Ambivalence in psychology and its manifestation in relationships

Ambivalence is a contradictory attitude towards an object or an ambivalent experience caused by an individual or an object. In other words, an object can provoke the simultaneous emergence of two antagonistic feelings in a person. This concept was previously introduced by E. Bleuler, who considered a person’s ambivalence to be a key sign of the presence of schizophrenia, as a result of which he identified three of its forms: intellectual, emotional and volitional.

Emotional ambivalence is revealed in the simultaneous feeling of positive and negative emotions towards another individual, object or event. Child-parent relationships can serve as an example of ambivalence.

A person’s volitional ambivalence is revealed in the endless rushing between polar decisions, in the inability to make a choice between them. Often this leads to exclusion from committing a particular decision-making act.

A person’s intellectual ambivalence lies in the alternation of antagonistic, contradictory or mutually exclusive opinions in the individual’s thoughts.

E. Bleuler's contemporary S. Freud put a completely different meaning into the term human ambivalence. He regarded it as the simultaneous coexistence of two opposing deep-seated motivations that are primarily characteristic of a person, of which the most fundamental are the focus on life and the craving for death.

Ambivalence is an example. Ambivalence of feelings

In relationships between people, ambivalence of feelings is quite common. This concept is defined by psychology as a contradictory attitude of the subject to an object, object, person, etc. He simultaneously accepts and rejects, refuses the object of his feelings.

This term was first introduced by the Swiss psychiatrist Bleuler, who characterized schizophrenia. However, the average person also experiences similar experiences. Experts associate ambivalence with the versatility of the internal needs that one person has, and the diversity of the surrounding world, which can attract and repel at the same time.

Z. Freud considered this phenomenon to be the norm, as long as it manifests itself in short periods and is not bright. Otherwise, neuroses begin to develop. A person can feel love and hate, pleasure and displeasure, sympathy and antipathy at the same time. Often one feeling is disguised as another.

In psychology there are two definitions for this phenomenon:

• Ambivalence is the duality of a person’s feelings towards another individual, phenomenon or event. It often manifests itself in relation to objects that have an ambiguous relationship for a person. This is different from exclusively positive or negative emotions, which some psychoanalysts interpret as idealization or devaluation of the object. Thus, ambivalence of feelings is considered normal.
• Ambivalence in psychiatry is considered as a splitting of personality, which alternately experiences one and then opposite feelings.

Ambivalent feelings are emotions that a person experiences simultaneously. Mixed feelings are experiences that manifest themselves alternately.

Vivid examples of the manifestation of ambivalence are child-parent relationships and unions of people in love. On the one hand, a child may wish his parents to die, on the other hand, he may need them and sincerely love them. On the one hand, partners can love each other, but at the same time understand that they hate each other.

How can this be explained? The duality of feelings can be explained by the fact that in a person instinctive needs and the foundations of society are intertwined, which are embedded in the person’s head. Take, for example, a love union where spouses love and hate each other.

1. On the one hand, they are forced to play the role of lovers because they feel the need for it. Perhaps they no longer love each other, but since they remain together, they are forced to direct it towards those who are nearby. This can be explained by the principles that are accepted in society, where spouses should love each other, even if this is not the case.
2. On the other hand, spouses hate because they identify situations where their loved ones hurt them. Consciously, they understand that they are not loved, otherwise they would not cause pain. This causes hatred, which they try to hide, since it can destroy the union that is accepted and encouraged by the people around them.

Ambivalence - normal or disease

The word comes from the merger of two Latin expressions: both ambo and strength valentia. Literally, this means opposite directions of feelings of equal strength, for example, the uncontrollable ability to love and hate someone at the same time.

Definition in psychology

Since the time when, in addition to medical psychiatry, psychologists paid attention to ambivalence, it was proposed to consider it in two planes, namely:

• in psychoanalysis;
• in clinical psychology.

Sigmund Freud, a psychologist and psychoanalyst from Austria, considered ambivalence to be a complex range of feelings inherent in every person and embedded in the depths of the subconscious. He considered this to be the norm, indicating that from birth an individual has attractions to both life and death.

Attention! Ambivalence in psychology is a sign of the normal state of a person who has not clearly defined his attitude towards someone or something. This is a borderline condition that just needs to be closely monitored rather than attempted to be treated.

“From love to hate there is one step!” - a well-known phrase says that in one person in relation to another, two opposite feelings can coexist in the depths of consciousness. One of them currently has an advantage, but for some reason the situation may change

This is a borderline condition that just needs to be closely monitored rather than attempted to be treated. “From love to hate there is one step!” - a well-known phrase says that in one person in relation to another, two opposite feelings can coexist in the depths of consciousness. One of them has an advantage at the moment, but for some reason the situation may change.

By the way. Masters of psychoanalysis argue that deviation is most likely an unambiguous position of sensations. Having divided the world only into “black” or “white”, a person is deprived of the taste of life - halftones. Helping him regain his natural ambivalence is the task of the psychoanalyst.

This case is exactly what clinical psychology does. The individual experiences a splitting of the ego. The psychological defense mechanisms of his consciousness periodically change his attitude towards the object of feelings.

Example. The son idolizes his parents in the morning (they are the best), and by the evening he is ready to kill them (it would be better if they did not exist at all). This is a borderline mental state in which the son sincerely believes that those parents who were with him in the morning are good, and those who are with him in the evening are bad.

Important! Internal defense works with distortion so that the son cannot collect his feelings into a single whole and apply them to one object - his parents. For an individual, the same object is spread over time, and different relationships are applied to it

Ambivalence as the norm

What is it in psychiatry

Psychiatry considers ambivalence as a manifestation of a mental disorder. The Swiss Bleuler considered it a direct sign of schizophrenia or any form of schizoidism (withdrawal from reality by withdrawing into oneself). His colleagues in psychiatry note that ambivalence is not necessarily a separate pathology, but may be associated with the following disorders:

• chronic depression;
• phobias and panic fears;
• OCD – obsessive-compulsive disorder;
• BAD – bipolar affective disorder;
• neurosis.

People prone to reflection - self-analysis also have signs of ambivalence in their arsenal.

Schizophrenia

Ambivalence in psychiatry

Considering ambivalence from a medical point of view, it should be noted that such a condition is not an independent pathology. In psychiatry, the phenomenon under discussion is part of the clinical picture of various diseases. Based on this, we can say that the emergence of duality is associated precisely with the development of mental disorders. Ambivalent feelings, thoughts and emotions are characteristic of various diseases, among which schizophrenia should be highlighted. In addition, this feature of human consciousness manifests itself in a negative light in diseases such as:

• chronic depression;
• psychosis;
• obsessive states (obsessive-compulsive disorder, neurosis, etc.).

Ambivalence often appears in panic attacks, eating disorders and even phobias.

It is important to understand that the phenomenon of ambivalence implies the presence of several feelings, emotions or desires that do not mix, but appear in parallel. Duality from the point of view of psychiatry is considered as a sharp change in relation to the world around us. In such a state, a person often changes his attitude towards various people, objects or phenomena.

Examples of ambivalence

Every person has encountered ambivalent states, thoughts and experiences at least once. Surely you can remember a situation in your life when you couldn’t make a choice, because both options seemed right to you. To better understand what ambivalence is, let's look at a few common examples.

• Jealousy. This condition makes us have a contradictory attitude towards our loved one. The thought that he can deceive us causes anger, which competes with love experiences and other warm feelings. We suppress bad emotions, but the negativity gradually accumulates, leading at some point to a scandal or a nervous breakdown. This is why jealousy is so destructive to relationships.
• Attitude towards parents. If a child was raised with strict methods, cruelly punishing for mistakes, this forms in him an ambivalent attitude towards his parents. As he grows up, he wants them to be proud of his successes. But at the same time, he tries to “disengage” himself from them, not letting them into his life.
• Sympathy and rejection. Imagine a situation: a girl is very attracted to a guy, she enjoys his advances and attentions. At the same time, she doesn’t like (and even “infuriates” her) his irresponsibility or other shortcomings. Therefore, she does not want to push him away, but she does not agree to a relationship either.
• Attitude towards adoptive parents. Adopted children are usually very afraid that their new family will also stop loving them and abandon them. Therefore, they maintain an ambivalent attitude towards their adoptive parents: they rejoice in their care, but do not allow themselves to become strongly attached to them and even push them away deep down.

Therapy methods

When a person is moderately ambivalent, which is accompanied by the absence of negative manifestations of this condition, there is no need to use various treatment methods. In this case, duality is a characteristic feature of consciousness. Medical intervention is required only in situations where an ambivalent attitude towards the outside world leaves a negative imprint on the usual life activities. In this situation, a feeling of discomfort caused by internal conflicts can become a kind of signal about the presence of mental disorders. Experts do not recommend that people with such problems independently look for various methods of resolving conflicts, as there is a high risk of developing more serious complications.

Drug therapy

To date, there are no narrowly targeted medications that can eliminate the duality of consciousness. The treatment strategy, as well as the means used, are considered on an individual basis . Most often, the choice of a specific medication is made on the basis of accompanying symptoms that complement the clinical picture.

As part of the complex treatment of borderline conditions, drugs from various drug groups are used. These can be either mild sedative medications or more “powerful” tranquilizers and antidepressants. The action of such drugs is aimed at suppressing the severity of the disease and normalizing mental balance. In cases where the disease is severe and there is a high risk to the patient’s life, specialists may recommend that the patient’s relatives undergo therapy in a hospital setting.

Mental correction

Psychotherapy methods are based on various methods of identifying the causes of duality of consciousness. This means that the main emphasis in treatment is on psychoanalytic action. In order to achieve lasting results, a specialist needs to identify the root cause of ambivalence . In situations where the role of the triggering mechanism is assigned to various traumatic circumstances that have childhood roots, the specialist must carefully “work through” this moment. To do this, self-esteem should be increased and a sense of responsibility should be instilled in the patient. Increased attention is paid to the correction of the emotional-volitional sphere.

Many psychologists believe that ambivalence is inherent in every person without exception, but the difference lies only in the degree of its manifestation

When duality of consciousness is the cause of the appearance of phobias and increased anxiety, the main emphasis of psychotherapeutic treatment is on combating problematic issues in the patient’s life. The desired effect can be achieved both through independent training and group classes aimed at combating internal fear and personal growth.

In conclusion, it should be said that duality can be both a distinctive feature of the human psyche and a symptom of a disease. That is why it is very important to pay due attention to your own condition. The emergence of a feeling of discomfort due to an ambivalent attitude towards the world around us requires urgent consultation with a specialist. Otherwise, the risk of possible negative consequences for human life increases every day.

Duality classification

The definition of ambivalence in psychology was first given in 1910 by Eugen Bleuler, a specialist in the field of psychiatry. It was this Swiss doctor who coined the terms schizophrenia and autism and established the connection between alcoholism and neurosis.

According to Bleuler, there are three main types of ambivalence: volitional, intellectual and emotional.

Volitional ambivalence means the inability of an individual to decide on one of the options for action. The dual situation was described many centuries ago in the parable of Buridan’s donkey, who found it difficult to choose one of the armfuls of hay and died of hunger. A state of endless choice leads to the inability to act and accept responsibility.

Photo: yandex.uz

Intellectual ambivalence - following opposing philosophical ideas. Simply put, a person preaches the condemnation of racism and the equality of nations, while at the same time experiencing hostility towards black people.

Emotional ambivalence includes polarly different feelings towards the same object. So the son admires his father, dreams of becoming like him, but hates the despotism and authoritarianism of the parent, wishing him death.

Modern classification has added a fourth type - social ambivalence. Example: a person who observes religious rules and attends church, but lives in an economically and technically developed society, is the so-called Orthodox atheist.

Bleuler's colleague and contemporary Sigmund Freud applied the concept of “duality” to the simultaneous existence in the human subconscious of mutually exclusive motives, such as the desire for life and the desire for death. At the same time, Freud considered the norm to be ambivalence of emotions within acceptable limits, the excess of which leads to a neurotic state.

Causes of ambivalence in humans

An ambivalent state is a symptom of mental disorders. The reasons for their development are considered to be frequent stressful situations, conflicts, and strong experiences. As soon as the situation stabilizes, the duality disappears on its own. Sometimes ambivalence is a consequence of difficult relationships:

• Children develop ambivalence when they lack parental care or warmth. Another option is overprotection, when mom and dad allow themselves to invade the child’s personal space.
• Ambivalence between a man and a woman appears if one of them is not confident in his partner and constantly creates conflict situations. Another reason is instability in relationships.

Such situations provoke stress, depression, hysterics, and neurasthenic states. A psychotherapist, psychologist or psychiatrist can find out the exact cause of ambivalence. The choice in this case depends on the degree of its severity.

How to avoid dual relationships

Professional codes for mental health workers (American Psychological Association [APA], 1990; National Association of Social Workers, 1979; American Psychiatric Association, 1986; American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy, 1985, etc.) contain a number of regulations against establishing multiple , in particular ambivalent relationships with the client/patient. Let us recall that “multiple role” (or “dual”) relationships are relationships in which the psychotherapist, in addition to his professional role, acts for the patient in at least one more role (scientific supervisor, spouse, business partner, etc.). However, the new edition of the ethical principles of the American Psychological Association noted that in certain situations “it is inappropriate for a psychologist to avoid social or other non-professional contacts with people from among their patients” (APA, 1992, p. 1601). One should, however, refrain from entering into such a relationship where there is a greater likelihood that the psychologist's objectivity will be compromised, that it will interfere with the psychologist's effective functioning in his role, that it will lead to an exploitative relationship, or that it will cause harm to the patient" (ibid.).

Dual relationships are a “high-risk zone” for violations of professional ethics. Above we discussed some of the ethical implications of establishing multiple role relationships between patient and therapist. We now turn to the question of what steps a psychologist faced with this dilemma needs to take to remain within professional ethical standards.

In this regard, various authors propose various models for making ethical decisions.

Woody (1990) proposed a model developed using concepts from ethical theory, professional codes of ethics, professional theoretical postulates, socio-legal context, personal and professional identity variables. In other models, the professional is asked to answer a series of questions that prepare him for making a particular ethical decision. Haas and Malouf (1989) presented a model consisting of several stages. It is first necessary to determine what the relevant professional, legal or social standard is and whether there are compelling reasons to depart from the standard.

Gonsiorek and Brown (1989) proposed rules for how a psychotherapist should behave with a former patient. We are talking primarily about the ethical assessment of relationships of a sexual nature. All types of psychotherapy are divided by the authors into two categories: category A therapy, where transference relationships play a leading role in the therapy process; Category B therapy is short-term therapy with limited opportunities for developing transference relationships. Sexual contact with former Category A therapy patients is absolutely prohibited, no matter how much time has passed since the end of therapy. Regardless of the category of therapy, sexual contact with former patients with severe personality disorders will always be considered unethical and unacceptable. After completion of therapy, the psychotherapist is not allowed to initiate romantic contacts with the patient. Sexual contact with a patient receiving category B therapy will be considered unethical if it occurs within the first two years after completion of therapy. Sexual contact with a patient receiving Category B therapy will still be considered inappropriate after two years if the therapist has reserved the patient's right to seek professional help if necessary. If the type of therapy is difficult to correlate with any of the categories, it will automatically be considered to belong to category A with all the ensuing consequences.

The position of the above-mentioned authors is supported by the provisions of the new edition of the ethical principles of the American Psychological Association: this kind of behavior by a psychotherapist is strictly prohibited for two years after completion of therapy and also remains prohibited after two years “except in special cases” (APA, 1992, p. 1605) . In this case, the focus of attention of ethical commissions should be the following points: the time since the end of therapy, the nature and duration of therapy, the circumstances of its completion, the personal history of the patient, the current mental status of the patient, any statements that the psychotherapist made during therapy regarding continuation relationship after the end of therapy.

The decision-making model recently proposed by Gottlieb (1993) is based on the provisions of Kitchener’s role theory (Kitchener, 1988) and has a number of advantages over the models presented above: it is not so general as to leave a professional without specific help, but also not so targeted, to impose on him certain forms of behavior; covers all potentially existing problems of dual relationships, regardless of the professional context in which they are born. The author proceeds from the fact that in the reality of everyday life it is difficult for a professional to completely avoid situations in which he plays at least two roles. Therefore, the goal of this model is to help colleagues be more sensitive to this kind of relationship and manage it more effectively, since it is impossible to avoid it.

The model includes the following parameters: strength, duration of the relationship, clarity of completion.

The first parameter (power) is a measure of the strength or power that a psychologist or psychotherapist has in relations with a consumer of psychological services. Strength can vary widely. So, for example, a psychologist giving a popular lecture to an audience in the red corner of a housing office has less “power” of influence on the people who make up this audience, compared to the “power” of his influence on a patient undergoing long-term insight-oriented therapy. The duration of relationships has the following gradations: short-term relationships, medium-term relationships and long-term ones. Power increases in proportion to time. Clarity of termination includes the following gradations: a clear point of termination of therapy, a point of termination that is unclear, and a very uncertain moment of termination (in the case, for example, of a family psychologist who believes that his responsibilities to the family will never end).

As soon as the psychotherapist thinks that he is on the verge of developing an ambivalent relationship with the patient, then he should use this model - evaluate the current relationship according to the three above-mentioned parameters. If the assessments fall predominantly on the right side of the conditional scale, that is, the relationship between a psychologist or psychotherapist and a consumer of psychological services turns out to be a relationship that is strong in its impact, long-lasting, with a very uncertain end point, then this relationship should be terminated. If the assessments fall into the middle or left part of the conditional scales, then one should move further according to the algorithm formulated by the author, assessing the relationship in terms of role compatibility/incompatibility, etc. Thus, according to Kitchener (988), the more incompatible the expectations associated with roles, and the higher the “power differential” between the professional and consumer roles, the more likely it is that the relationship will lead to negative consequences (exploitation, abuse, etc.). In other cases, the relationship may not entail any negative consequences. Thus, a psychologist who has helped a child who has undergone a single painful medical procedure may then become friends with that child's parents. In this case, undoubtedly, the psychologist's great power was exercised only for a short and clearly defined period of time. New relationships can last a long time, with a relatively small power differential. New relationships can also be acceptable in the case when the assessments of previous relationships fall on the left side of the conditional scale, and the expected ones - on the right. For example, a psychologist, after delivering a message at a parent meeting, may consider psychotherapy for the child of one of those present. Situations are also acceptable when both relationships fall in the middle or on the left side of the dimensions, and role compatibility is quite high.

Here are two illustrative examples borrowed from Gottlieb (1993).

Case 1.

X is a clinical psychologist in private practice who spent six months counseling an unmarried young woman on problems related to her work relationships. Therapy was stopped at the request of the patient, who considered her problems to be largely resolved. Two years later, X met the patient by chance at a social event. A lively conversation ensued, during which the patient invited X to become her friend. The latter happily agreed, noting, however, that their new relationship would henceforth exclude the possibility of professional consultation with him. The patient seemed to understand what the problem was and agreed to the offer to refer her, if necessary, to one of X's colleagues. Their friendship did not last long and eventually faded away. A year later, the patient called X asking for help. Referring to their previous agreement, X refused her, offering in return the help of a fellow specialist. The patient indignantly rejected this proposal. Contact between X and the patient was never resumed.

Considering the action of this psychologist as a whole as ethically correct, it should be noted, however, that he did not take into account such essential points as the “strength” of the relationship of previous therapy, the huge role incompatibility of the established dual relationships; the patient's need for a relationship with him was also not sufficiently taken into account.

Case 2.

Psychology faculty member Y was having an informal conversation with a senior student of the same age as her. During the conversation, Y mentioned that she was widowed and now “has no one.” A month later, the student called Y at home, reminded her of their conversation and offered to introduce Y to a man she would definitely like. Y agreed with the proposal, but decided to still consult a colleague she trusted. After the consultation, Y called the student back and canceled the meeting.

Solution Y may seem overly conservative. The student was an excellent student, was the same age as Y, and did coursework under the guidance of another teacher. The power differential in this case is medium with an indefinite end and a long duration. Y understood that as long as there was a power differential, role discrepancy would remain large. Further, if we assume that the relationship with the prospective man will lead to a satisfactory result, then Y will inevitably feel obligated to the student, which will open her up to some vulnerability to possible manipulation. If the meeting with the man does not end in anything or leads to a disappointing ending, Y may involuntarily transfer his hostile feelings to the innocent student.

Concept and essence

Ambivalence is a contradictory attitude towards different objects, phenomena, and people. A person has conflicting experiences. The term appeared at the beginning of the 20th century thanks to the work of Eugen Bleier. The researcher argued that this phenomenon is more pronounced in people suffering from schizophrenia.

At the same time, the term was studied and developed by Sigmund Freud. His point of view differed from Bleier's. He argued that ambivalence is the peaceful existence of a person in whom opposing impulses collide in the soul.

He called these beliefs the foundations of personality. Sigmund Freud argued that they are inherent in every person from birth. Initially, positive emotions predominate. Negative ones will form throughout life. If conditions are unfavorable, negative emotions begin to appear more often and can provoke a person to commit inappropriate actions.

The next scientist who made a great contribution to the study of this phenomenon was Carl Jung. He argued that conscious and unconscious manifestations coexist in the general mechanism of mental action.

Clinical picture

Since the term in question has many definitions, when drawing up a clinical picture we will rely on the criteria used in the original (psychiatric) context. These criteria are divided into three groups: emotions, thoughts and will. In the case when the ambivalent state is considered as a pathology, the patient has all three of the above components, which are generated by each other.

Emotional ambivalence

Duality affecting the emotionally sensitive sphere has the highest prevalence. This symptom, characteristic of many neuroses and other mental disorders, often occurs in completely healthy people. A clear sign of duality in the emotionally sensitive sphere is the presence of several opposing emotions. An ambivalent attitude is the presence of feelings such as hatred and love, curiosity and fear, contempt and sympathy. In most cases, a healthy person is in a similar state of nostalgia, where sadness about the past gives rise to joy from pleasant memories.

The danger of this condition is explained by the fact that sooner or later, one of the conditions takes on a dominant role. In a situation where fear accompanies curiosity, tipping the scales in favor of the latter can lead to traumatic consequences and a threat to life. The dominance of hatred over love causes the launch of defense mechanisms, in which a person, under the influence of his own emotions, can cause harm to both others and himself.

With ambivalence, a person simultaneously experiences positive and negative feelings towards someone or something.

Polar thoughts and ideas

Polar thoughts and ideas are an integral part of neurotic disorders. Obsessive thoughts and ideas that replace each other in the human mind are a peculiar characteristic feature of mental illness

It should be noted that polar thoughts in consciousness appear solely due to the duality of emotional perception. The very range of human ideas can be unlimited in size

Duality of thinking in psychiatry is considered as a “crack” in consciousness, which is the main symptom of schizophrenia.

Volitional sphere

Volitional duality is characterized as the inability to carry out a specific action due to the presence of several stimuli. In order to better understand this condition, let's consider a situation in which a person experiences extreme thirst. In such conditions, an ordinary person will take a glass, pour water into it and quench his thirst. With volitional ambivalence, patients refuse water or freeze in one position with a glass in their hand, while not paying attention to the strong desire to drink. Most often, most people encounter this phenomenon when they simultaneously feel the desire to stay awake and go to sleep.

Experts who study volitional ambivalence say that refusal to make independent decisions is most often generated by internal conflicts. The cause of such conflicts can be irresponsible behavior or, conversely, increased responsibility, accompanied by a fear of making a mistake. The cause of internal conflict may be reduced self-esteem and increased self-criticism, fear of public attention and a tendency towards perfectionism, increased anxiety, indecisiveness and various phobias. An attempt to avoid a difficult choice is accompanied by the appearance of two polar feelings - shame for one’s own indecision and a feeling of relief. It is by the presence of these feelings that experts confirm the theory that each type of duality is closely interrelated with each other.

Ambivalent emotions, like ambivalence itself, can be both a difference in human consciousness and a symptom of a disease

That is why, during a diagnostic examination, increased attention is paid to the background manifestations of this condition.

Ambivalent behavior can be a sign of emotional instability, and sometimes the first sign of the development of mental illness

The phenomenon of duality in psychology

Since its inception, ambivalence has been used as a term for duality only in the medical field . Much later, the great scientists of the nineteenth century began to mention the phenomenon in question, using ambivalence to characterize the characteristics of the psyche. It is important to note that this condition is normal from a psychological point of view and does not require treatment . In this area, only the degree of severity of this condition is important. According to Sigmund Freud, pronounced ambivalence is one of the symptoms of neurotic disorders. In addition, duality is often noted with the Oedipus complex and at certain stages of personal development.

Considering the above, a very logical question arises: why is this feature of human consciousness of such high importance? In order to understand the importance of ambivalence, one should carefully study the very model of the structure of human consciousness. In addition, increased attention should be paid to two vital instincts - eros (life) and thanatos (death). It is these instincts, inherent in a person from the moment of birth, that are the key manifestation of the phenomenon under consideration. Based on this theory, experts put forward the version that duality of consciousness is inherent in every person from birth and is not an acquired condition provoked by various factors.

But it is important to note that certain living conditions can have a negative impact on the human consciousness, which can cause a fragile balance to be upset. It is the disturbed mental balance that provokes the development of neuroses and other borderline conditions. Most often, such violations are observed in the following situations:

1. Use of psychotropic drugs, alcoholic beverages and narcotic substances.
2. Negative emotional shocks and stress.
3. Psychotraumatic situations that leave an imprint on human consciousness.
4. Using various practices and techniques to expand (change) perception.

When considering the question of what ambivalence is in psychology, it is important to mention that, according to experts, opposing ideas will sooner or later come into conflict, which will negatively affect consciousness. As a result of this conflict, one of the feelings may go into the subconscious. The result of this transition is that duality reduces its severity.

Ambivalence according to Bleuler is divided into three types