a rule, with those who are not known well enough; 4. Public zone (over 400 cm) - must be observed when communicating with a large group of people: in a lecture hall, at rallies, etc.

Facial expressions are the movement of facial muscles that reflect a person’s internal emotional state. It can give true information about what a person is experiencing. Facial expressions carry up to 70% of information about a person. A person's eyes, gaze, and face can tell more than spoken words. So, for example, a person trying to hide information (or giving false information) tries to turn away and not meet the eyes of the interlocutor. It is noticed that in such cases he looks directly into his partner’s eyes for less than 1/3 of the conversation time.

According to its specificity, the gaze can be: businesslike (fixed in the forehead area of ​​the interlocutor); secular (the gaze drops below the level of the interlocutor’s eyes, to the level of his lips) contributes to the creation of relaxed social communication; intimate (the gaze is directed not at the interlocutor’s eyes, but at other parts of the body up to chest level) indicates the interlocutor’s greater interest in communication; a sideways glance indicates a critical or suspicious attitude towards the interlocutor.

Individual parts of the body - forehead, eyebrows, mouth, nose, eyes, chin - express the basic emotions of a person: suffering, anger, sadness, fear, disgust, surprise, joy, happiness, etc. Positive emotions are easier to recognize than negative ones. The main cognitive load in determining a person’s true feelings is carried by eyebrows and lips. It has been proven that the left side of the face more often reveals a person’s emotions, since the right hemisphere of the brain, which controls a person’s emotional life, is responsible for the left side of the face. Positive emotions are reflected on both halves of the face more or less evenly, while negative emotions are more pronounced on the left.

Gestures in communication carry a lot of information. In sign language, just like in speech, there are words and sentences. The huge variety of gestures can be divided into five groups:

1. Illustrative gestures (message gestures) - pointing, depicting a picture using hands and body movements, go-ahead gestures; hand movements connecting imaginary objects together.
2. Regulatory gestures (gestures expressing the speaker’s attitude towards something) - smile, nod, direction of gaze, purposeful movements of the hands.
3. Emblem gestures (substitutes for words or phrases in communication), for example, hands clenched together in the manner of a handshake at chest level mean “hello,” and hands clenched and raised above the head mean “goodbye.”
4. Adapter gestures (hand movements associated with human habits) - scratching, twitching, touching, stroking, fiddling with objects at hand.
5. Affector gestures (gestures expressing certain emotions through the movement of the body and facial muscles) - a hunched figure with a sluggish, stumbling gait, face down; flying gait with head held high, etc.

There are also many microgestures: blushing of the cheeks, movement of the eyes, twitching of the lips, increasing the number of eye blinks per minute.

Most often when communicating, the following types of gestures appear, belonging to different groups :

1. assessment gestures (scratching the chin, extending the index finger along the cheek, standing up, walking, etc.);
2. gestures of confidence (swinging on a chair, connecting your fingers into a pyramid dome);
3. gestures of nervousness and uncertainty (tapping fingers on the table, interlocking fingers, stooping);
4. gestures of denial (arms folded on the chest, body tilted back);
5. positioning gestures (putting a hand to the chest, intermittently touching the interlocutor);
6. gestures of dominance (exposing thumbs, sharp strokes from top to bottom, long gaze into the eyes of the interlocutor);
7. gestures of insincerity (running glance, turning the body away from the interlocutor, touching the nose as a disguised form of covering the mouth, etc.).

The ability to notice, understand and interpret people’s gestures, as well as draw appropriate conclusions, allows you to better understand people and navigate the external environment.

You literally never leave your smartphone, PDA or other similar handheld device

You look at him very carefully all the time, practically do not take your eyes off the screen, and your partner believes that the topic of the conversation is absolutely not interesting to you, not to mention the fact that such behavior is an act of elementary disrespect towards the interlocutor.

If you are really interested in a positive outcome of the negotiations, then any device that distracts you should be turned off and put away immediately.

In addition, you should not use it as an electronic notebook for your own notes during negotiations, since from the outside it seems to everyone present that you are currently actively corresponding with someone.

For notes, it is still better to use traditional objects - a notepad and pen. Even if you draw a portrait of your partner or a field of flowers in a notebook, while maintaining a smart and focused look, it will look much more impressive and preferable than actually using an electronic notepad on your smartphone.

The interactive side of communication

Source: Andreeva I.V., Social psychology

The interactive side of communication is a conventional term denoting the characteristics of the components of communication associated with the interaction of people and the direct organization of their joint activities. The goals of communication reflect the needs of joint activities of people. Communication should always involve some result - a change in the behavior and activities of other people. Here communication acts as interpersonal interaction, i.e. a set of connections and mutual influence of people that develop in their joint activities. Interpersonal interaction is a sequence of people’s reactions to each other’s actions unfolded over time: the action of individual A, which changes the behavior of individual B, causes responses from the latter, which, in turn, affect the behavior of A.

The interactive side of communication examines the characteristics of those components of communication that are associated with the interaction of people, with the direct organization of their joint activities.

A special direction has emerged in social psychology, where the interactive side of communication is taken as the starting point of any socio-psychological analysis. This direction - symbolic interactionism - is associated with the name of G. Mead.

Clarifying the social nature of the human “I,” Mead came to the conclusion that the formation of the “I” occurs in communication situations, which are understood not as a set of people’s reactions to each other’s opinions, but as a joint activity. In the process of joint activity, a personality is formed, becoming aware of oneself, and not just looking at other people as in a mirror, but acting together with them.

K. Thomas and R. Kilmenn wrote about the possibilities and typology of joint activities, identifying the following five main styles of behavior in a conflict situation:

• adaptation, compliance;
• evasion;
• competition, confrontation;
• cooperation;
• compromise.

The classification was based on two independent parameters:

1. The degree to which one’s own interests are realized and one’s goals are achieved.
2. A measure in which the interests of the other party are taken into account and realized. If we present this in graphical form, we get the Thomas-Kilmann grid (see diagram), which allows us to analyze a specific conflict and choose a rational form of behavior.

Behavior styles

Evasion (avoidance, withdrawal). This form of behavior is chosen when an individual does not want to defend his rights, cooperate to develop a solution, refrains from expressing his position, and avoids arguing. This style suggests a tendency to avoid responsibility for decisions. This behavior is possible if the outcome of the conflict is not particularly important for the individual, or if the situation is too complex and resolving the conflict will require a lot of effort from its participants, or the individual does not have enough power to resolve the conflict in his favor.

Competition (confrontation) is characterized by an individual’s active struggle for his interests, the use of all means available to him to achieve the goals of power, coercion, and other means of putting pressure on opponents, and the use of other participants’ dependence on him. The situation is perceived by the individual as extremely significant for him, as a matter of victory or defeat: a tough position towards opponents and irreconcilable antagonism towards other participants in the conflict are assumed if they resist.

Adaptation (compliance). The actions of an individual are aimed at maintaining or restoring favorable relations with an opponent by smoothing out disagreements at the expense of their own interests. This approach is possible when the individual’s contribution is not too great or when the subject of disagreement is more significant for the opponent than for the individual. This behavior in conflict is used if the situation is not particularly significant, if it is more important to maintain good relations with the opponent than to defend one’s own interests, if the individual has little chance of winning, little power.

Cooperation means that an individual is active in searching for a solution that satisfies all participants in the interaction, but does not forget his own interests. An open exchange of views and the interest of all parties to the conflict in developing a common solution are assumed. This form requires positive work and participation from all parties. If opponents have time, and solving the problem is important for everyone, then with this approach, a comprehensive discussion of the issue, the disagreements that have arisen, and the development of a common solution while respecting the interests of all participants are possible.

In a compromise, the actions of the participants are aimed at finding a solution through mutual concessions, at developing an intermediate solution that suits both parties, in which no one particularly wins, but no one loses either. This style of behavior is applicable provided that the opponents have the same power, have mutually exclusive interests, they do not have a large reserve of time to find a better solution, and they are satisfied with an intermediate solution for a certain period of time.

In competition and cooperation, confrontation is a necessary condition for developing a solution. Considering that when resolving a conflict, it is assumed that the causes that gave rise to it are eliminated, we can conclude: only a style of cooperation will help to fully realize this task. When avoiding and adapting, the resolution of the conflict is postponed, and the conflict itself becomes hidden. Compromise can only bring a partial resolution of conflict interaction, since a fairly large area of ​​mutual concessions remains, and the causes have not been completely eliminated.

In some cases, it is believed that confrontation within reasonable, controlled limits is more productive in terms of conflict resolution than smoothing, avoidance, and even compromise, although not all experts adhere to this statement. At the same time, the question arises about the cost of victory and what constitutes defeat for the other side. These are extremely difficult issues in conflict management, since it is important that defeat does not become the basis for the formation of new conflicts and does not lead to an expansion of the zone of conflict interaction.

The ideal strategy is to finally resolve the conflict, the essence of which is to find and eliminate its causes within the framework of voluntary cooperation of the parties. This strategy benefits everyone. First, it turns opponents into partners. Secondly, the problem is not driven deeper, but ceases to exist altogether. Third, the benefits gained by the parties exceed those that could be obtained with any other strategy. This strategy is based on treating conflict as a normal phenomenon.

You periodically rub your hands or squeeze them

Such gestures “say” that you are very uncomfortable at the moment, and you are very nervous about something. Some people may perceive your rubbing of your hands as a signal that you no longer doubt the complete success of the transaction and are practically counting your profits. Such behavior does not give your interlocutor the best impression of you.

Try to keep your hands in a normal, natural position, which depends on your posture - whether you are sitting or standing: your hands should be placed either on your knees or along your body. There is no need to put pressure on the knuckles, making them crunch - this is a typical gesture of a macho man who wants to attract attention.

Language is considered the main means of human communication.

The purpose of language to be a mechanism of communication is called its communicative function. By interacting with each other, individuals transmit their own thoughts, worldviews, emotions and emotional disturbances, mutually influence each other in a certain direction, and achieve a common understanding. With the help of language, subjects of interpersonal interaction understand each other. It gives them the opportunity to establish collective work in all areas of human activity. Language is the force that determines the existence and development of individuals and society as a whole. And the communicative function is the leading social function of language. However, it is far from its only function. Its specialized functions include cognitive, expressive, nominative and accumulative.

The ability to express information, broadcast it and influence the interlocutor is called the expressive function of language. This function is considered as the unity of expression and transmission of data, feelings and emotional experiences, and the will of the speaker.

The cognitive function is interconnected with the presence of human consciousness in linguistic signs. Language is a unique instrument of consciousness that reflects the results of a person’s cognitive activity. Linguistic disputes about what comes first, mental activity or language, will probably never stop. The only correct judgment is the statement that language has an inextricable connection with thinking, since humanity not only expresses its own thoughts in words, but also thoughts are formulated in the form of words - a person thinks in words. The cognitive function of the psyche is intended to record the consequences of mental activity and apply them in communication. This function promotes knowledge of the world and its verbalization.

A person thinks using categories, and in the course of cognition, he discovers and names new phenomena and concepts for himself, which is the nominative function of language. It has a close connection with the cognitive, since everything known must necessarily have its own name. It also has a connection with the ability of linguistic signs to designate things. It is this ability that allows an individual to create a world of symbols. However, in the modern world there are many things that do not have names.

The accumulative function is closely related to the collection and storage of information. After all, it is no secret to anyone that language has existed much longer than people and people. A striking example of this is dead languages ​​that outlive their speakers. Language, regardless of whether it exists today or not, preserves the memory of generations and the centuries-old history of mankind. After all, even with the loss of oral speech, it is possible to master ancient writings and draw certain conclusions about the past life of a nation.

Language can also be spoken and written. The leading form of a language is its sound component. Unwritten languages ​​may also exist. When there is only written recording, and no voicing, then the language becomes dead.

Verbally - this is our difference from the other living world

Words that are composed into speech are the unit of our communication with you. We use them both in oral pronunciation and in writing. Or typing (typing on the keyboard), if we talk about realities that are closer to us. Such communication is divided depending on who plays what role: speaking - listening, writing - reading.

In order to maintain verbal communication at a high level, you need to develop its components. This is, first of all, vocabulary (what is it?). Reading books, listening to vocabulary, talking with intellectually developed people - all this significantly helps to replenish and expand your vocabulary.

When communicating in writing, it is very important to know the rules of punctuation in order to present information correctly. Often, by placing periods and commas incorrectly, you can distort the meaning or emphasize something wrong. We all remember the cartoon where you had to put the punctuation mark in the right way and save your life: “Execution cannot be pardoned.”

Speech and written communication solves several problems at once:

1. Communicative – ensures interaction between people in its large-scale manifestations.
2. Cognitive – a person gains knowledge and new information.
3. Cumulative – displaying accumulated knowledge (writing notes, books).
4. Emotional - you can express your attitude to the world, feelings using words.
5. Ethnic – unification of the populations of different countries (according to the language used).

Nonverbal communication

Our body language, compared to other verbal (speech) means of communication, is unique. If you imagine that it is he who carries from 60 to 80 percent of the information transmitted to the interlocutor, it is easy to understand the need to interpret this method of contact. If we want to be sure that we accurately understand a person, we must combine information from the body and verbal expressions into one overall picture.

Who among us has not encountered a feeling of vague anxiety when communicating with a person when he claimed one thing, but subconsciously you felt his falsehood. You will say that this is intuition and good for those who have it. In fact, it is easy to develop intuition by observing your interlocutor and, knowing the specific meaning of gestures, draw the right conclusions.

The main feature

The peculiarity of the use of nonverbal communication is that it must be used secretly and skillfully. Many today strive for self-development and read the same books as the “manipulator”. If these techniques are used excessively, poorly or too obviously, the interlocutor will understand that they are trying to manipulate him. The results of such negotiations will be unsatisfactory.

Each non-verbal means has its own functionality and effectiveness, so it must be used taking into account the recommendations of specialists and the specific situation.

Example of nonverbal communication

At one university, an experiment was conducted in psychology classes. The audience, which consisted of married couples, was divided into two groups by gender and was given video recordings of different versions of babies crying. Then they were asked to explain their meaning. Most women who had children accurately deciphered them (hunger, wet diapers, pain, etc.), while men did not see much difference in the crying options. This led to the conclusion that women, being more sensitive and observant, interpret non-verbal gestures more easily. It’s more difficult for men to do this; they need specifics, and not all sorts of sentimental experiences. Of course, there are exceptions.

This case also explains why it can be difficult for the stronger sex to tell a lie to his wife, who seems to read the real state of affairs in her eyes.